The UN is the highest representative body. United Nations Organization, United Nations. How and when was the UN created?
United Nations, UN- an international organization created to maintain and strengthen international peace and security, development of cooperation between states.
The UN remains a universal forum endowed with a unique legitimacy, a supporting structure international system collective security, the main element of modern multilateral diplomacy.
The foundations of its activity and structure were developed during the Second World War by the leading members of the anti-Hitler coalition. The name "United Nations" was first used in the Declaration of the United Nations signed on January 1, 1942.
Additional offices: Austria Vienna; Switzerland, Geneva; Kenya, Nairobi
Organization type: international organization
official languages: English, French, Russian, Chinese, Arabic, Spanish
Leaders:
General Secretary- Ban Ki-moon (Republic of Korea)
President of the General Assembly - John W. Ash (Antigua and Barbuda)
Base: Signing of the UN Charter on June 26, 1945. Entry into force of the Charter on October 24, 1945.
United Nations General Assembly
The UN General Assembly occupies a central place as the main deliberative, policy-making and representative body. The General Assembly considers the principles of cooperation in the field of ensuring international peace and security; elects non-permanent members of the Council UN security, members of the Economic and Social Council; on the recommendation of the Security Council, appoints the Secretary-General of the United Nations; jointly with the Security Council elects members International Court of Justice UN; coordinates the international cooperation in the economic, social, cultural and humanitarian spheres; exercise other powers provided for in the UN Charter.
The UN General Assembly has a sessional order of work. It may hold regular, special and emergency special sessions.
The annual regular session of the UN Assembly opens on the third Tuesday of September and works under the direction of the President of the General Assembly (or one of his 21 Vice-Presidents) in plenary meetings and in the main committees until the agenda is exhausted.
The UN General Assembly, according to its decision of December 17, 1993, has 6 committees, the General Committee and the Credentials Committee:
- General Committee - makes recommendations to the Assembly regarding the adoption of the agenda, the distribution of agenda items and the organization of work.
- Credentials Committee - submits reports to the Assembly on the credentials of representatives.
- Disarmament and International Security Committee (First Committee)
- Committee on Economic and Financial Affairs (Second Committee)
- Committee on Social, Humanitarian and Cultural Affairs (Third Committee)
- Special Political and Decolonization Committee (Fourth Committee)
- Administration and Budget Committee (Fifth Committee)
- Committee on legal matters(Sixth Committee)
The General Committee is composed of: the President of the General Assembly; vice chairmen, chairmen of the main committees, elected on the basis of the principle of equitable geographical representation of the five regions (districts): Asia, Africa, Latin America, Western Europe(including Canada, Australia and New Zealand) and Eastern Europe.
Special sessions of the UN General Assembly may be convened on any issue at the request of the Security Council within 15 days from the date of receipt of such request. General Secretary the UN or a majority of the members of the UN. At the beginning of 2014, 28 special sessions were convened on issues relating to most of the states of the world: human rights, protection environment, drug control, etc.
Extraordinary special sessions may be convened at the request of the UN Security Council or a majority of UN Member States within 24 hours of receipt of such request by the UN Secretary General.
UN structure
Source: wikipedia
UN countries
The original members of the UN include the 50 states that signed the UN Charter at the San Francisco Conference on June 26, 1945, as well as Poland. Since 1946, about 150 states have been admitted to the UN (but at the same time a number of states, such as Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia, were divided into independent states). On July 14, 2011, with the admission of South Sudan to the UN, the number of UN member states was 193.
Only internationally recognized states - subjects can be members of the UN international law. According to the UN Charter, membership in the UN is open to all "peace-loving States which will accept the obligations contained in the Charter and which, in the judgment of the Organization, are able and willing to fulfill these obligations." "The admission of any such State to membership in the Organization shall be effected by a decision of the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council." The admission of a new member requires the support of at least 9 of the 15 member states of the Security Council (while the 5 permanent members - Britain, China, Russia, the United States and France - can veto a decision). After the recommendation is approved by the Security Council, the issue is referred to the General Assembly, where a two-thirds majority is required to adopt a resolution on entry. The new state becomes a member of the UN from the date of the resolution of the General Assembly.
Among the original members of the UN were countries that were not full-fledged internationally recognized states: along with the USSR, its two union republics - the Byelorussian SSR and the Ukrainian SSR; British colony - British India (divided into now independent members - India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Myanmar); US protectorate - Philippines; as well as the actually independent dominions of Great Britain - the Commonwealth of Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Union of South Africa. In September 2011, the Palestinian Authority (partially recognized State of Palestine) submitted an application for membership in the UN, but the satisfaction of this application was postponed until the Palestinian-Israeli settlement and universal international recognition of Palestine.
In addition to the status of a member, there is the status of a UN observer, which may precede entry into the number of full members. Observer status is assigned by voting in the General Assembly, the decision is made by a simple majority. UN observers, as well as members of UN specialized agencies (for example, UNESCO) can be both recognized and partially recognized states and state entities. So, the observers this moment are the Holy See and the State of Palestine, and for some time there were, for example, Austria, Italy, Finland, Japan, Switzerland and other countries that had the right to join, but temporarily did not use it for various reasons.
UN Declarations and Conventions
Unlike the UN Charter, UN conventions are not binding on the members of the organization. This or that country can both ratify this or that treaty, and not to do it.
The most famous UN conventions and declarations:
- Universal Declaration of Human Rights, 1948
- Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide, 1948
- International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, 1966
- non-proliferation treaty nuclear weapons, approved and opened for signature in 1968
- Convention on the Rights of the Child, 1989
- United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, 1992. Entered into force and was ratified by Russia in 1994
- Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997, opened for signature in 1998, ratified by Russia in 2004
- Millennium Declaration, 2000
- UN Declarations are issued in the form of appeals and recommendations and are not, in fact, treaties.
On September 23, 2008, Russia protested over the signing on that day of a "declaration on cooperation between the secretariats and the UN". The declaration was signed by Jaap de Hoop Scheffer and Ban Ki-moon.
UN building
United Nations Headquarters in New York:
UN building in Geneva:
United Nations General Assembly Hall:
"United Nations Organization, UN" in publications website
- RUSSIA
- Yekaterinburg
- Chelyabinsk
- Rostov-on-Don
- Krasnoyarsk
- Nizhny Novgorod
- Novosibirsk
- Kazan
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23. Short story the creation of the un
With the entry of the United States into the war with Japan and Germany at the end of 1941, an expanded conference was convened in Washington, in which representatives of all allied states. During the development of a joint declaration, the name of the military alliance was born - the United Nations (the name was proposed by F. Roosevelt).
A clear idea of the need to create a world organization for the maintenance and strengthening of peace was first enshrined in the Declaration of the governments of the USSR and Poland, signed on December 4, 1941. When creating such an organization, the decisive moment should be respect for international law, supported by the collective armed force of all allied states.
The decision to create a worldwide international organization to maintain international law and security was enshrined in the Moscow Declaration, signed by the governments of the USSR, the USA, Great Britain and China on October 30, 1943.
The decisions of the Moscow Conference were universally confirmed at the Tehran Conference, where on December 1, 1943, a Declaration was signed, in which the heads of the USSR, the USA and Great Britain declared the following: “We fully recognize the high responsibility that lies with us and all the United Nations for the realization of such a peace, which will receive the approval of the overwhelming mass of the peoples of the globe and which will eliminate the calamities and horrors of war for many generations.
during the first half of 1944, negotiations took place between the participants of the Moscow Conference of 1943 on legal status(in a broad sense) a new international organization for peace and security.
At the Crimean (Yalta) conference, the issue of creating, together with other peace-loving states, a universal international organization for maintaining peace and security, occupied one of the most important places.
On April 25, 1945, the United Nations Conference was convened in San Francisco to prepare the charter for such an organization in accordance with the provisions worked out during the preliminary negotiations. It was agreed that the UN should be based on the principle of unanimity of the permanent members of the UN Security Council in resolving cardinal issues of ensuring peace. The participants in the Conference agreed that Great Britain and the United States would support the Soviet proposal for admitting the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR to initial membership in the UN.
The final text of the UN Charter was worked out and signed in San Francisco (USA) on June 26, 1945 at the United Nations Conference on the Establishment of an International Organization. The Charter came into force on October 24, 1945 after it was ratified by the USSR, the USA, Great Britain, France, China and most of the other states that signed the UN Charter. This day was declared United Nations Day (Resolution 168 (I I) of December 31, 1947).
The preamble of the Charter states that the members of the UN are determined to save succeeding generations from the scourge of war, to reaffirm faith in fundamental human rights, in the dignity and worth of the human person, in the equal rights of men and women and in the equal rights of nations large and small, and to create conditions in which justice and respect for obligations arising from treaties and other sources of international law can be observed and to promote social progress and better living conditions with more freedom. In this regard, UN members undertake to show tolerance and live together, in peace with each other, as good neighbors, to unite their efforts to maintain international peace and security, to use the international apparatus to promote the economic and social progress of all peoples.
UN goals in turn, should be considered as the most important principles of its activity:
maintain international peace and security, to this end take effective collective measures to prevent and eliminate threats to peace;
settle or resolve, in accordance with the principles of justice and international law, international disputes or situations that may lead to a breach of peace;
to develop friendly relations among nations on the basis of respect for the principle of equal rights and self-determination of peoples;
carry out multilateral cooperation in resolving international problems economic, social, cultural and humanitarian nature, etc.;
to be a center for harmonizing nations in the pursuit of these common goals.
International UN Day is celebrated on October 24th. On this day, we decided to remind our readers about what the UN is and why it was created.
What is the UN?
The United Nations is an organization of countries united to preserve peace, security and develop cooperation.
Creation date - October 24, 1945. At that time, 51 countries entered it. There are currently 193 countries in the UN. These are all the states of the world, except for Palestine, the state of the Holy See, SADR (Saharan Arab Democratic Republic), Republic of China(Taiwan), Abkhazia, South Ossetia, Republic of Kosovo, TRNC (Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus).
The USSR joined the UN on the day it was founded.
Over the years, not a single country has withdrawn from the UN.
Each participating country is obliged to comply with the purposes and rules of the Charter of the organization. But at the same time, each country has the right to vote.
By the way, the name was invented by US President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The official languages are English, Arabic, Spanish, Chinese, Russian and French.
Why was this organization created?
The reason was the second World War, after which the leaders of the participating countries decided to create a mechanism for resolving world problems.
There are four main goals of the UN:
- maintaining peace and security,
- development of friendly relations between countries,
- cooperation on international issues and harmonization country action,
- ensuring respect for human rights, combating world problems (hunger, poverty, drug addiction and others).
Who and how is included in the UN?
In theory, any country that accepts the obligations outlined in the Charter and is able to fulfill them can enter the organization. But only the country that is an internationally recognized state.
But in any case, accession requires the approval of the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council.
What is the UN doing today?
Ensures respect for human rights, fights poverty, drug addiction, disease, terrorism, the deterioration of nature, and provides assistance to refugees.
The UN does not make laws, but participates in the settlement of international conflicts.
What is the structure of the UN?
The UN has six main governing bodies: the General Assembly, the Security Council, the Economic and Social Council, the Trusteeship Council, the International Court of Justice (unlike all other bodies, it is located in The Hague, the Netherlands), the Secretariat.
Plus 15 specialized agencies cooperating with the UN, several dozen programs and funds.
Who is in charge at the UN?
In fact, only the governing bodies, but not any particular country. The main body is the General Council.
Complex Headquarters The United Nations is located in the United States, in New York. Officially, this is an international zone, and the UN complex belongs to all members of the organization.
The same applies to spending - the work of the UN is paid for by all its member states. But everyone pays differently, depending on the country's solvency, national income and population. For example, the US contribution is just over one-fifth of the total budget (according to 2013 data, $618 million. Japan - 10%, $304 million, Germany - 7%, $200 million, France - 5.5%, $157 million Russia enters with 2.4% of the UN budget, which is $68 million.
General Assembly (Genega1 Assembly)
Security Council
Economic and Social Council (Economie and Social Counci1) (ECOSOC)
International Court of Justice
Trusteeship Council
Secretariat
General Assembly
General information
The General Assembly is the main deliberative body of the United Nations. It represents all the states that are members of the UN, each of which has one vote. Decisions on important matters such as peace and security, the admission of new members and budget matters are taken by a two-thirds majority. Decisions on other issues are taken by a simple majority of votes.
Functions and powers:
Consider principles of cooperation in the maintenance of international peace and security, including principles governing disarmament and arms regulation, and make recommendations on principles;
Discuss and make recommendations on any matter relating to international peace and security, except when the dispute or situation is before the Security Council.
Discuss and, with the same exception, make recommendations on any matter within the limits of the Charter or on matters relating to the powers and functions of any organ of the United Nations;
Undertake studies and prepare recommendations for the promotion of international political cooperation, the development and codification of international law, the realization of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all and the promotion of international cooperation in the economic and social fields and in the fields of culture, education and health;
Receive and consider reports from the Security Council and other United Nations bodies;
Consider and approve the budget of the United Nations and determine the contributions of individual members;
Elect non-permanent members of the Security Council, members of the Economic and Social Council, and eligible members of the Trusteeship Council; to participate with the Security Council in the election of the judges of the International Court of Justice and, on the recommendation of the Security Council, to appoint the Secretary-General.
On the basis of the resolution "Unity for Peace", adopted by the General Assembly in November 1950, the Assembly may take action in the event of a threat to the peace, a breach of the peace or an act of aggression, if the Security Council is unable to act in this direction due to lack of unity among its permanent members. The Assembly is authorized to immediately consider this matter in order to propose recommendations to Member States on collective measures, including, in the event of a breach of the peace or an act of aggression, the use of armed forces, if necessary, to maintain or restore international peace and security.
Sessions The regular session of the General Assembly usually opens annually in September. The 2002-2003 session, for example, is the fifty-seventh regular session of the General Assembly. At the beginning of each regular session, the Assembly elects a new President (Chairman of the fifty-seventh session of the United Nations General Assembly - Jan Kavan, Czech Republic), 21 Vice-Presidents and Chairmen of the Assembly's six Main Committees. In order to ensure equitable geographical representation, representatives of five groups of states, African, Asian, Eastern European, Latin American and Caribbean, Western European and other states, alternately hold the position of the President of the Assembly every year.
In addition, the Assembly may meet in special session at the request of the Security Council, a majority of the Members of the United Nations, or one Member of the Organization with the consent of a majority of the others. Extraordinary special sessions may be convened within 24 hours of the request of the Security Council approved by any nine members of the Council, or at the request of a majority of the Members of the United Nations, or one member with the consent of a majority of the others.
At the beginning of each ordinary session, the Assembly holds a general debate, where Heads of State and Government often take the floor. During them, member states express their views on a wide range of international issues.
First Committee(questions of disarmament and international security);
Second Committee(economic and financial issues);
Third Committee(social, humanitarian and cultural issues);
Fourth Committee(special political and decolonization issues);
Fifth Committee(administrative and budgetary matters);
Sixth Committee(legal issues).
While the decisions of the Assembly are not legally binding on governments, they are backed by world public opinion on important international affairs, as well as the moral authority of the world community.
The year-round work of the United Nations is carried out mainly on the basis of the decisions of the General Assembly, that is, the will of the majority of the members, expressed in resolutions adopted by the Assembly. This work is carried out:
Committees and other bodies established by the Assembly to study specific issues such as disarmament, peacekeeping, development and human rights;
At international conferences envisaged by the Assembly
UN Secretariat - Secretary General and his staff of international civil servants.
Security Council (SC)
The Security Council consists of 15 members: five permanent members of the Council (Russia, USA, Great Britain, France and China) have veto power, the remaining ten members (in the terminology of the Charter - "non-permanent") are elected to the Council in accordance with the procedure provided for by the Charter for a two-year term. Russia is represented Permanent Representative of Russia to the UN. (since 2006 - Vitaly Ivanovich Churkin)
The Presidents of the Council rotate monthly according to the list of its states, arranged in English alphabetical order
Each member of the Council has one vote. Decisions on questions of procedure are considered adopted when at least 9 out of 15 members voted for them. Substantive decisions require nine votes, including the concurring votes of all five permanent members. This is the "great power unanimity" rule, which is often referred to as the "right of veto".
In accordance with the Charter, all Members of the United Nations agree to abide by and comply with the decisions of the Security Council. While other organs of the United Nations make recommendations to governments, only the Security Council has the power to make decisions that Member States are bound by the Charter to comply with.
The Security Council bears the primary responsibility for maintaining international peace and security and has the exclusive authority to prevent war and create conditions for the peaceful cooperation of states. He has been involved in conflict resolution in Angola, Georgia, Tajikistan, Moldova, Nagorno-Karabakh, former Yugoslavia, etc. A state that is a member of the UN but is not a member of the Security Council may take part, without the right to vote, in its deliberations in cases where the Council finds that the interests of that country are affected
Functions and powers Security Council:
maintain international peace and security in accordance with the principles and purposes of the United Nations;
investigate any dispute or any situation that could lead to international friction;
develop plans for determining the existence of a threat to the peace or an act of aggression and make recommendations for the necessary measures;
call on UN members to implement economic sanctions and other non-force measures to prevent or stop aggression;
take military action against the aggressor;
exercise UN trusteeship functions in "strategic areas";
StructureSecurity Council
standing committees
There are currently two such committees, each of which includes representatives of all States members of the Security Council.
Committee of Experts on Rules of Procedure (examines and makes recommendations on rules of procedure and other technical matters)
Committee for the Admission of New Members
Open ended committees
These committees, which include all members of the Council, are established as needed and meet in private.
Security Council Committee on Council Meetings Away from Headquarters
Board of Governors of the United Nations Compensation Commission established pursuant to Security Council resolution 692 (1991) Counter-Terrorism Committee established pursuant to resolution 1373 (2001) of 28 September 2001
Sanctions Committees
United Nations Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 661 (1990) on the situation between Iraq and Kuwait
United Nations Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 748 (1992) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya United Nations Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 748 (1992) concerning the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya
United Nations Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 751 (1992) concerning Somalia
United Nations Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 864 (1993) concerning Angola (UNITA Sanctions Monitoring Mechanism)
United Nations Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 918 (1994) concerning Rwanda
United Nations Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 985 (1995) concerning Liberia (terminated pursuant to resolution 1343 (2001),
United Nations Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1132 (1997) concerning Sierra Leone
United Nations Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1160 (1998)
United Nations Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1267 (1999)
United Nations Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1298 (2000) concerning Eritrea and Ethiopia
United Nations Security Council Committee established pursuant to resolution 1343 (2001) concerning Liberia
Between 1948 and August 2000, there were 53 United Nations peacekeeping operations.
International tribunals
International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Serious Violations of International humanitarian law committed in the territory of the former Yugoslavia
International Tribunal for the Prosecution of Persons Responsible for Genocide and Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed on the Territory of Rwanda and Rwandan Citizens Responsible for Genocide and Other Such Violations Committed on the Territory of Neighboring States.
United Nations Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).
It consists of 54 countries elected by the General Assembly for a three-year term - they are annually updated by a third of their membership. They are distributed by region. in the following way: 14 places - Africa quota, 10 - for Latin America, 11 - for Asia, 13 - for Western Europe and other countries, and 6 - for Eastern European countries.
Decisions in the Council are taken by a simple majority of votes; each member of the Council has one vote.
The Economic and Social Council was established by the Charter as the principal organ which, acting under the direction of the General Assembly, is intended to promote:
a) raising the standard of living, full employment of the population and conditions for economic and social progress and development;
b) resolution of international problems in the field of economic, social, health and similar problems; international cooperation in the field of culture and education; and
c) universal respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion.
The Economic and Social Council has the followingfunctions and powers :
Serve as a central forum for discussing international economic and social issues of a global and cross-sectoral nature and for developing policy recommendations on these issues for Member States and for the UN system;
Conduct and organize research, draw up reports and make recommendations on international issues in the economic and social fields, in the field of culture, education, health and related issues;
Promote respect for and observance of human rights and fundamental freedoms;
To convene international conferences and draft conventions for submission to the General Assembly on matters within its competence;
Negotiate with specialized agencies regarding agreements defining their relationship with the UN;
Coordinate the activities of the specialized agencies by consulting with them and making recommendations to such agencies, as well as by making recommendations to the General Assembly and the members of the United Nations; - provide services approved by the General Assembly to members of the United Nations, as well as to specialized agencies at the request of the latter; - consult with relevant non-governmental organizations on issues within the competence of the Council.
Sessions
The Economic and Social Council usually holds one substantive session each year, lasting five to six weeks, alternately in New York and Geneva, and one organizational session in New York. As part of the main session, a special high-level meeting is held with the participation of ministers and other dignitaries, which discusses the most important economic and social issues. During the year, the work of the Council is carried out in its subsidiary bodies - commissions and committees - which meet regularly and report to the Council.
The main questions of ECOSOC:
The state of the world economic and social situation and the preparation of fundamental reviews and other analytical publications;
The state of international trade;
Problems of environmental protection;
Economic and scientific and technical assistance to developing countries;
Various aspects of the food problem;
Problems of socio-economic statistics;
Population problems;
Problems of natural resources;
Problems of settlements;
Problems of planning and mobilization of financial resources;
The role of the state and cooperative sectors in the economy of developing countries;
Regional cooperation;
Drawing up program socio-economic documents - international development strategies of the UN, as well as monitoring them implementation and more.
Since the beginning of the 1990s, ECOSOC began to pay more attention to the countries of Eastern Europe, former republics USSR - to the new states of the CIS, the Baltics.
Subsidiary bodies operate within the framework of ECOSOC.:
REGIONAL commissions:
1. Economic Commission for Africa (ECA)
2. Economic Commission for Europe (ECE)
3. Economic and Social Commission for Asia and Pacific Ocean(ESCAP)
4. Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC)
5. Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ECWA)
(Russia is a full member of the EEC and ESCAP),
Functional commissions and committees
Statistical Commission
Population Commission
Commission for Social Development
Committee on New and Renewable Energy Sources
Commission on Transnational Corporations
Human Settlements Commission
Natural Resources Committee
Development Planning Committee
Group of Experts on International Tax Cooperation
Group of Experts on Public Administration and Finance
Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods
Expert Group on International Accounting and Reporting Standards
International Court
The International Court of Justice is the main judicial organ of the United Nations. The seat of the Court is the Palais des Nations in The Hague (Netherlands).
Functions of the Court
resolution, in accordance with international law, of legal disputes submitted to it by states,
issuance of advisory opinions on legal issues referred to it by authorized international bodies and institutions.
Compound
The Court consists of 15 judges elected for a nine-year term of office by the General Assembly and the UN Security Council, sitting independently of each other. It cannot include two citizens of the same state. Elections for one-third of the judges are held every three years, and outgoing judges can be re-elected.
The members of the Court are not representatives of their governments, but independent judges.
During its existence, it has considered more than 70 disputes. The decisions of the Court are binding on the countries of the UN.
The current members of the Court are:
Cases currently pending
The following nine disputes are currently pending:
1. Maritime Boundary Delimitation and Territorial Issues between Qatar and Bahrain (Qatar v. Bahrain).
2. Questions of interpretation and application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from air incident in Lockerbie (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United Kingdom).
3. Questions of interpretation and application of the 1971 Montreal Convention arising from the Lockerbie Air Incident (Libyan Arab Jamahiriya v. United States of America).
4. Oil platforms (Islamic Republic of Iran v. United States of America).
5. Application of the Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide (Bosnia and Herzegovina v. Yugoslavia).
6. Land and sea border between Cameroon and Nigeria (Cameroon vs. Nigeria).
7. Fisheries Jurisdiction (Spain v. Canada).
8. Kasikili/Sedudu Island (Botswana/Namibia).
9. Vienna Convention on Consular Relations (Paraguay v. United States of America).
Guardian Council.
The Trusteeship Council consists of the five permanent members of the Security Council - China, the Russian Federation, the United Kingdom, the United States and France.
The main objectives of the Council were to promote the improvement of the situation of the population of the trust territories and their progressive development towards self-government or independence. The Council took care of 11 territories that gained independence during the work of the Council (Ghana, Burundi, Papua New Guinea, etc.) . The Trusteeship Council suspended its work on November 1, 1994 after the Objectives of the Trusteeship System had been achieved, when all the Trust Territories achieved self-government or independence either as separate states or through association with neighboring independent countries and the last remaining Trust Territory, Palau, gained October 1, 1994 independence.
The Council has now waived the obligation to meet annually and has agreed to meet as needed.
UN Secretariat
The Secretariat is an international staff based in institutions around the world and carries out the various day-to-day activities of the Organization. It also serves the other principal organs of the United Nations and implements the programs and policies adopted by them. The Secretariat is headed by the Secretary General UN, who is appointed by the General Assembly on the recommendation of the Security Council for a term of 5 years with the possibility of re-election for a new term.
Currently, the staff of the Secretariat is about 8600 people. from 170 countries paid from the regular budget
The working languages of the Secretariat are English and French.
The Secretary General is at the head of the Secretariat.
UN Secretary General- chief administrative officer United Nations.
8th UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon
The Secretary General is appointed General Assembly by recommendation Security Council. The decision of the Security Council is usually preceded by informal discussions and a series of rating votes. In addition, any of the five permanent members of the Council may use the right of veto when voting. In accordance with generally accepted practice, the Secretary General is not elected from among the representatives of countries that are permanent members of the Security Council.
The UN Secretary-General is elected for a five-year term with a possible re-election for a new term. While there is no limit to the number of five-year terms a secretary general can serve, no one has held the post more than twice so far.
The UN Charter is the only international document whose provisions are binding on all states. On the basis of the UN Charter, an extensive system of multilateral treaties and agreements concluded within the UN has emerged.
Peacekeeping activities
One of the main tasks of the United Nations is to maintain world peace. Under the Charter, Member States shall resolve their international disputes by peaceful means and refrain from the threat or use of force against other States.
For many years the United Nations has played important role in helping to prevent international crises and in settling protracted conflicts. It carried out complex operations related to the establishment and maintenance of peace and the provision of humanitarian aid. She also had to prevent brewing conflicts. In post-conflict situations, it is increasingly making concerted efforts to address the root causes of violence and lay the foundations for lasting peace.
The United Nations has achieved impressive results. Thus, in 1948-1949, she managed to defuse tension during the Berlin crisis, to relieve the Caribbean crisis in 1962 and the crisis in the Middle East in 1973. In 1988, United Nations peace efforts brought the Iran-Iraq war to an end, and the following year, thanks to United Nations-sponsored negotiations, Soviet troops were withdrawn from Afghanistan. In the 1990s, the United Nations assisted in restoring Kuwait's sovereignty and played an important role in civil wars in Cambodia, El Salvador, Guatemala and Mozambique, the restoration of democratically elected governments in Haiti and Sierra Leone, and has resolved or prevented conflicts in several other countries.
The most important tasks of the United Nations are to stop the proliferation of weapons, as well as to reduce and eventually eliminate all stockpiles of weapons mass destruction. The United Nations serves as a permanent forum for disarmament negotiations, making recommendations and initiating research in this area. It supports multilateral negotiations within the framework of the Conference on Disarmament and other international bodies. As a result of these negotiations, the following international agreements like Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (1968), Comprehensive Ban Treaty nuclear testing(1996) and treaties on the establishment of nuclear-weapon-free zones.
Within its peacekeeping The United Nations, through diplomatic mechanisms, helps opposing sides come to an agreement. The Security Council, as part of its efforts to maintain international peace and security, may recommend ways of preventing conflict and restoring or securing peace, for example through negotiations or recourse to the International Court of Justice.
The Secretary General also plays an important role in peacekeeping activities. He may bring to the attention of the Security Council any matter which, in his opinion, poses a threat to international peace and security. The Secretary-General may use "good offices", mediate or engage in "quiet diplomacy", acting behind the scenes on his own or through special envoys. The Secretary General can also use the mechanism of "preventive diplomacy" to resolve disputes before the situation escalates. In addition, it can send fact-finding missions, support regional peace efforts, and establish United Nations political offices in countries to assist the parties in building confidence.
As part of its efforts to maintain peace and international security, the Security Council establishes United Nations peacekeeping operations and defines their scope and mandate. Most of these operations involve military personnel who enforce a ceasefire or create a buffer zone while a long-term solution is sought at the negotiating table. Other operations may involve civilian police officers or civilian professionals who help organize elections or monitor human rights. Some operations, such as the one in the former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, were launched as a preventive measure and prevented the outbreak of hostilities. In a number of cases, operations are aimed at monitoring compliance with peace agreements and are carried out in cooperation with the peacekeeping contingents of regional organizations.
Respect for human rights, international law.
Thanks to the efforts of the United Nations, governments have negotiated hundreds of multilateral agreements that make the world a safer and healthier, more promising and fairer place for all of us. The development of this comprehensive body of international law and human rights standards is a major achievement of the United Nations.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, adopted by the General Assembly in 1948, proclaims the fundamental rights and freedoms to which all men and women are entitled, including the right to life, liberty and citizenship, the right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion, the right to work, education and participation in management.
These rights are legally binding through two international covenants to which most states are parties. One pact deals with economic, social and cultural rights, the other with civil and political rights.
Together with the Declaration, they constitute the International Bill of Human Rights.
The Declaration laid the foundation for the preparation of more than 80 conventions and declarations on human rights, including the conventions on liquidation racial discrimination and discrimination against women; conventions on the rights of the child, the status of refugees and the prevention of genocide; declarations on self-determination, enforced disappearances and the right to development.
United Nations human rights bodies are involved in early warning and conflict prevention efforts, as well as efforts to address the root causes of conflict.
The Charter of the United Nations gives the United Nations the specific task of encouraging the progressive development of international law and its codification. The conventions, treaties and norms resulting from this work provide the basis for strengthening international peace and security and promoting economic and social development. States that have ratified these conventions are legally bound to comply with them.
the United Nations and its specialized agencies international agreements have been developed, which are the main legal instruments for combating terrorism.
humanitarian aid
In disaster situations, organizations of the United Nations system provide food, medicine, shelter and logistical support to the victims, most of them children, women and the elderly. To cover the cost of providing this assistance to those in need, the United Nations has mobilized billions of dollars of funds from international donors. In 1998, thanks to the efforts of the United Nations, approximately $2 billion was pledged in response to calls for emergency humanitarian assistance for some 25 million people. In 1997-1998, the United Nations assisted more than 51 Member States in their efforts to deal with the consequences of more than 77 natural and environmental disasters.
In connection with the provision of humanitarian assistance, the United Nations has to overcome serious problems logistics and field security. The very task of reaching the affected areas can be fraught with complex obstacles. AT last years many crises are exacerbated by the lack of respect for human rights. Humanitarian personnel are denied access to those in need, and parties to conflict deliberately target civilians and aid workers. Since 1992, more than 139 United Nations civilian personnel have been killed and 143 taken hostage in humanitarian operations around the world. In an effort to ensure the protection of affected populations, the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights is playing an increasingly active role in the United Nations response to emergencies on the ground, paying attention to the potential risk of human rights violations in the face of a crisis.