Big encyclopedia of oil and gas. Types and forms of economic activity, its organization
Section 2. Organization of economic activity
In this section of the textbook, the study of the system of economic relations continues. After considering the subsystem of socio-economic relations, we will now understand the subsystem of organizational and economic relations, without which economic activity cannot exist and develop. This will allow us to find out how production is organized, by whom it is managed, and in what organizational, economic and legal forms it achieves its intended goals.
Topic 4. Enterprises and organizations in the economy
4.1. Economic and legal characteristics of the enterprise
The primary link in the system of social production is the enterprise (firm). Company is an independent economic entity created to produce products, perform work and provide services in order to meet social needs and make a profit.
A manufacturing enterprise is characterized by production, technical, organizational, economic and social unity.
Production and technical unity is determined by a complex of means of production that have technological unity and interconnection of individual stages of production processes, as a result of which the raw materials and materials used at the enterprise are converted into finished products. They also allow you to provide services and perform certain work in order to make a profit.
organizational unity is determined by the presence of a single team and a single leadership, which is reflected in the overall and organizational structure of the enterprise.
economic unity is determined by the generality of the economic results of work - the volume of products sold, the level of profitability, the mass of profits, the funds of the enterprise, etc., and, most importantly, making a profit acts as the main goal of the activity.
However, the enterprise, first of all, is not a production, not an economic, but social unit. An enterprise is a team of people of various qualifications, connected by certain socio-economic relations and interests, and making a profit serves as the basis for meeting the needs (both material and spiritual) of the entire team. Therefore, the most important tasks of the enterprise are: payment of socially just salary, which would ensure the reproduction of the labor force; creation of normal working and leisure conditions, opportunities for professional growth, etc.
An enterprise is not only an economic entity, but also entity . A legal entity is an organization that owns, manages or manages separate property and is liable for its obligations with this property, can acquire and exercise property and personal non-property rights on its own behalf, bear obligations, be a plaintiff and defendant in court. Legal entities must have an independent balance sheet or estimate.
A legal entity is subject to state registration and acts either on the basis of a charter, or a constituent agreement and a charter, or only a constituent agreement.
The charter reflects: organizational and legal forms of the enterprise (firm); Name; mailing address; the subject and purpose of the activity; statutory fund; the procedure for distributing profits; control bodies; list and location of structural units that are part of the company; terms of reorganization and liquidation.
Firm - legally independent business unit. It can be both a large enterprise or organization, and a small company. A modern firm usually includes several enterprises. If the firm consists of one enterprise, both terms coincide. In this case, the enterprise and the firm designate the same object economic activity. The firm in relation to its constituent production units is a body of entrepreneurial management. Usually, it is the firm, and not the enterprise, that acts as an economic entity in the market, implements a pricing policy, competes, participates in the distribution of profits, sets the pace and determines the direction of scientific and technological progress.
A variety of enterprises operate in the economy. They differ from each other in a number of ways: industry affiliation; sizes; the degree of specialization and the scale of production of the same type of products; methods of organizing production and the degree of its mechanization and automation; organizational and legal forms, etc.
Signs industry affiliation enterprises serve: the nature of the raw materials consumed in the manufacture of products; purpose and nature of the finished product; technical and technological community of production; operating time throughout the year. Thus, enterprises and organizations in our country are distributed in statistics, primarily into three groups of production sectors (parts of the national economy):
mining;
processing;
distributing electricity, gas and water.
The importance of these sectors can be judged by general economic indicators (number of organizations, volume of shipped goods and financial result) - table 8.
Table 8
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1. Main indicators mining, manufacturing and distribution of electricity, gas and water in 2007 |
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Number of operating organizations: | |
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extracting minerals | |
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Manufacturing | |
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Production and distribution of electricity, gas and water | |
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The volume of shipped goods of own production, performed works and services on their own, billion rubles: | |
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Mining | |
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Manufacturing industries | |
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Production and distribution of electricity, gas, water | |
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Balanced financial result (profit minus losses), billion rubles | |
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2. Agriculture has the following structure (according to 2008 data, as a percentage of the total) |
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Agricultural organizations | |
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Households of the population | |
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Peasant (farming) households | |
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3. In construction in 2008, there were: |
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Construction organizations | |
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The volume of work performed (in actual prices in 1995, billion rubles) | |
By appointment finished products All enterprises are divided into two large groups: those producing means of production and those producing consumer goods.
By sign technological community distinguish between enterprises with continuous and discrete production processes, with a predominance of mechanical and chemical production processes.
By working hours during the year Distinguish between year-round and seasonal enterprises.
By sign enterprise size are divided into large (with more than 500 employees), medium (with 101 to 500 employees) and small (up to 100 employees). The main criterion for attributing an enterprise to one of these groups is not only the number of employees, but also the amount of allowable cash flow.
By specialization and scale of production enterprises of the same type are divided into specialized, diversified and combined.
It is possible to single out enterprises on other grounds. For example, depending on different types of economic and legal relations and the nature production activities companies differ, for example:
rental which manufactures products, performs work and provides services using property on the basis of a lease agreement (for a certain period);
venture- a small enterprise in science-intensive sectors of the economy, carrying out scientific research, engineering development and the introduction of innovations of a risky nature;
closed(in some countries), which has an agreement that only members of a union or those who wish to join a union will be employed in this enterprise;
open in which both members of the trade union and non-members of the trade union are employed;
collective, which was created either when buying out a state-owned enterprise, or when acquiring the property of an enterprise by a labor collective.
The classification of enterprises is important in the development of standard documentation for homogeneous enterprises, the application of standard design and technological solutions, production structure and other purposes.
In accordance with the forms of ownership, enterprises can be state, municipal, private, and may also be owned by public organizations.
by an enterprise like object of rights recognized Property Complex, which is generally real estate. This complex includes all types of property intended for its activities, including: land plots; building; equipment; inventory; raw materials; products.
In addition, this complex includes claims, debts, as well as designations that individualize the enterprise, its products, works and services (company name, trademarks, service marks), and other exclusive rights.
The enterprise operates in industry, agriculture, construction, transport, communications and informatics, science and scientific services, trade, logistics, culture, education, services and other sectors of the national economy. An enterprise can simultaneously conduct several types of economic activity.
Types of economic activity
There are several types of business activities:
- A household is a household run by a group of people living together.
- A small enterprise is an economic unit, engaged in the manufacture of a relatively small amount of goods. The owner of such an enterprise can be one person or several. As a rule, the owner uses his own labor or employs a relatively small number of workers.
- Large enterprises are enterprises that produce goods in bulk. As a rule, these enterprises are formed by combining the property of the owners. An example of which enterprise is a joint-stock company.
- The national economy is the unification of economic activity throughout the country. To a certain extent, this activity is directed by the state, which, in turn, tries to ensure the sustainable growth of the country's economy and thereby increase the welfare of the entire population.
- The world economy is an economic system in which there are interconnections between different countries and peoples.
Forms of economic activity
Definition 1
The form of economic activity is a system of norms that determines the internal relations of the partners of the enterprise, as well as the relationship of this enterprise with other counterparties and government bodies.
There are several forms of economic activity:
- Individual form;
- collective form;
- corporate form.
Under individual form of economic activity refers to an enterprise whose owner is either an individual or a family. The functions of the owner and entrepreneurs are combined in one entity. He receives and distributes the income received, and also bears the risk from the implementation of his economic activities and has unlimited property liability to his creditors and third parties. As a rule, such enterprises are not legal entities. The owner of this enterprise can attract additional hired labor, but in a rather limited amount (no more than 20 people).
If speak about collective form of economic activity, then there are three types of them: business partnerships, business companies, joint-stock companies.
Business partnerships can be in the form of: full partnership and limited partnership. A general partnership is an organization based on collective ownership. As a rule, it is an association of several individuals or legal entities. All participants in this type of partnership bear full unlimited liability for all obligations of the partnership. The property of a full partnership is formed at the expense of the contributions of its participants and the income received in the course of carrying out their activities. All property belongs to a participant in a general partnership on the basis of shared ownership.
A limited partnership is an association where one or more of its owners are fully liable for all the obligations of the partnership, the remaining investors are liable only to the extent of their capital.
To business companies include: limited liability company, additional liability company. A limited liability company is an enterprise that is created by combining the contributions of legal entities and individuals. At the same time, the number of participants in a limited liability company cannot exceed the established limit, otherwise this company will be transformed into a joint-stock company within a year.
Additional Liability Company is an organization whose authorized capital is divided into shares, the size of which is determined in advance. This type of company is formed by one or more persons. For all obligations of the company, all its founders bear subsidiary liability in the amount that is a multiple of the value of the contribution to the authorized capital.
Joint-stock company is a form of economic activity, all the funds of which are formed by combining the capital of the founders, as well as the issuance and placement of shares. Members of a joint-stock company are liable for all obligations of the company in the amount equal to the contributions.
In order to protect their commercial interests and increase the efficiency of using the capital of an enterprise, various organizational and legal forms can be combined into so-called corporate forms of entrepreneurship. These include: concerns, consortium, intersectoral and regional unions.
Concern is an association of organizations that carry out joint activities voluntarily. As a rule, concerts have scientific and technical functions, production and social development, functions of foreign economic activity, etc.
Consortium- association of the organization for the solution of certain problems, created for a while. In our country, a consortium is being created to implement government programs by organizations of any form of ownership.
Industry and regional unions are an association of organizations on contractual terms. These unions are created to carry out one or more production and economic functions.
Organization of economic activity
The organization of economic activity goes through three stages:
- Stage 1 - opportunity assessment. Initially, an objective assessment should be made of all the resources necessary for the production process. For these purposes, it is advisable to use scientific developments. The main advantage of this stage is that it helps to give preliminary assessment the potential of production of products in those volumes and under those conditions that will be investigated, and on the basis of which the decision to launch the production of a particular product will be approved. After the production potential of the organization has been studied, the production line is launched within the framework of the formed plan.
- Stage 2 - launch of ancillary production. Implementation this stage takes place only if necessary. Ancillary production is quite a necessary measure, since it helps to develop new market segments and increase the chance of the organization's financial development being effective. Maintenance of the organization can be carried out both on its own and with the help of third-party organizations and resources. At this stage, services are used to optimize the activities of production and evaluate the potential costs of funds. At the next stage, work is carried out aimed at studying the sales market and the possibilities of selling products.
- Stage 3 - marketing of products. All stages affecting the sale of products are monitored. At the same time, accounting sold products, forecasts are compiled and studied, allowing to make competent decisions of the organization's management. There are situations when it is necessary to develop a methodology for after-sales service. For example, when establishing a warranty period for their products.
Each production is opened to perform specific tasks, usually it is to generate income, provide new jobs, improve any industry. During the workflow, various events, activities, actions that are directly related to production take place. The sum of these events is called the economic activity of the enterprise.
Economic activity of the enterprise- this is an activity to create goods, provide services, perform all kinds of work, which is aimed at generating income in order to meet the needs of the management and working staff of the enterprise.
The economic activity of the enterprise consists of several stages:
- scientifically based research and developments of designers;
- production of products;
- additional production;
- Maintenance enterprises;
- marketing, sales of products and its subsequent service.
Economic processes that make up the economic activity of the enterprise:
- The use of the means of production is the main means of the enterprise, Technical equipment, depreciation, that is, those elements that are involved in the process of generating income.
- The use of objects of labor activity of the enterprise is raw materials, the consumption of which should be minimal and normalized, then this can have a fruitful effect on the financial results of the enterprise.
- Exploitation of labor resources - the availability of highly qualified specialists, an acceptable ratio of the exploitation of the working time of personnel and wages.
- Manufacture and sale of goods - indicators of the level of product quality, time periods for its sale, volumes of products supplied to the market,.
- Indicators of the cost of goods - when calculating it, it is necessary to take into account all the expenses incurred in the manufacture and sale of products.
- Indicators of profit and profitability - indicators of the results of the labor activity of the enterprise.
- The financial position of the enterprise.
- Other business activities.
All of these processes relate to the concept of the economic activity of an enterprise and constantly interact with each other, and therefore need a systematic analysis.
All economic activity of the enterprise is divided into two groups: processes associated with the production of products (production), and other processes (non-production).
Manufacturing processes dedicated to the production of goods. As a result, there is a change in the material type of raw materials and the price of the original raw materials increases by changing its type, combination or transformation. This cost is referred to as the "form value". A variety of manufacturing processes can be referred to as mining, analytical, production and assembly processes.
Non-manufacturing processes- provision of various services. These processes can perform actions that are different from the transformation of the material form of raw materials. Important processes include warehousing of products, various kinds of trade and many other services.
Material on the topic from the electronic journal
Why do you need an analysis of the economic activity of the enterprise
Analysis of the economic activity of an enterprise (AHD) is a natural scientific method of studying economic processes and phenomena, which is based on dividing them into parts and studying their interaction with each other. This is the main function of managing the economic activities of the enterprise. Analysis helps to approve decisions and implement actions, contributes to their justification and is the foundation of the scientific management of the enterprise, ensuring its effectiveness.
What functions are pursued by the analysis of the economic activity of the enterprise:
- study of directions and patterns of economic processes and phenomena, taking into account the laws of the economy in specific situations, the implementation of economic activities at the level of one enterprise;
- analysis of the results of the economic activity of the enterprise in relation to resource capabilities, evaluation of the effectiveness of the activities of various departments of the enterprise, taking into account planned indicators;
- analysis of ways to increase the efficiency of the economic activity of an enterprise based on modern experience international level in the field of scientific and technological progress;
- identification of reserves for increasing the volume of products, carrying out measures for the rational use of production potential;
- a scientific approach to all plans available at the enterprise (perspective, current, operational, etc.);
- tracking the implementation of the tasks approved in the plans for the efficient use of resources in order to realistically assess and the possibility of influencing the workflow of the enterprise;
- development of solutions for the management of the economic activity of the enterprise on the basis of scientific research, selection and analysis of the economic reserve for increasing the efficiency and profitability of production.
Analysis and diagnostics of the economic activity of the enterprise is divided into several areas.
Analysis of financial and economic activity:
- analysis of the level of profitability of the enterprise;
- analysis of the payback of the enterprise;
- analysis of the use of own financial resources;
- analysis of solvency, liquidity and financial stability;
- analysis of the use of financial loans;
- assessment of economic value added;
- business activity analysis;
- analysis of the movement of finance;
- effect calculation financial leverage.
Management analysis of economic activity:
- finding out the place of the enterprise in its sales market;
- analysis of the exploitation of the main factors of production: means of labor, objects of labor and labor resources;
- assessment of the results of production activities and sales of goods;
- approval of decisions to increase the range and improve the quality of goods;
- formulating a methodology for managing financial expenses in production;
- approval of pricing policy;
- analysis of profitability of production.
Comprehensive analysis of economic activity enterprises - a study of primary accounting documentation and reports for several past reporting periods. Such an analysis is necessary for a full-fledged study of the financial position of the enterprise, the results of the analysis are used in improving business processes. It should be noted that a comprehensive analysis is an important event when transforming, changing the form of ownership, in order to attract serious investments for the implementation of new business projects.
Based on the results of the reporting period, an assessment of the effectiveness of the economic activity of the enterprise is given, it is necessary to select and change the main development strategy, to improve production processes. Such an event should be held when you have planned to implement serious investment projects.
Analysis of the economic activity of the enterprise: the main stages
Stage 1. Analysis of the profitability of the enterprise.
At this stage, all sources that generate income are analyzed and allow us to trace the picture of profit formation - the main result of the company's activities.
Stage 2. Analysis of the payback of the enterprise.
This stage consists in the study of payback by comparing various indicators, data is also collected in order to evaluate the payback of the enterprise.
Stage 3. Analysis of the use of financial resources of the enterprise.
This stage consists in the analysis of where the company's own financial resources are spent, using the study of documentation and the formation of reports for the further development of production.
Stage 4. Analysis of the financial capabilities of the enterprise.
This stage consists in finding opportunities for the use of invested funds, for the analysis of various obligations. This stage provides the enterprise with the opportunity to decide on a development strategy for the future, to draw up a scheme for the application of investments.
Stage 5. Liquidity analysis.
At this stage, a study of the company's assets and their structuring takes place in order to find out the level of liquidity of the economic activity of the enterprise.
Stage 6. Analysis of the financial stability of the enterprise.
At this stage, the strategy of the enterprise is determined, with the help of which the financial stability of the enterprise is achieved, and the degree of dependence of the company on borrowed capital and the need to attract financial resources are revealed.
Stage 7. Analysis of the use of borrowed capital.
At this stage, it is necessary to find out how borrowed capital is used in the activities of the enterprise.
Stage 8. Economic value added analysis.
Based on the results of the analysis of economic value added, the volume of the company's expenses for the production of products, the real cost of goods, as well as the degree of justification of this cost, are determined, and ways to reduce it are found.
Stage 9. Analysis of business activity.
At this stage, the activity of the enterprise is monitored by studying completed projects, increasing the volume of sales of products to the market and entering the level of international trade.
Also, the diagnostics of the economic activity of an enterprise includes an analysis of the movement of finances (various operations with financial resources, paperwork for various transactions, etc.) and the calculation of the effect of financial leverage (impact on the level of financial resources through the approval of economic decisions).
What is business planning
The stable financial position of the company, the modernization and promotion of production can be guaranteed if you are engaged in planning the economic activities of the enterprise.
Planning is the development and adjustment of a plan that includes the foresight, justification, concretization and description of the basics of the enterprise's economic activity for the near and long term, taking into account the situation on the sales market for products at the maximum exploitation of the enterprise's resources.
The main tasks of business planning:
- Study of demand for the company's products.
- Increasing the level of sales.
- Maintaining a balanced growth in production.
- Increasing income, payback of the production process.
- Minimizing the cost of the enterprise by applying the strategy of rational development and increasing production resources.
- Strengthening the competitiveness of goods by improving their quality and reducing costs.
There are two key types of planning: operational and production planning and technical and economic planning.
Technical and economic planning aimed at creating a system of standards for improving the technical equipment and financial affairs of the enterprise. In the process of this type of planning, the acceptable volume of products manufactured by the enterprise is determined, the necessary resources for the production of goods are selected, the optimal indicators of their use are calculated, and the final financial and economic standards for the functioning of the enterprise are established.
Operational and production planning aimed at concretizing the technical and economic plans of the company. With it, they form production targets for all departments of the enterprise and the tasks for the production of products are adjusted.
Main types of planning:
- Strategic planning - a production strategy is formed, its main tasks are developed for a period of 10 to 15 years.
- Tactical planning is a confirmation of the main goals and resources of the enterprise needed to solve strategic problems for a short or medium term.
- Operational planning - ways to achieve strategic goals are selected that are approved by the management of the enterprise and are typical for the economic activity of the enterprise (work plans for the month, quarter, year).
- Normative planning - the selected methods for solving strategic problems, goals of the enterprise for any period are justified.
Each enterprise experiences difficulties in attracting private investment, since its own financial resources are often not enough, the enterprise needs loans, therefore, in order to combine the possibilities of private investors, loans are provided, which are formed by the enterprise's business plan.
Business plan- a program for the implementation of business operations, company actions, containing information about the company, product, its production, sales markets, marketing, organization of operations and their effectiveness.
Business plan features:
- Forms ways of development of the enterprise and ways of selling goods.
- Carries out planning activities of the enterprise.
- Helps to get extra loans, which gives a chance to buy new developments.
- Explains the main directions, changes in the structure of production.
The program and volume of the business plan depend on the volume of production, the scope of the enterprise, and its purpose.
- Performance indicators - the main sensors of the company
Organization of economic activity of the enterprise: 3 stages
Stage 1. Opportunity assessment
At the initial stage, it is necessary to assess the resources for the implementation of the production process, for this it will be necessary to involve scientific developments and the work of designers. This stage will help to assess the potential for the production of goods in the volume and under the conditions that the owner of the company wants to explore in order to approve the final decision to start production. After exploring potential opportunities and implementing a series of actions, the production line is launched within the boundaries of the formulated plan. Each stage of production is monitored using various tools.
Stage 2. Launch of auxiliary production
If there is a need, then the next stage is the development of additional (auxiliary) production. This may be the production of another product, for example, from the remnants of raw materials from the main production. Additional production is a necessary measure that helps to develop new market segments, increase the chances of effective development of the company's financial activities.
Maintenance of the enterprise can be carried out both on its own and with the involvement of specialists and resources from outside. This includes maintenance production lines, the implementation of repair work that is necessary for the organization of uninterrupted work.
At this stage, it is possible to use the services of delivery companies (for transporting products to warehouses), the services of insurance companies for insuring the property of the enterprise, and other services that optimize production activities and assess potential financial costs. At the next stage, marketing work is carried out, aimed at researching the market, opportunities for the sale of products that will help organize the uninterrupted sale of goods. A marketing scheme is applied that helps to establish the process of marketing and delivery of products. This process is also needed when assessing the potential for the production of goods in the quantity that will be sold on the market with a minimum level of financial costs for an advertising campaign, delivery of products and at the same time will be able to attract the maximum number of buyers.
Stage 3. Sales of products
The next stage is the sale of the finished product within the framework of the developed plan. Each stage of the sale of products is monitored, accounting for the sold goods is carried out, forecasts are made and research is carried out to approve competent decisions to manage the future activities of the enterprise. In some situations, it is necessary to formulate a methodology for after-sales service (if the manufacturer has established a warranty period for products).
The economic activity of the enterprise within the framework of the approved development plan makes it possible to assess the economic situation of the company, the reserves of resources for the production of products, to investigate the impact of factors on the performance of sales of products, on the level of quality of goods. When conducting an analysis of the economic activity of an enterprise, indicators of profitability, payback, and the potential for increasing the volume of production are studied.
Enterprise business management: features and mechanisms
The main condition for the effective operation of the company is the organization of its economic activities in such a way that its preferred factors are taken into account with the utmost accuracy and the consequences of negative factors are minimized.
Solving the difficulties of effective management of the organization requires the development of the latest methods for the implementation of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise. With the help of such methods, it is necessary to formulate a strategy for the development of the organization, justify decision-making on the management of the enterprise, control their timely implementation, evaluate the results of the economic activity of the enterprise.
The principles of managing the economic activity of an enterprise are a set of principles, methods, indicators and actions taken to organize the work of an enterprise. The main task of such management is the fulfillment of the tasks set, namely, the manufacture of a product that can satisfy the needs of customers.
The main success factor in the management of the economic activities of the enterprise is the consistency at all levels and stages of management, at which they are approved and implemented. decisions made- from the moment of acquisition of resources, raw materials, their preparation for use in the workflow of the enterprise to the moment of sale of the finished product to customers.
The experience of managing the economic activities of the enterprise of many companies, as a rule, is chaotic, which is caused by the ineffective work of state and commercial companies, the fragmentation of their actions, the lack of education of business leaders, the poor level of development of their entrepreneurial ethics.
The main condition for raising the level of management efficiency in the process of economic activity of the enterprise can be called the use of various methods guides aimed at maximizing the use of hidden opportunities of the enterprise. They are a multi-level system of resource, financial and production capabilities, each of which is used at some stage of the enterprise's economic activity, guaranteeing the achievement of a positive result.
Evaluation of the economic activity of the enterprise: highlights
- Report development
The results of the economic activity of the enterprise based on the results of the reporting time period are recorded in the format of a detailed report. To drafting reporting documentation highly qualified employees of the enterprise are allowed; if necessary, access to secret data is opened. The results of the report are published if required by law. In some situations, the information remains classified and is used to develop a new direction for the development of the enterprise, to improve efficiency. You need to know that the evaluation of the results of economic activity of the enterprise consists of the preparation, research and analysis of information.
- Forecast development
If necessary, you can make a forecast for the development of the enterprise in the future. To do this, it is necessary to provide free access to all information related to the financial activities of the enterprise for a certain number of reporting periods in order for the forecast to be as accurate as possible. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the fact that the information recorded in the reporting documentation must be true. In this case, the data provided will help to detect problems of financing, distribution of funds among various departments of the enterprise. As a rule, the results of the economic activity of the enterprise are evaluated according to the results of the reporting period, which is one year.
- Accounting
All economic activities of the enterprise must be taken into account without fail. For this, automated programs for accounting and processing primary accounting documents. Regardless of how the accounting of the economic activity of the enterprise is carried out, a report is formed based on the results of its study. Accounting is carried out strictly according to accepted standards; if the company also operates in international markets, then its documentation must comply with international standards.
Maintenance and formation of reporting documentation is carried out either by your own specialists working at your enterprise, or by specialized employees of another organization on a contractual basis. The results of the report are used to calculate the amounts of tax deductions that must be paid during the reporting period. Reporting documentation must take into account the specifics of the company's activities.
- Document flow in the organization: when everything is in its place
How the main indicators of the economic activity of the enterprise are determined
The main indicators of the economic activity of the enterprise, which are used in business projects, are divided into two groups:
- estimated indicators - income, turnover of the company, cost of goods, etc.;
- indicators of production costs - payment of wages to personnel, depreciation of equipment, energy and material resources, etc.
The most important estimated indicators of economic activity:
- turnover (sales volume) of the enterprise;
- gross income;
- conditionally net profit, production;
- income after deductions of interest on credit loans;
- income after payment of taxes;
- profit after payment of other payments;
- liquidity after the implementation of financial investments in the improvement of production;
- liquidity after payment of dividends.
All these criteria are necessary to guide the processes within the company for effective control for the release of products, for the financial stability of the enterprise, as well as for the formulation of new management decisions.
With the help of these criteria, the head of the enterprise receives data. This information is the basis for developing solutions that can improve the situation in production. Some indicators perform important function and in developing a methodology for motivating staff.
- Company turnover
With the help of the first evaluation criterion of the economic activity of the enterprise, the turnover of the organization is revealed.
It is calculated as total sales, that is, the value of products and services that were provided to customers. When calculating the company's turnover, the period for which it is determined (month, decade, year, etc.) plays an important role, since this criterion is greatly affected by the processes associated with inflation.
It is more convenient to calculate this indicator using constant prices, but if accounting calculations and further planning are necessary, the turnover can be determined at current prices.
Such an estimate of turnover is a priority for budget companies and firms that are not yet making a profit.
In the field of trade and in the sales departments of enterprises, the volume of trade is the foundation for setting the sales rate of products, and also plays an important role in motivating staff.
With a stable level of sales, the salary of staff, as a rule, depends on the goods sold. The seller receives a management-approved percentage of the cost of each item they sell. The greater the turnover rate of finances and the number of completed transactions for a specified period, the greater the salary the employee will receive.
It is sometimes quite difficult to determine the turnover, especially in associations of enterprises or in branches of huge companies. AT last example there are difficulties with intra-company turnover - turnover between departments of the company on the basis of transfer funds. If we remove the price of purchased resources, raw materials, other expenses from the turnover of the enterprise, then the output is another indicator of the economic activity of the enterprise - gross income (profit). This criterion can be calculated in the departments of large corporations.
- Gross profit
In business management, gross profit is the most used evaluation criterion. The indicator of gross profit is common in those areas of business and industry where the volume fixed costs is at a low level. For example, in the field of trade.
In the process of short-term planning, the use of the gross profit indicator is more rational than the use of the company's turnover indicator. The indicator of gross profit is used in those areas of production where the percentage of variable expenses, material and energy costs in the cost of goods is high. But this indicator cannot be used in capital-intensive areas of production, where the amount of income is calculated by the volume of operation of the technical equipment of production, the level of organization of the labor process. In addition, the gross profit indicator can also be used in companies with a changing structure of production costs, prime cost. The main hurdle in calculating gross profit is determining inventory and work in progress. Taking into account inflation, these factors significantly distort the value of this criterion in organizations.
- Conditionally net profit
If you subtract overheads and depreciation costs from gross profit, you get the company's "notional net" income, or income before interest on loans and taxes. This criterion of the economic activity of the enterprise is used in the conduct of almost all business projects. But in small projects, this criterion is often confused with the entrepreneurial profit of the owner of the firm.
The net profit indicator is the basis for calculating the staff bonus fund. In international practice, the level of bonuses to the chief executives of enterprises is also set depending on the level of profit received.
- Conditionally pure products
Adding to the value of conditionally net income the cost of paying salaries to staff, we get the indicator of conditional net production. The value of this indicator can be formulated as the difference between the goods sold and the amount of costs for its production (raw materials, costs for the repair and maintenance of equipment, services of contractors, etc.). The growth of conditional net profit is a criterion for the effectiveness of the company's activities, regardless of the scale of the inflation process.
In practice, it is applied similarly to the gross profit indicator. But the most convenient industry for its implementation is the implementation and consulting business.
Conditionally net profit indicator – effective tool managerial control in areas and organizations that have a stable system of production spending. But this criterion is not suitable for evaluating the results of the work of conglomerates, organizations with the production of various types of products. The indicator is the basis for calculating the payroll, especially in areas where the number of staff, labor costs and labor costs are difficult to control.
- Profit before tax
If we subtract wage payments and interest on loans from the indicator of conditionally net production, then income before tax is obtained. This indicator cannot serve as an estimate at newly opened enterprises that have not yet gained momentum in production and sales of products, as well as at enterprises where serious financial investments with a long payback period. It can't be used in the home service industry.
The scope of use of other estimated indicators is limited solely by the needs of accounting.
- Strategic Indicators
Together with the indicators that are necessary for the implementation of the current planning and management of the enterprise, there are criteria for strategic management.
Main strategic indicators:
- the volume of the sales market controlled by the enterprise;
- product quality standards;
- customer service quality indicators;
- indicators that relate to the training and professional development of the company's personnel.
All these indicators are associated with an increase in the volume of profit received by the enterprise. For example, an increase in the volume of deliveries to the sales market leads to an increase in the income that the company will bail out. This dependence is especially clear in the sphere of capital-intensive production. It should also be noted that the increase in income is only achieved on a prospective basis and cannot be determined using criteria that are used for current planning and management needs only for specific time periods.
If it is not difficult to calculate the sales market share, then the criterion of product quality is a very difficult concept to define. As a rule, for requirements within production, the failure rate is used as a percentage of a batch of goods using statistical quality control, that is, by selection, the failure rate in a particular batch per thousand pieces of products is found out. This indicator is not so much aimed at reducing the costs of the production process as it is aimed at maintaining the level of your company in the sales market. Outside the company or production, indicators of product quality are: the percentage of products returned by buyers for service under warranty, the percentage of goods returned by buyers to its manufacturer, in the volume of products sold.
- Organizational cost management, or How to create a minimum cost system
Expert opinion
Performance indicators in online trading
Alexander Sizintsev,
CEO online travel agencies Biletix.ru, Moscow
In business projects that operate online, performance is analyzed using different methods compared to offline companies. I will talk about the main criteria that are used in evaluating the effectiveness of the project. By the way, the Internet project Biletix.ru began to pay for itself only after two years.
- The level of sales is increasing at a faster pace than the market. We analyze the effectiveness of our project in the context of the market situation. If the statistics show that passenger transportation has increased by 25% in a year, then our sales volume should also increase by 25%. If the situation is not so good for us, then we must understand that our level of efficiency has decreased. In this situation, we urgently need to take a number of measures to promote the site and increase traffic. At the same time, we must improve the quality of customer service.
- Increasing the volume of goods with a high level of profitability in the volume of total sales of the company. The percentage of such products in different areas activity can be very different. For example, one of the most profitable activities is a service for the provision of hotel room reservation services. And the lowest margin is the sale of air tickets. The difference between them can reach up to 12%. It is natural that reliance should be placed on the room reservation service. Over the past year, our team was able to increase this level to 20%, but the percentage of total sales still remains low. Based on this, we set ourselves the goal of reaching a 30% level of all sales of the company - this is a standard indicator of the organization's performance in foreign business projects that are identical to our company.
- Increase sales through the most profitable channels. The main indicator of the effectiveness of our business project is the increase in sales through certain promotion channels. The website of our project is the most profitable channel, we directly address our potential clients. This figure is approximately 10%. The percentage from the sites of our partners is several times lower. It follows from this that the site of our business project is the most important indicator of the effectiveness of the project.
- Increasing the number of buyers who are interested in your products or services, and also make purchases. To study the level of efficiency, you need to correlate the share of your regular customers with the entire customer base of the company. We can also increase profits by repeat orders. That is, the customer who will purchase products from us repeatedly is the most profitable client of the project. It is necessary to take a number of measures that increase the profitability of buyers, and not extend to reduce the cost of goods. For example, to increase one-time profits, many projects launch all kinds of promotions and discounts. If your buyer once purchased a product at a discount, then the next time he will not want to buy it at full price and will look for other online stores that have promotions at the moment. From this we understand that this method will not be able to increase the income of the project permanently, which means that it is inefficient. If we talk about numbers, then the percentage of regular customers should be approximately 30% of the total number of customers. Our business project has already achieved such a performance indicator.
What indicators are used to evaluate the results of economic activity of the enterprise
Income- profit from the sale of goods or from the provision of services, less financial costs. It is the cash equivalent of the company's net product, that is, it consists of the amount of funds spent on its production and the benefits after its sale. Income characterizes the entire amount of financial resources of the company that enters the organization for a certain time period and, minus tax deductions, can be used for consumption or investment. In some cases, the income of the enterprise is taxed. In such a situation, after the process of deducting tax payments, income is divided among all sources of its consumption (investment fund and insurance fund). The consumption fund is responsible for the timely payment of salaries to the personnel of the enterprise and for deductions based on the results of work, as well as for the percentage of the authorized property, for material support, etc.
Profit- this is the percentage of the total income that the enterprise has left after the financial costs of the production process and its sale. In a market economy situation, profit is the main source of savings and increasing the revenue side of the state and local budgets; the main source of development of the company's activities, as well as the source by which the needs for financial resources of the personnel of the enterprise and its owner are satisfied.
The volume of profit can be influenced both by the volume of goods produced by the enterprise, and its diversity, the level of product quality, the cost of production, etc. And income can affect such indicators as the payback of products, financial opportunities companies, etc. The total profit of the enterprise is called gross profit, and it is divided into three parts:
- Income from the sale of goods is the difference between earnings from the sale of goods, excluding value added tax, and the cost of goods sold.
- Income from the sale of material assets of the enterprise, from the sale of the property of the enterprise - the difference between the funds received from the sale and the funds spent on the purchase and sale. Income from the sale of fixed assets of the enterprise is the difference between the profit from the sale, the residual price and the financial costs of dismantling and selling.
- Income from additional activities of the enterprise - profit from the sale of securities, from investing in business projects, from renting out premises, etc.
Profitability – relative indicator the effectiveness of the work of the organization. It is calculated as follows: the ratio of profit to expenses, reflected as a percentage.
Profitability indicators are used to evaluate the performance of various enterprises and entire areas of activity that produce different volumes of products and a different range. These indicators characterize the amount of profit received in relation to the resources spent by the enterprise. The most commonly used indicators of profitability of goods and the profitability of its production.
Types of profitability (payback):
- payback from product sales;
- payback of invested funds and expended resources;
- financial payback;
- the amount of net payback;
- payback of labor activity of production;
- payback of the personal capital of the enterprise;
- time frame of return on own investments;
- payback of permanent investments;
- overall return on sales;
- return on assets;
- payback net assets;
- return on investment borrowed;
- payback of working capital;
- gross margin.
How is the efficiency of the economic activity of the enterprise determined?
The efficiency of the economic activity of the enterprise directly depends on its results. The absolute criterion that characterizes the result of the company's work process in the financial (monetary) assessment is called "economic effect".
For example, an organization has acquired new technical equipment for its production and, thanks to this, has increased the level of income of the enterprise. In such a situation, an increase in the level of income of the enterprise means the economic effect of the introduction of new technologies. At the same time, an increase in profits can be achieved in different ways: by improving the technology of the workflow, purchasing modern equipment, an advertising campaign, etc. In such a situation, the efficiency of the economic activity of the enterprise will be determined by economic efficiency.
The efficiency of the economic activity of an enterprise is a changing indicator that measures the result achieved with the financial resources or other resources spent on it.
- Efficiency= result (effect) / costs.
The formula indicates that the best efficiency is achieved if the result is aimed at the maximum level, and the costs - at the minimum.
- Cost reduction in the enterprise: the most effective methods
Expert opinion
How to spot signs of poor business performance
Alexey Beltyukov,
Senior Vice President for Development and Commercialization of the Skolkovo Foundation, Moscow
Analysis of the effectiveness of the economic activity of the enterprise consists of a study of the financial level, as well as existing risks.
1. The main indicator is set.
In every field of activity, one can find some basic financial criterion, which can display the performance of a business project. For example, we will consider organizations that provide services. mobile communications. Their main criterion is middle level organization's monthly profit per user. It is called ARPU. For services involved in the repair of cars, this is the setting of an indicator for 1 hour on one operating lift. For the real estate industry, this is the level of profitability per square meter. meter. You need to opt for an indicator that clearly characterizes your business project. In parallel with the establishment of the indicator, it is necessary to study information about your competitors. From my own experience, I can say that getting this information is not difficult at all. Based on the results of the work done, you will be able to assess the state of your business project in comparison with other companies in the industry in which you operate. If a study of the effectiveness of the economic activity of your enterprise has revealed a level of performance higher than that of organizations competing with you, then it makes sense to think about developing the capabilities of your enterprise; if the level is lower, then your main goal is to identify the reasons for the low level of performance. I am sure that in such a situation it is necessary to conduct a detailed study of the process of formation of the value of products.
2. Research of the value formation process.
I solved this problem in the following way: I identified all financial indicators and controlled the formation of the value chain. Tracked financial expenses in the documentation: from the purchase of materials for the creation of products to their sale to customers. My experience in this area indicates that by applying this method, you can find many ways to increase the level of efficiency of the economic activities of the enterprise.
In the economic activity of the enterprise, two bad indicators of efficiency can be found. The first is the presence of a large area of warehouses with semi-finished products; the second is a high percentage of defective goods. In financial documentation, indicators of the presence of losses can be called high level working capital and high spending on one item of goods. If your organization is engaged in the provision of services, then low level efficiency can be tracked in the workflow of employees - as a rule, they talk too much with each other, do unnecessary things, thereby reducing service efficiency.
How is the economic activity of the enterprise regulated at the state level
Legal regulation- this is the activity of the state, aimed at public relations and carrying out its actions with the help of legal instruments and methods. Its main goal is to stabilize and put in order relationships in society.
Legal regulation various kinds There are two types of activity: directive (also called direct) or economic (also called indirect). The legal documentation contains rules in relation to various types of activities. Direct regulation, which is carried out by state bodies, can be divided into several lines:
- formulating the conditions that will apply to the economic activity of the enterprise;
- approval of restrictions on various manifestations in the conduct of business activities of the enterprise;
- application by the state of penalties in case of non-compliance with established standards;
- entering amendments into the documentation of the enterprise;
- formation of business entities, their restructuring.
Legal regulation of the economic activity of the enterprise occurs when using the norms of labor, administrative, criminal, tax, corporate law. It is necessary to know that the norms prescribed in legislative documents are constantly subject to changes, taking into account the current situation in society. If the business activities of the enterprise are carried out without taking into account the established standards, then an unpleasant situation may arise for the owner of the enterprise - he will be held administratively or criminally liable or receive penalties.
In practice, very often, company managers sign contracts without really studying and analyzing all the information. Such actions can negatively affect the final result. The client has the right to use such omissions for his own purposes - he can terminate the contract. In this case, your company will suffer huge financial losses and all sorts of costs. For this, there is a definition legal regulation economic activity of the enterprise. The head of the organization must keep under personal control a large number of questions. A lot of worries for the management personnel of the enterprise are also brought by inspections by state control bodies.
Most of the entrepreneurs in our country are accustomed to impunity, especially in those moments that relate to labor relations. As a rule, violations are discovered in the process of dismissal of staff. AT modern society employees have learned to stand up for their rights. The head of the enterprise must keep in mind that an employee who has been illegally fired may return to his job. workplace By the tribunal's decision. But for the owner of the company, such a return will result in financial expenses, including salary deductions to the employee for all the time that he did not work.
The legal regulation of the economic activity of the enterprise includes legislative, regulatory and internal documentation, which is approved by the organization independently.
- Compensation upon dismissal: how to pay off an employee
Information about experts
Alexander Sizintsev, CEO of online travel agency Biletix.ru, Moscow. CJSC "Vipservice" Field of activity: sale of air and railway tickets, as well as the provision of tourism and related services (Biletix.ru agency - a b2c project of the Vipservice holding). Number of personnel: 1400. Territory: central office - in Moscow; more than 100 points of sale - in Moscow and the Moscow region; representative offices - in St. Petersburg, Yekaterinburg, Irkutsk, Novosibirsk, Rostov-on-Don and Tyumen. Annual sales: 8 million air tickets, more than 3.5 million railway tickets.
Alexey Beltyukov, Senior Vice President for Development and Commercialization of the Skolkovo Foundation, Moscow. Innovation Center Skolkovo is a modern scientific and technological complex for the development and commercialization of new technologies. The complex provides special economic conditions for companies operating in the priority sectors of the modernization of the Russian economy: telecommunications and space, medical equipment, energy efficiency, information technology, and nuclear technology.
1. INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………….
2. MAIN PART……………………………………………………
2.1 THEORETICAL PART………………………………………..
2.1.1 ANALYSIS OF LABOR PRODUCTIVITY FOR
INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES…………………… …
2.2 PRACTICAL PART………………………………………...
2.2.1 AGGREGATED BALANCE…………………….………
2.2.2. EVALUATION OF COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE DYNAMICS
BALANCE ASSETS………………………………………….
2.2.3. EVALUATION OF COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE DYNAMICS
LIABILITY BALANCE……………………………………………
2.2.4. FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY ANALYSIS
ENTERPRISES…………………………………………………
2.2.5. RELATIVE INDICATORS OF FINANCIAL
STABILITY……………………………………………...
2.2.6. LIQUIDITY ANALYSIS AND
SOLVENCY OF THE ENTERPRISE……………….
2.2.7. CASH FLOW ANALYSIS…………….
3. CONCLUSION……………………………………………………………
4. REFERENCES………………………………………………..
5. APPENDICES…………………………………………………………….
1. INTRODUCTION
The transition to a market economy requires enterprises to increase production efficiency, competitiveness of products and services based on the introduction of scientific and technological progress, effective forms of economic management and production management, overcoming mismanagement, enhancing entrepreneurship, initiative, etc.
An important role in the implementation of this task is assigned to the analysis of the financial and economic activities of enterprises. With its help, the ways of development of the enterprise are chosen, plans and management decisions are developed, as well as control over their implementation is carried out, reserves for increasing production efficiency are identified, the performance of the enterprise, its divisions and employees is evaluated.
Analysis financial and economic state of the enterprise begins with the study of the balance sheet, its structure, composition and dynamics. For a complete study of the balance sheet, it is necessary to consider the following questions:
Basic concepts of balance;
Meaning and functions of balance
The structure of the balance sheet
First, let's define a balance sheet.
The balance sheet is information about financial position economic unit at a certain point in time, reflecting the value of the property of the enterprise and the cost of funding sources
In economics, the balance sheet is the main source of information. With it, you can:
Familiarize yourself with the property status of an economic entity;
Determine the solvency of the enterprise: will the organization be able to fulfill its obligations to third parties - shareholders, creditors, buyers, etc.
Determine the final financial result of the enterprise, etc.
The balance sheet is a way of reflecting in monetary terms the state, placement, use of enterprise funds in relation to their sources of financing. In form, the balance sheet consists of two sections of the Asset and Liabilities, the results of which are equal to each other, this equality is the most important sign of the correctness of the balance sheet.
The structure of the balance sheet is such that the main parts of the balance sheet and their articles are grouped in a certain way. This is necessary to perform analytical studies and assess the structure of the asset and liability.
When conducting a balance sheet analysis, the following should be considered:
The financial information included in the balance sheet is historical in nature, i.e. shows the position of the enterprise at the time of reporting;
In terms of inflation, there is a biased reflection in the time interval of the results of economic activity;
Financial statements carries information only at the beginning and end of the reporting period, and therefore it is impossible to reliably assess the changes occurring during this period.
Another important aspect of the analysis of the structure of the balance sheet is the definition of the relationship between the asset and the liability of the balance sheet, since in the process of production activity there is a constant transformation of individual elements of the asset and liability balance. Each liability group is functionally related to the balance sheet asset, for example, loans are intended for replenishment. working capital. Some of the long-term liabilities finance both current and non-current assets. The same interaction is observed in the case of repayment of external obligations. Current assets must exceed short-term liabilities, that is, part of current assets repays short-term liabilities, the other part repays long-term liabilities, the rest goes to replenish equity.
2. MAIN PART
2.1 THEORETICAL PART
ANALYSIS OF LABOR PRODUCTIVITY AT INDUSTRIAL ENTERPRISES.
To assess the level of labor productivity, a system of generalizing, partial and auxiliary indicators is used.
To general indicators include the average annual, average daily and average hourly output per worker, as well as the average annual output per worker in value terms.
Private indicators - this is the time spent on the production of a unit of a product of a certain type (labor intensity of products) or the output of a product of a certain type in physical terms in one man-day or man-hour.
Auxiliary indicators characterize the time spent on performing a unit of a certain type of work or the amount of work performed per unit of time.
The most general indicator of labor productivity is average annual output per worker. Its value depends not only on the output of workers, but also on the proportion of the latter in the total number of industrial and production personnel, as well as on the number of days worked by them and the length of the working day (Fig. 1).
From here average annual output per worker can be represented as a product of the following factors:
GW = UD * D * P * SV. (1)
The calculation of the influence of these factors is carried out by the methods of chain substitution, absolute differences, relative differences or the integral method.
Rice. one . The relationship of factors that determine the average annual output of an employee of an enterprise
Must be analyzed change in average hourly output as one of the main indicators of labor productivity and a factor on which the level of average daily and average annual output of workers depends. The value of this indicator depends
from factors associated with changes in the labor intensity of products and its cost assessment. The first group of factors includes such as the technical level of production, the organization of production, unproductive time spent in connection with marriage and its correction. The second group includes factors associated with a change in the volume of production in terms of value due to a change in the structure of products and the level of cooperative deliveries. To calculate the influence of these factors on the average hourly output, the method is used chain substitutions. In addition to the planned and actual level of average hourly output, it is necessary to calculate three conditional indicators of its value.
The first conditional indicator of average hourly output should be calculated under conditions comparable to the plan (for productive hours worked, with a planned production structure and with a planned technical level of production). To obtain this indicator, the actual volume of production of marketable products should be adjusted for the amount of its change as a result of structural shifts and cooperative deliveries ∆VPstr, and the amount of time worked - for unproductive time (Tn) and above-planned time savings from the implementation of scientific and technological progress (Tae) which must be predetermined. Calculation algorithm:
SVusl = (VPf±∆VPstr)/(Tf-Tn±Te)
If we compare the result obtained with the planned one, then we will find out how it has changed due to the intensity of labor in connection with the improvement of its organization, since the other conditions are the same:
Second conditional indicator differs from the first one in that, when calculating it, labor costs are not adjusted for Tae
Svusl2=(VPf± ∆VPstr)/(Tf-Tn)
The difference between the obtained and the previous result will show the change in the average hourly output due to extra time savings due to the implementation of scientific and technical progress measures
Third conditional indicator differs from the second one in that the denominator is not adjusted for unproductive time costs:
SVuslZ= (VPf ± А∆VPstr) /Тf
The difference between the third and second conditional indicator reflects the impact of unproductive time expenditure on the level of average hourly output.
If we compare the third conditional indicator with the actual one, we will find out how the average hourly output has changed due to structural changes in production.
An important role in studying the influence of factors on the level of average hourly output is played by the methods of correlation and regression analysis. AT multivariate correlation model of average hourly output the following factors can be included: capital-labor ratio or energy-to-labor ratio; the percentage of workers with the highest qualifications, the average life of equipment, the share of progressive equipment in its total cost, etc. The coefficients of the multiple regression equation show how many rubles the average hourly output changes when each factor indicator changes by one in absolute terms. In order to find out how the average annual output of workers has changed due to these factors, it is necessary to multiply the resulting increases in average hourly output by the actual number of man-hours worked by one worker:
∆GVхi = ∆СBxi, * Df * Pf.
To determine their impact on the average annual output of an employee, it is necessary to multiply the resulting increases in the average annual output of workers by the actual share of workers in the total number of production and industrial personnel: ∆GVхi = ∆GVх *Udf
To calculate the impact of these factors on the change in the volume of output, the increase in the average annual output of an employee due to the i-th factor should be multiplied by the actual average number of industrial and production personnel:
∆WPxi = ∆GWxi *PPP or change in average hourly output due to i-th factor multiplied by the actual value of the length of the working day, the number of days worked by one worker per year, the share of workers in the total number of employees and average headcount employees of the enterprise:
∆VPxi = ∆SVxi *Pf *Df *UDf *PPPf. (2)
You can achieve an increase in labor productivity by:
a) reducing the complexity of products, i.e. reducing labor costs for its production by introducing scientific and technical progress measures, comprehensive mechanization and automation of production, replacing outdated equipment with more advanced ones, reducing losses in working time and other organizational and technical measures in accordance with the plan;
b) fuller use production capacity enterprises, since with an increase in production volumes, only the variable part of the cost of working time increases, while the constant remains unchanged. As a result, the time spent on producing a unit of output is reduced.
RSV \u003d SVv - Saf \u003d (VPf + RVP) / (Tf-R ↓T + Td) - (VPf / Tf)
where R T SW ~ reserve for increasing average hourly output; SVD, SVf - accordingly, the possible and actual level of average hourly output; R T VP - a reserve for increasing gross output through the implementation of scientific and technological progress; tf- the actual cost of working time for the release of the actual volume of production; R^T - a reserve for reducing working time due to the mechanization and automation of production processes, improving the organization of labor, raising the level of skills of workers, etc.; Td- additional labor costs associated with an increase in output, which are determined for each source of reserves for increasing production, taking into account the additional amount of work necessary for the development of this reserve, and production rates.
To determine the reserve for increasing output, it is necessary to multiply the possible increase in average hourly output by the planned working time fund for all workers:
RVP=RSV*Tv
2.2 PRACTICAL PART
2.2.1 AGGREGATED BALANCE SHEET
For analytical research and a qualitative assessment of the dynamics of the financial and economic condition of an enterprise, it is recommended to combine balance sheet items into separate specific groups - an aggregated balance sheet. The aggregate balance sheet is used to determine important features the financial condition of the enterprise and the calculation of a number of basic financial ratios.
In fact, the aggregated balance sheet implies a certain regrouping of the balance sheet items in order to allocate borrowed funds that are homogeneous in terms of terms of return.
On the basis of the aggregated balance of articles in section II of the balance sheet liabilities, the values of Kt and Kt are obtained
Taking into account the fact that long-term loans and borrowings are directed mainly to the acquisition of fixed assets and capital investments, we will transform the original balance formula
Z+Ra =((Is+Kt)-F)+ (Kt+Ko+Rp)
From this we can conclude that, subject to the limitation of reserves and costs Z by the value (Is + Kt) -F
Z<(Ис+Кт)-F
The solvency condition of the enterprise will be fulfilled, i.e. cash, short-term financial investments and active settlements will cover the short-term debt of the enterprise (Kt + Ko + Rp)
Thus, the ratio of the cost of material circulating assets and the values of own and borrowed sources of their formation determines the stability of the financial condition of the enterprise.
The total amount of reserves and costs Z of the enterprise is equal to the total of section II of the asset balance.
On the left side of the equality, it has the difference between the working capital of the enterprise and its short-term debt, on the right side, by the value of the Et indicator. Thus, these transformations make it possible to establish reasonable relationships between indicators of the financial condition of the enterprise.
Table No. 1 Balance sheet of the enterprise (in aggregate form).
| At the beginning of the period |
At the beginning of the period |
end of period |
|||||
| I Immobilization bath products |
I. Sources of own funds |
||||||
| II. Mobile |
II. Credits and borrowings |
||||||
| Stocks and costs |
Long-term loans and borrowings |
||||||
| Receivables |
Short term loans and borrowings |
||||||
| Cash and short-term financial investments |
Accounts payable |
||||||
| Other current assets |
|||||||
| Balance |
Balance |
2.2.2. EVALUATION OF THE DYNAMICS OF THE COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF THE BALANCE ASSET
Assets are usually understood as the property in which money is invested. Become and sections of the balance are arranged depending on the degree of liquidity of the property, that is, on how quickly this asset can acquire a monetary form.
Analysis of the asset makes it possible to establish the main indicators characterizing the production and economic activities of the enterprise:
1. The value of the property of the enterprise, the total balance sheet.
2. Immobilized assets, total of section I of the balance sheet
3. The cost of working capital, the result of section II of the balance sheet
With the help of analysis, you can get the most general idea of the qualitative changes that have taken place, as well as the structure of the asset, as well as the dynamics of these changes.
Table No. 2 Analysis of the composition and structure of the asset balance
After analyzing the data of the analytical table No. 2, we can draw the following conclusions.
The total value of the property decreased during the reporting period by 1.68% (100-98.32), which indicates a decline in the economic activity of the enterprise;
Reducing the value of property by 25.48 rubles. was accompanied by internal changes in the asset: with a decrease in the value of non-current assets by 23.06 (decrease by 1.9%), there was also a decrease in working capital by 2.42 (decrease by 0.79%)
The decrease in the cost of non-current assets as a whole was due to a decrease in intangible assets by 1.26% and a decrease in the cost of working capital by 27.82%.
There was a decrease by 3.97 points in settlements with debtors.
Cash also increased by 29.4 points.
Based on the overall assessment of the balance sheet asset, a decrease in the productive potential of the enterprise was revealed, which is regarded as a negative trend.
2.2.3. EVALUATION OF THE DYNAMICS OF THE COMPOSITION AND STRUCTURE OF THE LIABILITY BALANCE
For a general assessment of the property potential of the enterprise, an analysis of the composition and structure of the obligations of the enterprise is carried out.
The liability of the balance sheet reflects the sources of financing of the enterprise's funds, grouped on a certain date according to their ownership and purpose. In other words, the passive shows:
The amount of funds invested in the economic activity of the enterprise;
The degree of participation in the creation of the property of the organization.
Liabilities to owners constitute an almost constant part of the balance sheet liability, which is not subject to repayment during the operation of the organization.
An important aspect of the analysis of the structure of the balance sheet is the definition of the relationship between the asset and the liability of the balance sheet, since in the process of production activity there is a constant transformation of individual elements of the asset and liability balance. Each liability group is functionally related to an asset. Non-current assets are associated with equity and long-term liabilities, and current assets with short-term liabilities and long-term liabilities.
It is believed that in a normally functioning enterprise, current assets should exceed short-term liabilities. The other part repays long-term obligations, the rest goes to replenish equity
Table No. 3 Analysis of the composition and structure of the balance sheet liabilities.
| LIABILITY BALANCE |
At the beginning of the period RUB |
At the end of the period RUB |
Absolute deviations rub |
The rate of growth |
||
| IV Capitals and reserves Authorized capital Extra capital accumulation funds Undestributed profits Previous years Undestributed profits reporting year Total for section IV VI Short-term liabilities Accounts payable accumulation funds Total for Section VI |
||||||
The data in table No. 3 indicates that the decrease in the value of property is mainly due to a decrease in the company's own funds. Equity capital decreased by 25.48 rubles
It should also be noted that the company practically does not attract long-term borrowed funds, i.e. there is no investment in production. Attention is drawn to the fact that in the composition of short-term liabilities, a significant amount is occupied by accounts payable in the absence of short-term bank loans, i.e. financing of working capital comes mainly from accounts payable. Its share in the structure of the company's liabilities decreased to 62.86%.
In general, there is a low autonomy of the enterprise (the share of equity capital was 35.22%) and a low degree of use of borrowed funds.
2.2.4. ANALYSIS OF THE FINANCIAL STABILITY OF THE ENTERPRISE
One of the main tasks of the analysis of the financial and economic state is the study of indicators characterizing the financial stability of the enterprise. The financial stability of an enterprise is determined by the degree of provision of reserves and costs by own and borrowed sources of their formation, the ratio of the volume of own and borrowed funds and is characterized by a system of absolute and relative indicators
In the course of production activities at the enterprise, there is a constant formation (replenishment) of stocks of inventory items. For this, both own working capital and borrowed funds (long-term and short-term loans and borrowings) are used; Analyzing compliance or discrepancy (surplus or shortage), funds for the formation of stocks and costs, determine the absolute indicators of financial stability.
Table No. 4 Analysis of the financial stability of the enterprise.
| INDICATOR |
At the beginning of the period RUB |
At the end of the period RUB |
Absolute deviations (rub) |
The rate of growth |
| 1. Sources of own funds (Es) |
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| 2. Non-current assets (F) |
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| 3. Own working capital (EU) (1-2) |
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| 4. Long-term loans and borrowings (Kt) |
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| 5. Availability of own working capital and long-term borrowed sources for the formation of reserves and costs (Et) (3 + 4) |
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| 6. Short-term loans and borrowings (Kt) |
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| 7. The total value of the main sources of formation of reserves and costs (E∑) (5+6) |
Continuation of table No. 4
The data of table No. 4 give us the opportunity to understand that this enterprise is in a critical position, this is determined by the conditions:
three-dimensional indicator S=(0.0.0)
A financial crisis is the brink of bankruptcy: the presence of overdue accounts payable and receivable and the inability to repay them on time. In a market economy, with repeated repetition of such a situation, the enterprise is threatened with declaring bankruptcy.
This conclusion is made on the basis of the following conclusions:
Stocks and costs are not covered by own working capital
The main reason for the deterioration of the financial position of the enterprise is that its own working capital and the total value of sources of formation (E) decreased by 94.73%.
2.2.5. RELATIVE INDICATORS OF FINANCIAL STABILITY
The main characteristic of the financial and economic condition of an enterprise is the degree of dependence on creditors and investors. It is desirable that in the financial structure of the organization there should be a minimum of own capital and a maximum of borrowed capital. Borrowers evaluate the stability of the enterprise by the level of equity capital and the probability of bankruptcy.
Financial stability depends on the state of own and borrowed funds.
The analysis is carried out by calculating and comparing the obtained values of the coefficients with the established base values, as well as studying their dynamics from changes during the reporting period.
Table No. 5 Calculation and analysis of relative financial stability ratios.
| INDICATOR |
At the beginning of the period RUB |
At the end of the period RUB |
Absolute deviations (p) |
The rate of growth |
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| 1. Enterprise property. Rub (B) |
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| 2. Sources of own funds (capital and reserves) RUB (Is) |
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| 3. Short-term liabilities rub(Kt) |
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| 4.Long-term liabilities RUB (Kt) |
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| 5. Total borrowings (Кt+Кт) |
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| 6. Non-current assets rub (F) |
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| 7. Current assets rub (Ra) |
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| 8. Stocks and costs (Z) |
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| 9. Own working capital RUB (EU) (2..6) |
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| COEFFICIENT |
Interval of optimal values |
For the beginning of the year |
At the end of the year |
Absolute deviations (p) |
The rate of growth |
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| 10.Autonomy (Ka) (2:1) |
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| 11. The ratio of borrowed and own funds (Kz / s) (5: 2) |
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Continuation of table No. 5
Based on the data in Table 5, we can conclude that financial independence is high. This is confirmed by the high value of the autonomy coefficient (Ka). Despite the decrease in the property potential of the enterprise by 1.75%, it managed to maintain its financial position. However, there is a decrease in the maneuverability coefficient, it decreased by 7.4%, and at the end of the year its value was 1.26. This is due to the fact that most of the funds are invested in non-current assets, which is confirmed by the low value of the ratio of mobile and immobilized funds (Km/i).
2.2.6. ANALYSIS OF LIQUIDITY AND SOLVENCY OF THE ENTERPRISE.
The need for balance sheet liquidity analysis arises in market conditions due to increased financial constraints and the need to assess the creditworthiness of an enterprise. The liquidity of the balance sheet is defined as the degree of coverage of the obligations of the enterprise by its assets, the period of transformation of which into cash corresponds to the maturity of the obligations.
The liquidity of assets is the reciprocal of the liquidity of the balance sheet by the time the assets are converted into cash. The less time it takes for this type of asset to acquire a monetary form, the higher its liquidity.
Analysis of the liquidity of the balance sheet consists in comparing the funds of the asset, grouped by the degree of their liquidity and location in descending order of liquidity, with the liabilities of the liability, grouped by their maturity and arranged in ascending order of terms.
Table No. 6 Analysis of the liquidity of the balance sheet of the enterprise.
Continuation of table No. 6
The asset of this balance sheet was filled in by an accountant, not taking into account some factors, which led to the discrepancy between the table on the asset balance sheet.
The data in table No. 6 make it clear and evaluate not only the enterprise, but also how the balance sheet was filled.
After analyzing this table, we will see that at this enterprise there is a lack of the most liquid, quickly selling and difficult to sell assets, but there are too many slowly selling assets.
The percentage of coverage of obligations is very small, which gives a negative characteristic of this enterprise.
2.2.7. CASH FLOW ANALYSIS.
The need for cash flow analysis is due to the fact that sometimes a rather paradoxical situation arises in economic activity when a profitable enterprise cannot make settlements with its employees.
The main purpose of the cash flow analysis is to assess the ability of the enterprise to generate cash in the amount and in time required to implement the planned costs. The solvency and liquidity of an enterprise are often dependent on the real cash flow of the enterprise in the form of a stream of cash payments passing through the accounts of an economic entity.
Table No. 7 Calculation and analysis of liquidity ratios
| INDICATOR |
For the beginning of the year |
At the end of the year |
change |
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| 1.Cash, rub |
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| 2. Short-term financial investments, rub |
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| 3.Total cash and short-term financial investments |
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| 4. Accounts receivable |
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| 5.Other current assets |
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| 6.Total accounts receivable and other assets, rub |
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| 7.Total cash, financial investments, accounts receivable |
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| 8. Reserves and costs, rub |
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| 9.Total working capital |
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| 10.Current liabilities |
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| COEFFICIENT |
Interval of optimal values |
For the beginning of the year |
At the end of the year |
change |
|
| 11.Coating (Kp) |
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| 12.Critical Liquidity (Ccl) |
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| 13.Absolute Liquidity (Kal) |
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After analyzing table number 7, we see that:
In the reporting period, the cash balance increased by 0.05 rubles. and at the end of the period amounted to 0.44 rubles.
Accounts receivable decreased by 3.54, which amounted to 85.74 at the end, while inventories increased by 1.07.
3. CONCLUSION
After a fairly thorough analysis of the enterprise on its balance sheet, it is possible to give a complete description of the work of the enterprise in the reporting period.
What is clearly shown in this course project.
After all, having analyzed the balance sheet of the enterprise, it became clear to us that the enterprise almost does not carry out operations, take at least a current account, it has changed by 0.05 t.r for the reporting period. The situation is similar with other operations at this enterprise.
Having made all the calculations and conclusions, it becomes clearly visible that this enterprise is in a critical situation and that if measures are not taken by the management of this enterprise in the near future, then most likely the enterprise is not waiting for fun to take into account, namely bankruptcy.
4. LIST OF LITERATURE
Theory of economic analysis.
Edited by Bakanov M.I., Sheremet.A.D.
Method of financial analysis
Finance and statistics MOSCOW 1993
Edited by Sheremet.A.D. Saifulin R.S.
Analysis of the economic activity of the enterprise
MINSK1998 IP "Ekoperspektiva"
Edited by Savitskaya G.V.
Financial and economic condition of the enterprise
MOSCOW 1999
Edited by Bykodorov V.L. Alekseev P.D.
On the analysis of the solvency and liquidity of the enterprise
Accounting 1997#11
Edited by Fazevsky V.N.
Page 1
The financial and economic activity of the enterprise is characterized primarily by the number and range of products, as well as the volume of its implementation. The value of the volume of output depends on the presence of many conditions and prerequisites, namely, production capacities, the availability of raw materials, materials, components, personnel of appropriate qualifications, product sales markets.
The financial and economic activity of the enterprise is characterized primarily by the number and range of products, as well as the volume of its implementation. The value of the volume of output depends on the presence of many conditions and prerequisites, namely, production capacities, the availability of raw materials, materials, components, personnel of appropriate qualifications, product sales markets. In turn, the volume of manufactured products affects all other aspects of the financial and economic activities of the enterprise - the cost of products, the amount of profit received, the profitability of production, the financial condition of the enterprise.
The financial and economic activity of enterprises is a purposeful activity based on decisions made, each of which is optimized based on intuition or calculations. Decision risk is understood as the probability of discrepancy between the actually obtained results of the implemented decision and the set goals.
The financial and economic activity of an enterprise depends on many factors (resources, conditions, etc.), and the impact and comparative characteristics of not all of them lend themselves to a formalized assessment. From the standpoint of the possibility of such an assessment, it is customary to allocate labor, material and financial resources of the enterprise.
The financial and economic activity of enterprises is accompanied by the implementation of numerous and varied operations. In turn, each business transaction must be formalized by accounting documents that contain primary information about the business transactions performed or the right to perform them. The objects of accounting documents are the processes of supply, production and sale, as well as individual divisions of the enterprise and various financial, economic, settlement relations within and outside the enterprise.
The financial and economic activities of enterprises (associations) are assessed on the basis of a comprehensive analysis, objectively revealing shortcomings, omissions, losses, bottlenecks, and at the same time identifying those labor collectives that work honestly, conscientiously, and constantly increase cash savings.
An analysis of the financial and economic activities of an enterprise can be more or less detailed, in-depth, or, conversely, an express analysis. Any one direction of activity can be analyzed (for example, analysis of the location and functioning of the distribution network or analysis of monetary and other settlements of the enterprise) - in this case, the analysis will be thematic. If the sphere of interests of the analytical group includes the entire enterprise as a complex, then such an analysis should be called complex.
An analysis of the financial and economic activities of an enterprise is very often in its form an analysis of indicators, i.e. characteristics of the economic activity of the economic unit. The term scorecard is widely used in economic research. The analyst, in accordance with certain criteria, selects indicators, forms a system from them, and analyzes it. The complexity of the analysis requires the use of entire systems, rather than individual indicators.
An analysis of the financial and economic activities of an enterprise will not be complete if it does not concern two more specific aspects of its activities. It is, first of all, about what place in the comprehensive assessment of the enterprise is the quality of its products. If the products are of poor quality, cause complaints from consumers, do not meet sanitary norms, state or market standards, the activity of the enterprise cannot be called successful, its comprehensive assessment will not be high. The prospects of such an enterprise, if it does not intend to radically change its market strategy and product quality, cannot be considered brilliant .
An analysis of the financial and economic activities of an enterprise subject to state support must contain the following information for the reporting period.