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 Russian language and speech culture. Orthoepic and accentological norms: Orthoepic norms. Lesson "Orthoepy. The main rules of Russian orthoepy. Intonation."

In general, the current orthoepic norms of the Russian language (and their possible options) are registered in special dictionaries.

It should be highlighted:

a) rules for pronunciation of individual sounds (vowels and consonants);

b) rules for pronunciation of combinations of sounds;

c) rules for pronunciation of individual grammatical forms;

d) rules for pronunciation of individual borrowed words.

1. The pronunciation of vowel sounds is determined by their position in pre-stressed syllables and is based on a phonetic law called reduction. Due to reduction, unstressed vowels are preserved in duration (quantity) and lose their distinct sound (quality). All vowels are subject to reduction, but the degree of this reduction is not the same. Thus, the vowels [у], [ы, [и] in an unstressed position retain their basic sound, while [a], [o], [e] change qualitatively. The degree of reduction [a], [o], [e] depends primarily on the place of the syllable in the word, as well as on the nature of the preceding consonant.

a) in the first pre-stressed syllable the sound is pronounced: [va ъ ы́/ са ъ ы́/ на ъ жы́]. After hissing words it is pronounced: [zha ra / sha ra].

In place of [e], after the hissing [zh], [sh], [ts], the sound [y e] is pronounced: [ts y e pnóį], [z y e ltok].

After soft consonants in place of [a], [e], the sound [and e] is pronounced: [ch٬i e sý/ sn٬ i e la].

b) in the remaining unstressed syllables, in place of the sounds [o], [a], [e], after hard consonants, the sound [ъ] is pronounced: [tskha ъ vóį / para ъ vó] After soft consonants, in place of the sounds [a], [e ] pronounced [ь]: [п "тa ъ ch" ok / ch "ма ъ н].

2. Pronunciation of consonants:

a) norms of literary pronunciation require a positional exchange of paired deaf and voiced in the position in front of the deaf (voiced only) - voiced (voiced only) and at the end of the word (voiced only): [hl"ep] / trupk / proz"b];

b) assimilative softening is not necessary, there is a tendency towards its loss: [s"t"ina] and [st"ina", [z"d"es"] and [z"es"].

3. Pronunciation of some vowel combinations:

a) in pronominal formations that, in order - what is pronounced as [pcs]; in pronominal formations such as something, mail, the pronunciation [h"t] is almost preserved;

b) in a number of words of predominantly colloquial origin, [shn] is pronounced in place of chn: [ka ъ n "е́шнъ / на ъ ру́шнъ].

In words of book origin, the pronunciation [ch"n] has been preserved: [ml"ech"nyį / va stoch"nyį];

c) in the pronunciation of the combinations st, zdn, stn (hello, holiday, private trader), there is usually a reduction or loss of one of the consonants: [prazn"ik], [ch"asn"ik], [hello]

4. Pronunciation of sounds in some grammatical forms:

a) pronunciation of the form I.p. units adjectives m.r. without emphasis: [krasnyį / with "in"iį] - under the influence of spelling arose - й, - й; after back-lingual g, k, x ii: [t"ikh"iį], [m"ahk"iį];

b) pronunciation – sya, - sya. Under the influence of spelling, soft pronunciation has become the norm: [ньч "и е ла́" / нъч" и е лс"а́];

c) the pronunciation of verbs na - ive after g, k, x, the pronunciation [g"], [k"], [x"] became the norm (under the influence of spelling): [vyt"ag"iv't"].

5. Pronunciation of borrowed words.

In general, the pronunciation of borrowed words is subject to the phonetic system of the Russian language.

However, in some cases there are deviations:

a) pronunciation [o] in place: [boa / otel" / poet], although [ra ʁ man / [ra ĵal" / pra ģent];

b) [e] is preserved in unstressed syllables: ;

c) before [e] g, k, x, l are always softened: [g "etry / k" eks / ba ъ l "et].

The pronunciation of borrowed words should be checked in a dictionary.

Speech norms operate differently in different styles pronunciation: colloquial, in the style of public (book) speech, of which the first is implemented in everyday communication, and the second - in reports, lectures, etc. The differences between them relate to the degree of reduction of vowels, simplification of consonant groups (in the colloquial style the reduction is more significant, the simplification is more intense), etc.

Topic: Main rules of Russian orthoepy. Intonation.

Goals and tasks:

    give an idea of ​​the subject of studying orthoepy;

    introduce the peculiarities of Russian accent;

    introduce the concept of orthoepic norm;

    summarize information about the pronunciation features of certain sound combinations;

Developmental:

    develop cognitive abilities;

    develop logical thinking(the ability to analyze, compare, generalize and identify the main thing);

    develop the ability to express your thoughts coherently and competently;

Educational:

    develop a respectful, caring attitude towards the native language;

    to develop a sense of responsibility for the preservation of the Russian language as an integral part of the national culture;

    influence the motivational sphere of students’ personality;

    develop skills rational use time;

Progress of the lesson

    Org. moment

    Announcement of goals and objectives, lesson plan. Statement of the problem.

Frontal conversation with the class.

In “The Tale of the Dead Princess and the Seven Knights” by A.S. Pushkin there is an episode that tells about the first meeting of the heroes with the princess, remember:

“The elder said: “What a miracle!” Everything is so clean and beautiful. Someone was cleaning the mansion and waiting for the owners. Who? Come out and show yourself, make honest friends with us."

Did you notice that the princess in the forest palace of the heroes did not behave like the daughter of a king, but rather like a peasant girl?

“And the princess came down to them, saluted the owners, bowed low from the waist; blushing, she apologized, that she had come to visit them, even though she was not invited.”

But how did the heroes guess that this was the Tsar’s daughter?

“Instantly they recognized from their speech that they were receiving the princess:”

Conclusion: It turns out that sometimes it is enough to hear how a person speaks to understand who he is, what he is like. It is to pronunciation that we will devote our lesson today. And he studies this branch of linguisticsorthoepy. So we will look at the object of studying orthoepics, get acquainted with the peculiarities of Russian stress, with such a concept as orthoepic norm; Let’s summarize information about the pronunciation features of some sound combinations; We will systematize and generalize knowledge about the placement of stress in adjectives, verbs, and some participles. During the lecture, do short notes to create support materials for yourself that can be used on next classes when performing test tasks.

III. Teacher's lecture with elements of conversation

    Classification of norms of oral speech

Oral speech standards include:

    Orthoepic norms.

    Accentological norms.

    Intonation norms.

  1. Orthoepic pronunciation standards

Orthoepy - a system of pronunciation norms of the language.

    [G] pronounced like[X] in combinations gk And hh (light - light[x]ky, lighter - light[x]che).

    Similarity when combinedUS, And zsh . They are pronounced as a long hard consonant[sh¯] (lowest - lowest, highest - highest, to make noise - to be able to)

    Similar comparison in combinationsSJ And LJ - [and] (to unclench - to open, with life - [to burn], to fry - [to burn]).

    Combination midrange And AF pronounced like [sch ] (happiness - [h]fortune, score - [h]et), (customer - order[sch]ik, sample - ob[sch]ik) .

    Combinations PM And DC- How [h] (speaker - report[h]ik, pilot - le[h]k).

    Combinations Shopping center And DC- How [ts ] (twenty - two[t]at , golden - golden[t]e).

    Combinations PM And DC- How [h] (speaker - report[h]ik, pilot - le[h]ik).

    Combinations Stn And Zdn - they contain consonant soundsT And d fall out (charming - charming, late - knowledgeable, honest - honest, sympathetic - learning).

9. In modern Russian pronunciation[SHN] considered obsolete, the norm is[Ch`N].

Combination CHN , usually pronounced according to the spelling(anti[ch`n]y, ve[ch`n]y, yes[ch`n]y, ka[ch`n]ut, milk[ch`n]y, but[ch`n]y, different [ch`n]o, poro[ch`n]y, then[ch`n]y).

There are traditional deviations from the norm, legalized modern dictionaries and reference books.

Exception : In some words[shn] : horse[sh]o, skuk[sh]o, naro[sh]o, eggs[sh]itsa, empty[sh]y, star[sh]ik, laun[sh]aya, Savvi[sh]a, Nikiti[ shn]a, Fomini[sh]a and others.

Double pronunciation allowed in the words:bulb[shn]([chn])y, plum[shn] ([chn])yy, egg[shn] ([chn])yy, sin[shn] ([chn])yy.

10. Combination Thu , basically coincides with the pronunciation(ma[cht]a, me[cht]a, not [that]o, not [that]ojny, according to [what]i, pro[cht]i, u[cht]i)

But: in Sozyu What and in pronoun what (to, something, something) pronounced [pcs].

11. In reflexive verbs it is written at the end– to be or -tsya , but pronounced the same[tsa]

12. Features of the transition [E] to [O] in modern language.

    General trend – transition of E to O under stress after soft consonants (Russianization).Whitish - whitish, crossbill - crossbill, firebrand - firebrand, faded - faded.

    Along with this, there are numerous facts of conservation [E](Expired, dead wood, guardianship, fishing line).

    Words of foreign origin:

    Softening consonants before E .

    In accordance with the norms of pronunciation in Russian before a vowelE pronounced soft consonant : text [t´e], brunette [n´e], term [t´e] , specifically [r´e], therapist [t´e].

    But usually V book words and terminology continues to be pronouncedwith a hard consonant (integral [te], tendency [te], artery [te], asepsis [se], phonetics [ne], Voltaire [te], Descartes [de], Chopin [pe], Lafontaine [te], beefsteak [te] , muffler [ne], timbre [te], thermos [te]).

    In many foreign words, after consonants it is writtenE , and consonants are pronouncedfirmly (atelier [te], atheist [te], dandy [de], muffler [ne], cafe [fe], desk [te], resume [me], stand [te], masterpiece [she]).

    But in a number of words the consonants are pronounced softly(decade [d´e], academy [d´e], demagogue [d´e], museum [z´e], plywood [n´e], flannel [n´e])

    Double consonant is pronounced double in just words (wa[nn]a, ka[ss]a, ma[ss]a, cape[ll]a) , in others – as a single (neatly - a[k]accurately, accompaniment - a[k]companiment, chord - a[k]ord, allocate - a[s]sign, gram - gram[m]).

    Accentological norms/errors. Main trends in the development of stress norms.

    Accent options:

    Accentological options – double accent :

    A short list of equal accentological options:

    APARTMENTS – APARTMENTS;

    basilica - basilica;

    BARG - barge;

    costume jewelry - costume jewelry;

    delusional - delusional;

    rust - rust;

    Otherwise - otherwise;

    Sparkle - sparkle;

    kIrza – kirzA;

    armored - armored;

    loop - loop;

    Meatballs - meatballs.

    Semantic options - these are pairs of words in which the different places of stress are intendedto distinguish the meaning of words (homographs – same in spelling, different in accent).

    A short list of words that differ in meaning depending on stress:

    BOOK (assign something to someone) – book (cover with armor);

    armor – armor;

    busy (person) – busy (house);

    salted (about vegetables) – salted (about soil);

    sharpened (pencil) – sharpened (prisoner);

    nagolo (cut) - nagolo (hold checkers);

    bypass (sheet, path) – bypass (maneuver);

    portable (radio) – portable (meaning);

    transitional (score) – transitional (age);

    immersed (on the platform) – immersed (in the water);

    close (to something) – close (close);

    conscript (age) – conscript (calling);

    accursed (cursed) – accursed (hated);

    developed (child) – developed (mentally) – developed (hair);

    inclined (to something) - inclined (to someone);

    folded (from parts) – folded (possessing one or another physique);

    xAos (in ancient greek mythology) – chaos and chaos (disorder);

    characteristic (person) – characteristic (action);

    lingual (verbal expression of thoughts) – lingual (relating to an organ in the oral cavity);

    bite (common word) – bite (special);

    SILK (common) – silk (poetic).

    Normative-chronological options - these are pairs of words in which heterogeneity is associated withtime period use of this word in speech:

spare (modern) – spare (obsolete);

Ukrainian (modern) – Ukrainian (obsolete);

rAkurs (modern) – rAkurs (obsolete).

    « Vocabulary words" Basic accentological norms.

Trends in changes in norms at the point of stress:

    in nouns – tendency tomobile stress (folk language invades literary);

    at verbs – trendconsolidation emphasis onroot syllable (influence of South Russian dialects);

    general trends – is detectedmultidirectional movement of stress :

    Regressive - moving the stress from the last syllable to the beginning or closer to the beginning of the word;

    Progressive – moving the stress from the first syllable closer to the end of the word.

3. Intonation norms/errors.

Intonation - this is the rhythmic-melodic and logical division of speech.

Intonation is one of the means of expressiveness of speech.

But intonation norms in the Russian language concern, first of all,correct increase / decrease / intonation at the end of the sentence depending on the purpose of the statement and the correct placement of logical stress in the phrase.

    Toward the end of the declarative sentence, the intonation decreases.

Nurse Natasha had a very hard day today.

    Towards the end interrogative sentence intonation, on the contrary, increases.

Is she tired?

Intonation errors.

1. Intonation errors are relatedwith incorrect intonation (inappropriate increase or decrease in intonation).

2. In addition, intonation errors include:incorrect placement of pauses and logical stress. This often leads to a distortion of meaning, especially in poetic works, for example:

For example: Setting pauses.

Wrong: In the heavens / the earth sleeps solemnly and wonderfully / in a blue radiance.

Right: In the heavens / solemnly and wonderfully // the earth sleeps in a blue radiance.

IV. Orthoepic warm-up. ).

Key

1. When climbing stairs, hold on to the handrails. Go through security screening there. TamOzhnya has already begun its work. A load divided by two is twice as light. After picking up the suitcase, place it on the conveyor. The expert, who understood his task, began to act. The train arrived at the station on time. Having arrived at your destination, collect your luggage.

Test yourself

1. When climbing stairs, hold on to the handrails. Have you passed customs inspection? Customs has already begun its work. A load divided by two is twice as light. After lifting the suitcase, place it on the conveyor. The expert, who understood his task, began to act. The train arrived at the station on time. When you arrive at your destination, do not forget to collect your luggage.

V. Performing training exercises.

Exercise 1. Read it correctly.

A)

live for / city,

climb on / mountain,

deliver to / house,

pull on / leg,

take under / hands,

walk along / forest.

b)

Alive - alive, alive, alive.

Right - right, right, right.

Pathetic - pathetic, pathetic, pathetic.

Green - green - green - green.

Tough - tough, tough, tough.

V)

Accepted - accepted, accepted, accepted.

Raised - raised, raised, raised

Sold - sold, sold, sold.

Given - given, given, given.

Busy - busy, busy, busy.

V. Independent work(ex.____)

VI . Teacher's word. In the first part of our lesson, we noted that the subject of the study of orthoepy is also “literarypronunciation of individual sounds and sound combinations." Let's pay attention to the rules of pronunciation of some combinations. We will take them into account in everyday life.

1. Combinationsch orzch (at the junction of a root and a suffix starting with the letterh) usuallypronounced the same as a lettersch , that is, like a long soft [sch"sch"] - ra[sch"sch"]ot, [sch"sch"]ardent, varied[sch"sch"]ik, sign[sch"sch"]ik, point[ sch "sch"]ik.

2. In place of the letterG at the end-th (-his) the sound [v] is pronounced: big [v]o, blue [v]o, ko[v]o, che[v]o, second [v]o, other [v]o, revived [v]o. Consonant [v] in place of a letterG also pronounced in wordsToday, today, total .

3. The combination of consonants in verbs-tsya And-tsya pronounced as double [ts].

4. Combinationchn has interesting story. “Even in the 18th century, the spelling combination chn was consistently pronounced as [shn], as evidenced by the phonetic spellings recorded in the dictionary of the Russian Academy (1789-1794): tie, kolpashny, kopeeshny, lavoshnik, pugovishny, fabrishny, etc. However, over time, this option is beginning to be replaced by the pronunciation [ch"n], which arose under the influence of writing." Today, words with a combination.chn are pronounced differently: 1) as a rule, the pronunciation corresponds to the spelling, that is, pronounced [h"n]:durable, country, eternal, let's start, let's swing ; 2) in some words in placechn pronounced [sh], for example:of course, boring, on purpose, birdhouse, Savichna, Fominichna (the number of such words decreases); 3) in a number of cases, today both options are considered normative - [ch"n] and [shn], for example:candlestick, bakery, dairy (note that in some cases the pronunciation [shn] becomes outdated:creamy, brown ). "In some cases, pronunciation options differentiate different lexical meanings:cordial [h"n] attack - friendcordial [shn];pepper shaker [ch"n] (vessel for pepper) - damnpepper shaker [shn] (about an angry, grumpy woman)."

5. "Combination"Thu pronounced as [pcs] in a wordWhat and its derivative forms (anything, anything ). In a word something is pronounced [h"t], in a wordnothing Both options are acceptable" [Ibid.].

6. "Fricative"[?] in literary language is allowed in wordsoh God, accountant, yeah, by God, Lord .

7. The final [g] is replaced by the sound [k] (not [x]!): creative [k], dialo [k], the exception is the wordGod [boh]". [Ibid.]

VII.Exercises for pronunciation of individual sound combinations.

1.Read the given words aloud. Pay attention to the pronunciation of chn as [chn] or [shn]. In what cases is double pronunciation possible?

Bakery, mustard plaster, creamy, shopkeeper, comic, maid, milkmaid, of course, laundry, boring, match, penny, loser, bachelorette party, on purpose, bribe taker, trifling, decent, unprofitable, Ilyinichna.

2. Based on the rhymes of poetic texts taken from the works of A.S. Pushkin, determine the pronunciation of the combination chn. How would you explain the discovered orthoepic phenomenon?

1.

On the winter, boring road
Three greyhounds are running,
Single bell
It rattles tiresomely.

2.

It’s sad, Nina: my path is boring.
My driver fell silent from his doze,
The bell is monotonous,
The moon's face is clouded.

VIII. Summing up.

Standards for pronouncing vowel sounds:

    Remember a few rules that reflect modern spelling norms.

Rule 1: letterG at the end of a wordGod pronounced as [x].

Rule 2: -ogo/-him in masculine and neuter adjectives they are pronounced aso[v]o/e[v]o.

Rule 3: zh Andszh pronounced like[and] (at the junction of morphemes or

function word with significant).

Rule 4: 3h Andsch pronounced as [sh"] (at the junction of morphemes).

Rule 5: dch Andtch pronounced as [h"] (at the junction of morphemes).

Rule 6; -tsya And-tsya pronounced like[ca] (in verbs).

Rule 7: ds Andts pronounced like[ts] (before to in adjectives).

Rule 8: railway pronounced like[pcs"] And[w"] (in the word rain and derivatives). In case of difficulties, the pronunciation of such combinations should be clarified in a spelling dictionary.

Rule 9: chn pronounced as [ch"n] - in most words, but pronounced as[shn] in wordssku[shn]o, horse[shn]o, na-ro[shn]o, laundry[shn]aya, skvore[shn]ik, Ilyin[shn]a etc.

Rule 10: Thu" pronounced [pcs](so that what etc.), butsomething [Thu].

Rule 11: gk pronounced as [x"k"] - in wordslight, soft.

Rule 12: rh pronounced as [khch"] - in wordslighter, softer.

Rule 13: stn, ntsk, stl, ndsk, zdn, rdts, lnts, vstv, lvstv - keep

unpronounceable consonant. In case of difficulties, please contact

spelling dictionary.

Rule 14: double consonants in borrowed words are pronounced

usually as a long consonant, but a number of words can be pronounced

double consonant as one sound(bath [n],flu [p]).

Rule 15: in an unstressed position the sound [o] is not pronounced. After

hard consonants in the first pre-stressed syllable, as well as at the beginning of a word

where the letter o is pronounced [a](kShza -k[o\zy, [writing - [o]pis).

Therefore, for example, the words are pronounced the same way, with the sound [a]oxen And

shafts, catfish Andherself, although they are spelled differently.

Homework.________ ex. ___________

Orthoepy. Modern spelling standards. Basic orthoepic rules of the modern Russian literary language.

In literary language, we focus on generally accepted patterns - norms. Norms are characteristic different levels language. There are lexical, morphological, spelling, phonetic norms. There are pronunciation standards.

Orthoepy - (Greek orthos - “simple, correct, epos - “speech”) is a set of rules that establish pronunciation standards.

The subject of orthoepy is oral speech. Oral speech is accompanied by a number of mandatory features: stress, diction, tempo, intonation. But orthoepic rules cover only the area of ​​pronunciation of individual sounds in certain phonetic positions or combinations of sounds, as well as features of the pronunciation of sounds in certain grammatical forms, in groups of words or individual words.

Compliance spelling rules necessary, it helps to better understand speech.

Pronunciation norms are of a different nature and have different origins.

In some cases, the phonetic system dictates only one pronunciation possibility. Any other pronunciation would be a violation of the laws of the phonetic system.

For example, inability to distinguish between hard and soft consonants

or pronunciation of only hard or only soft consonants; or the distinction between voiceless and voiced consonants in all positions without exception.

In other cases, the phonetic system allows not one, but two or more pronunciation possibilities. In such cases, one possibility is recognized as literary correct, normative, while others are assessed either as options literary norm, or are considered non-literary.

The norms of literary pronunciation are both a stable and developing phenomenon. In every at the moment they contain both something that connects today’s pronunciation with past eras of the literary language, and something that arises as new in pronunciation under the influence of the living oral practice of a native speaker, as a result of the action internal laws development of the phonetic system.

Modern Russian pronunciation evolved over the centuries, from the 15th to the 17th centuries. based on the so-called Moscow vernacular, formed on the basis of the interaction of northern Great Russian and southern Great Russian dialects.

By the 19th century Old Church Slavonic pronunciation took shape in all its main features and, as an exemplary example, extended its influence to the pronunciation of the population of other large cultural centers. But there was never complete stability in pronunciation; there were always local differences in the pronunciation of the population of large centers.

So, the norms of literary pronunciation are a stable and dynamically developing phenomenon; they are based on the laws of functioning of the phonetic system of the language and on socially developed and traditional accepted rules, which undergo changes during the development of oral literary speech as a result of the influence of various factors on it language development. These changes initially have the character of fluctuations in norms, but if such changes do not contradict the phonetic system and become widespread, they lead to the emergence of variants of the literary norm, and then, possibly, the establishment of a new pronunciation norm.

There are several sources of deviation from the norms of literary pronunciation: 1) the influence of spelling, 2) the influence of dialect features, 3) the influence of the native language (accent) - for non-Russians.

The heterogeneity of pronunciation in different population groups determined the emergence of the doctrine of pronunciation styles. For the first time, L.V. Shcherba took up issues of pronunciation style; he identified two pronunciation styles:

1. Complete, characterized by maximum clarity and clarity of pronunciation;

2. Incomplete style - the style of ordinary casual speech. Within these styles, various variations are possible.

In general, the current spelling norms of the Russian language (and their possible variants) are registered in special dictionaries.

It should be highlighted:

a) rules for pronunciation of individual sounds (vowels and consonants);

b) rules for pronunciation of combinations of sounds;

c) rules for pronunciation of individual grammatical forms;

d) rules for pronunciation of individual borrowed words.

1. The pronunciation of vowel sounds is determined by their position in pre-stressed syllables and is based on a phonetic law called reduction. Due to reduction, unstressed vowels are preserved in duration (quantity) and lose their distinct sound (quality). All vowels are subject to reduction, but the degree of this reduction is not the same. Thus, the vowels [у], [ы], [и] in an unstressed position retain their basic sound, while [a], [o],

[e] change qualitatively. The degree of reduction [a], [o], [e] depends primarily on the place of the syllable in the word, as well as on the nature of the preceding consonant.

a) In the first pre-stressed syllable the sound [Ù] is pronounced: [vÙdý / sÙdý / nÙzhý]. After hissing words, [Ù] is pronounced: [zhÙra / shÙry].

In place of [e] after the hissing [zh], [sh], [ts] the sound [ые] is pronounced: [tsyepnóį], [zhyeltok].

After soft consonants, in place of [a], [e], the sound [ie] is pronounced:

[chiesy/snIela].

b) In the remaining unstressed syllables, in place of the sounds [o], [a], [e] after hard consonants, the sound [ъ] is pronounced: [кълькÙла́/ цъхъво́ѯ/

pар٨во́с] After soft consonants in place of the sounds [а], [е] is pronounced [ь]: [п "тьч" ok / ch"мда́н].

2. Pronunciation of consonants:

a) norms of literary pronunciation require a positional exchange of paired deaf and voiced in the position in front of the deaf (voiced only) - voiced (voiced only) and at the end of the word (voiced only): [hl"ep] / trupk / proz"b];

b) assimilative softening is not necessary, there is a tendency towards its loss: [s"t"ina] and [st"ina", [z"d"es"] and [z"es"].

3. Pronunciation of some vowel combinations:

a) in pronominal formations that, in order - what is pronounced as [pcs]; in pronominal formations such as something, mail, the pronunciation [h"t] is almost preserved;

b) in a number of words of predominantly colloquial origin, [shn] is pronounced in place of chn: [kÙn"eshn/nÙroshn].

In words of book origin, the pronunciation [ch"n] has been preserved: [ml"ech"nyį / vÙstoch"nyį];

c) in the pronunciation of the combinations st, zdn, stn (hello, holiday, private trader), there is usually a reduction or loss of one of the consonants: [prazn"ik], [ch"asn"ik], [hello]



4. Pronunciation of sounds in some grammatical forms:

a) pronunciation of the form I.p. units adjectives m.r. without emphasis: [krasnyį / with "in"iį] - under the influence of spelling arose - й, - й; after back-lingual g, k, x ® й: [t"íkh"iį], [m"ahk"iį];

b) pronunciation – sya, - sya. Under the influence of spelling, it has become the norm soft pronunciation: [njch "ielas" / njch "iels"a];

c) the pronunciation of verbs na - ive after g, k, x, the pronunciation [g"], [k"], [x"] became the norm (under the influence of spelling): [vyt"ag"iv't"].

5. Pronunciation of borrowed words.

In general, the pronunciation of borrowed words is subject to the phonetic system of the Russian language.

However, in some cases there are deviations:

a) pronunciation of [o] in place of [Ù]: [boá/ otel"/poet], although [rÙman/[pÙĵal"/pÙtsent];

b) [e] is preserved in unstressed syllables: [Ùtel"ĵé / d"epr"es"iįь];

c) before [e] g, k, x, l are always softened: [g"etry /k"ex / bÙl"et].

The pronunciation of borrowed words should be checked in a dictionary.

Speech norms operate differently in different styles of pronunciation: in colloquial, in the style of public (book) speech, of which the first is implemented in everyday communication, and the second in reports, lectures, etc. The differences between them relate to the degree of vowel reduction, simplification of consonant groups (in conversational style the reduction is more significant, the simplification is more intense), etc.

Questions:

1. What is the subject of the study of orthoepy?

2. Describe the basic rules for pronunciation of vowel sounds.

3. Describe the basic rules for the pronunciation of consonant sounds.

4. Indicate the main features and variants of pronunciation of individual grammatical forms acceptable by literary norms.

5. Indicate the pronunciation features of some combinations of sounds and doubled consonants.

6. Describe the main features of the pronunciation of vowels and consonants in foreign words.

7. What are the main reasons for the appearance of pronunciation variants and violations of the norms of literary pronunciation?

Literature:

1. Avanesov R.I. Russian literary pronunciation. M., 1972.

2. Avanesov R.I. Russian literary and dialectal phonetics. M., 1974.

3. Gorbachevich K. S. Norms of the modern Russian literary language. M., 1978.

Competent oral speech is the key to successful communication. The ability to correctly express your thoughts will help not only when applying for a job or in business negotiations, but also in everyday life. But in order to perfectly master oral speech, you need to know and follow the orthoepic norms of the Russian language. This is what our article will be devoted to.

What is orthoepy?

The word "orthoepy" consists of two Greek roots - "orthos" and "epos", which are translated as "correct" and "speech". That is, the science of correct speech- that's what orthoepy is.

Graphic abbreviations

Graphic abbreviations include initials next to the surname, designations of volume or distance, for example, liters (l), meters (m), also pages (s) and other similar abbreviations that serve to save space in printed text. When reading, all these truncated words must be deciphered, that is, the word must be pronounced in full.

The use of graphic abbreviations in a conversation can be assessed as a speech error or irony, which may only be appropriate in certain circumstances.

First names and patronymics

Orthoepic norms of the Russian language also regulate the pronunciation of names and patronymics. Note that the use of patronymics is typical only for our language. In Europe, such a concept does not exist at all.

The use of a person's full name and patronymic is necessary in various circumstances, both verbally and in writing. Such appeals are especially often used in a work environment and official documents. Such an address to a person can also serve as a marker of the degree of respect, especially when talking with elders and elderly people.

Most Russian-language names and patronymics have several pronunciation options, which can vary, among other things, depending on the degree of closeness with the person. For example, when meeting for the first time, it is advisable to pronounce the interlocutor’s name and patronymic clearly, as close to written form as possible.

However, in other cases, the orthoepic norms of the Russian language (pronunciation norms) provide for the historically established method of use in oral speech.

  • Patronymic names ending in “-evna”, “-evich”. In female versions, it is necessary to comply with the written form, for example, Anatolyevna. In men's - let's say short version: Anatolyevich / Anatolyich.
  • On “-aevich” / “-aevna”, “-eevich” / “-eevna”. For both men and women female options a short version is allowed: Alekseevna / Aleksevna, Sergeevich / Sergeich.
  • On “-ovich” and “-ovna”. In the male version, contraction of the form is acceptable: Alexandrovich / Alexandrych. For women, full pronunciation is required.
  • IN female patronymics, formed from names ending in “n”, “m”, “v”, are not pronounced [ov]. For example, instead of Efimovna - Efimna, Stanislavovna - Stanislavna.

How to pronounce loanwords

Orthoepic norms of the Russian language also regulate the rules of pronunciation foreign words. This is due to the fact that in a number of cases the laws of the use of Russian words are violated in borrowed ones. For example, the letter “o” in unstressed syllables is pronounced the same as if it were in strong position: oasis, model.

Also, in some foreign words, the consonants preceding the softening vowel “e” remain hard. For example: code, antenna. There are also words with variable pronunciation, where you can pronounce “e” both hard and soft: therapy, terror, dean.

In addition, for borrowed words the stress is fixed, that is, it remains unchanged in all word forms. Therefore, if you encounter difficulties with pronunciation, it is better to turn to a spelling dictionary.

Accentological norm

Now we will take a closer look at the orthoepic and accentological norms of the Russian language. First, let's figure out what an accentological norm is. This is the name for the rules for placing stress in a word.

In the Russian language, stress is not fixed, as in most European ones, which not only enriches speech and increases the possibilities of language play, but also provides enormous opportunities for violating the accepted norm.

Let's consider the functions that a non-fixed accent performs. So here it is:

  • provides an opportunity for stylistic coloring of words (silver - silver) and the emergence of professionalisms (kompas - compas);
  • provides for a change in the etymology (meaning) of the word (melI - meli, Atlas - atlas);
  • allows you to change morphological features words (pines - pines).

Also, placing stress can change the style of your speech. So, for example, the word “maiden” will refer to the literary, and “maiden” will refer to the neutral one.

There is also a class of words in which the variability of stress does not carry any semantic load. For example, Butt - butt, barge - barge. The emergence of these exceptions is due to the lack of a unified norm and equal existence of the dialect and literary language.

Also, placing stress in some words can be simple outdated form. For example, music is music, an employee is an employee. In essence, you are only changing the stress, but in fact you are starting to speak with an outdated syllable.

Most often, the placement of stress in a word has to be remembered, since existing rules do not regulate all cases. In addition, sometimes a violation of a literary norm can become an individual author's technique. This is often used by poets to make a poetic line sound smoother.

However, one should not assume that accentology is included in the orthoepic norms of the Russian language. The emphasis and its correct placement are too broad and complex topic, therefore it is usually placed in a special section and studied separately. Those who want to familiarize themselves with the topic in more detail and eliminate violations of the norm of stress placement from their speech are recommended to acquire an orthoepic dictionary.

Conclusion

It would seem that what could be difficult about speaking your native language? In fact, most of us have no idea how many norms of the Russian language are violated every day.

You can learn about what orthoepy is from dictionaries and reference books of the literary language. All languages ​​of the world have certain lexical norms that serve as a model correct use words

The science of spelling

Orthoepy studies the laws and rules of pronunciation of words. It is very similar to spelling, which deals with the laws of the correct spelling of words. The term "orthoepy" includes two Greek words: orthos - "true", "correct", "straight" (direction) and epos - "speech", "conversation". Therefore, to the question of what orthoepy is, one can give an answer directly translated from Greek language: correct pronunciation.

Orthoepy rules

Various deviations from the norms of use and pronunciation interfere with communication, distract the listener from the meaning of the spoken speech and significantly complicate the assimilation of the spoken text. Following the rules of pronunciation of words is just as important as adhering to the rules of spelling. Orthoepy will tell you the correct pronunciation of a particular lexical unit. The rules of this science make it possible to determine how a particular word should be pronounced and the scope of its lexical application. Indeed, in a world where oral speech is a means of widespread communication, it must be impeccable, from the point of view of the rules of spelling.

History of Russian orthoepy

Russian orthoepy took shape already in the mid-17th century. Then the rules for pronunciation of certain words were approved, and standards for constructing phrases and sentences were laid down. Moscow became the center of the new literary language. Based on North Russian dialects and southern dialects, Moscow pronunciation was formed, which was taken as a basis lexical norm. The science of how to correctly pronounce this or that word came from Moscow to the remote hinterlands of Russia.

At the beginning of the 18th century, the center of political and cultural life The country became the new capital of Russia - the city of St. Petersburg. Gradually, pronunciation norms changed, and clear, letter-by-letter pronunciation of words became the rule among the intelligentsia. But among the general population, Moscow pronunciation continued to be considered the norm.

Orthoepy studies such norms of pronunciation of the Russian language as stress, norms of pronunciation of individual sounds and combinations, melody and intonation of colloquial speech.

Accent

What orthoepy is can be discussed using the rules for placing stress in Russian words. The question is not as simple as it might seem. In French speech, in the vast majority of cases, the stress is placed on the last syllable. In Russian, the stress is movable, it can fall on an arbitrary syllable, and change its location depending on the gender and case of a given word. For example, city, but cities, train, but trains, will accept, but accepted.

Sometimes incorrect pronunciation is so ingrained in colloquial speech that it takes a lot of effort to eradicate the error. For example, everywhere we hear calls instead of calls, contract, instead of the correct contract. The orthoepy of the word insists on: catalog, necrology, quarter instead of the established incorrect versions of these words.

Sometimes surprise helps correct stress. For example, in the mid-50s of the 20th century, the use of the word “youth” instead of the correct “youth” was widespread. The widely popular song “Anthem of Democratic Youth” helped correct the mistake. The song was created by composer Novikov based on poems by the poet Oshanin. The chorus of the anthem contained the words: “Young people sing this song.” The widespread “youth” did not fit into either the rhythm or the text of this piece of music, so the incorrect pronunciation of the popular word was replaced by the correct one.

Transcription

The spoken word can be written down using transcription. This is the name given to recording the audible words and sounds of a language. In transcription, along with ordinary letters, special ones are also used, for example, the letter [æ] denotes an open stressed vowel, something between “a” and “e”. This sound is not used in Russian speech, but is often found when studying languages ​​of the Germanic branch.

Nowadays, special dictionaries will help you put the correct stress in a word.

Pronunciation of individual sounds

You can explain what orthoepy is using the example of the pronunciation of vowels in words of the Russian language. For example, the norm in the Russian language is reduction - weakening of the articulation of vowels in some words. For example, in the word “box” only the third sound “o” is clearly heard, and the first one is pronounced muffled. The result is a sound that resembles both [o] and [a] at the same time.

If an unstressed [o] is at the beginning of a word, it is always pronounced as [a]. For example, in the words “fire”, “window”, “glasses”, [a] is clearly pronounced in the first case. The stressed [o] does not change its meaning: the words “cloud”, “island”, “very” are pronounced with an expressed [o] at the beginning.

The sound of some consonants

The existing rules of orthoepy say that voiced consonants at the end of spoken words sound like their paired voiceless ones. For example, the word “oak” is pronounced [dup], “eye” - [voice], “tooth” - [zup], and so on.

The consonant phrases “zzh” and “zhzh” are pronounced as a double soft [zhzh], for example, we write I’m coming, we pronounce [priezhzhyayu], rattling - [rattling] and so on.

The exact pronunciation of a particular word can be found in special spelling dictionaries.

For example, Avanesov presented quite a serious work on orthoepy. The deeply researched publications by linguists Reznichenko, Abramov and others are interesting. Spelling dictionaries can be easily found on the Internet or in special departments of libraries.