International division of labor. Abstract: International geographical division of labor
international geographical division labor (MGRT) is a specialization selected countries in the production of certain types of products and services intended for their export to the world market. It originated in antiquity, developing and becoming more complex as it evolved. productive forces, but swept the whole world only with the emergence of the world economy.
The international division of labor is integral part territorial division of labor, and its development is determined by a number of factors:
- 1) differences in geographical location countries, forms of geographical location: central, peripheral, neighboring, coastal - have a significant impact on the specialization of individual countries, contributing to or hindering the development of certain types of industries and services;
- 2) features of natural conditions and availability of natural resources. This is one of the most powerful factors in the specialization of the countries of the world at various stages of their development. As a rule, countries that are well off various types natural resources, specialize in material-intensive industries. Conversely, countries with a low degree of endowment are forced to give preference to non-material-intensive industries, in more focusing on energy and material saving technologies. At the same time, exceptions to these regularities are not uncommon, which is determined by the influence of other factors;
- 3) Differences in the availability of labor resources are a potent factor in the international division of labor. Countries well provided with them have the necessary prerequisites for the development of labor-intensive sectors of the economy and vice versa. True, in the conditions of the scientific and technological revolution, the most significant are not absolute indicators security, and the quality of labor resources - educational and qualification level. An exceptionally large role in the specialization of individual countries and regions is played by historically formed work skills;
- 4) very big influence the international division of labor is influenced by differences in the level of socio-economic development of the countries of the world, in particular, the state of science and research base, technical and technological equipment, previously created material base, infrastructure, etc. It is quite natural that underdeveloped countries do not have the necessary financial, scientific, labor and material prerequisites for the independent development of modern high-tech industries. National economy and even more so to specialize in them.
Absolutely all countries of the world must participate in the international division of labor. None of them can afford to be isolated in their domestic market, even such economic giants as the USA, Russia, China, which are well provided with their own natural and labor resources, have a complex sectoral structure of the economy and a capacious domestic market for the sale of their products. This would be irrational and economically unjustified, as it would lead to significant economic losses. After all, participation in the international division of labor gives a direct economic effect, which develops due to the difference in costs in the production of certain types of products and in the provision of services in different countries of the world.
In addition, participation in the international geographical division of labor is dictated not only by the economic benefits received, but also by the need to strengthen political ties between countries, saturate the domestic market with individual goods and services, and so on.
The degree of participation of individual countries of the world in the international division of labor is ambiguous, which is determined by differences in the provision of their own natural resources, the level of economic development, the capacity of the domestic market and other factors. The countries with the largest economic potential, which stand out sharply in general by the scale of participation in the international division of labor, as a rule, are characterized by a lower degree of involvement in the IGR compared to small countries.
Very significant differences are observed between individual countries and their groups in the current international specialization of the economy (see Appendix 3). So, if economically developed countries specialize mainly in the manufacturing industry, primarily in its high-tech industries that determine modern scientific and technological progress, then developing countries mainly specialize in the mining industry, the agricultural sector or old, traditional manufacturing industries. There are also exceptions. Thus, some highly developed countries, such as Canada, Australia, South Africa, New Zealand, are widely known in the world market for products of the mining industry or the agricultural sector. At the same time, NIS stand out in the international division of labor in a number of modern sectors of the national economy, in particular, the production and export of electronic products, semiconductors, etc.
International relations are growing and expanding, contributing to the strengthening of peace and mutual understanding among peoples. The MGRT has led to the need for countries to participate in international economic relations. The times of national isolation and economic isolation of states are a thing of the past.
Those countries that are highly dependent on world economic relations, deeply “rooted” in them, are called countries with an open economy. The degree of openness is determined by the export quota - the share of exports in the creation of the country's GDP. This quota depends not only on the degree of economic development, but also on the size of the domestic market. Yes, in Singapore export quota is 70%, in Belgium and the Netherlands - 55-60%, in the USA - 10%.
world economy - this is a historically established set of national economies and their constituent industries, interconnected by world economic relations on the basis of the international division of labor. (In English-language literature, the term "world economy" is used.)
The basis of world economic relations is the international geographical division of labor.
International geographical division of labor (MGRT) expressed in the specialization of the economy of individual countries in the production of certain types of products or services and in their subsequent exchange.
The geographical division of labor (international and territorial - within the country) is due to the natural and social heterogeneity of geographical space: differences in natural conditions and resources, the level of economic development, and the peculiarities of the historical path traveled.
Influence natural factor to the greatest extent affects the specialization of areas of extractive industry, agriculture and recreation.
Branches of specialization - these are the main sectors of the country's economy, focused on the export of products, defining its "face" in the international geographical division of labor. These are sectors of the economy, the development of which is ensured necessary resources for a long period and so much so that the cost of production and delivery of products to the consumer should be lower than in other countries. At the same time, the scale of production should be large enough and significantly exceed the country's own needs. Specialization allows individual countries not to spend huge financial resources on the creation of certain industries for the production of goods, but to receive them through foreign trade.
As a result of the development of international specialization, countries were divided into three groups:
- 1) countries producing manufactured products for the world market;
- 2) countries that provide products of the extractive industry;
- 3) countries specializing in the production and sale of agricultural products.
A number of industrial developed countries simultaneously produces products of manufacturing, mining and agriculture (Canada, France, the Netherlands, Norway).
To the first group include mainly industrialized countries: the USA, Germany, Great Britain, France, Canada, Italy, Japan, which supply high-tech equipment to the world market, vehicles, chemical and light industry products, household appliances. However, within this group there is also a specialization in certain types of products. For example, manufacturers and suppliers aviation technology are mainly USA, France; manufacturers and suppliers of high-quality cars - corporations from the USA, Germany, France, Japan, Italy, Sweden; household appliances- Japan, Germany, the Netherlands.
To the second group include countries that have powerful mineral resources and sell them on the world market. These are, first of all, the oil-producing countries of the Middle East, Latin America, and Africa, which sell oil and gas. In addition, this group should include a number of countries in Africa and Latin America, as well as such industrialized countries as Sweden, Australia, Canada, which extract and sell in in large numbers various mineral resources(coal, ores of ferrous and non-ferrous metals, gold, silver, etc.).
To the third group include countries whose specialization in the world market is limited exclusively to agricultural products or due to weak economic development, mainly due to the colonial rule of a number of Western countries in the XVIII-XIX centuries, or as a result of this specialization. This primarily concerns the countries of Asia, Africa and Latin America.
Suppliers of agricultural products on the world market are also most industrialized capitalist countries (USA, Canada, almost all countries Western Europe, Australia, New Zealand).
Speaking about the third group of countries, suppliers of agricultural products, it should be noted among them countries with a narrow specialization: Brazil - coffee, Argentina - meat, Cuba - sugar, India and Sri Lanka - tea.
Exist large group countries since monocultural specialization, at which the vast majority of exports falls on one or two goods (Table 1.23).
Table 1.23
Developing countries with monocultural economies
Ability to specialize in industries production area(Maldives Republic - international tourism, Singapore - servicing foreign ships, banking and other services).
The deepening of international specialization and exchange has led to a particularly close "merging" of the national economies of a number of countries. Thus arose a new, higher level of the international geographical division of labor - international economic integration. It is an objective process of developing especially deep and stable relationships within individual groups of countries, based on their pursuing a coordinated interstate policy.
The largest regional groupings are European Union (EU), uniting 28 countries of Western Europe with a population of almost 500 million people: Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, Denmark, Great Britain, France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Portugal, Greece, Ireland, Finland, Sweden, Austria, Bulgaria, Romania Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary , Slovakia, Slovenia, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia, Malta, Cyprus, Croatia.
Another large integration grouping, uniting 450 million people, is North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), which included the US, Canada and Mexico.
Developing countries also create their own integration groups. Association of countries South-East Asia(ASEAN) unites Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, Philippines, Brunei, Myanmar, Vietnam, Laos and Cambodia. These countries announced the creation of a zone with free circulation of goods, services, investments, labor and capital.
In 1991 it was formed Commonwealth of Independents
States (CIS), where all the former Soviet republics, except for Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, in order to establish the lost economic ties. Later, Georgia announced its withdrawal from the CIS.
The largest industrial economic grouping is Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), uniting 12 countries: Algeria, Angola, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, Saudi Arabia, Libya, Nigeria, Qatar, UAE, Venezuela, Ecuador.
Sectoral structure of the world economy - this is the ratio between its constituent industries and areas. The spheres allocated within the world economy are production and non-production. Major Industries production area - industry, agriculture, transport, construction, communications; non-productive - trade, financial activity, science, education, healthcare, culture, household services.
According to the ratio of spheres and industries, we can distinguish three types of economic structure: agrarian, industrial and post-industrial. The role of individual industries and areas in the structure of the economy can be judged by their share in the country's GDP or share in the employment structure.
The ratio of these elements has changed historically. Before the beginning industrial revolution the world economy had an agrarian structure with a predominance of agriculture. For the first half of the XX century. was characterized by the industrial structure of the world economy with a predominance of industry, and now the leading role is played by non-manufacturing industries.
At agricultural structure Agriculture is the backbone of the country's economy. It is typical for the least developed countries of the world. For example, in the GDP structure of Somalia, Tanzania, Laos, Cambodia, and Nepal, agriculture accounts for about 50%. And the share of the economically active population employed in this industry is even higher - 80-90%.
industrial structure economy in the middle of the 20th century. prevailed in all economically developed countries. Then the share of industry in the structure of GDP and employment began to decrease due to the development of the non-productive sector. Employment in industry declined due to the introduction of mechanization, automation and the subsequent increase in labor productivity. The industrial structure of the economy is typical for some CIS countries (Kazakhstan), of Eastern Europe(Czech Republic, Poland), i.e. countries with economies in transition, as well as China, Korea, Malaysia. Nevertheless, in these countries and in some oil-producing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America, the share of industry is declining, as is the share of agriculture, giving way to the non-manufacturing sector.
Post-industrial structure economy or society began to take shape under the influence of scientific and technological revolution. It is characterized by the leading role of the non-production sphere, primarily science, the development of knowledge-intensive industries, and the use of the latest technologies.
At the same time, the service sector is developing rapidly, employment in the intellectual sector is growing. An important factor in the development of the productive forces and the person himself was the restoration (recreation) of his physical and creativity(health care, physical education, sports, recreation, tourism, entertainment). A significant increase in demand for consumer durables (cars, televisions, computers) leads to an expansion of trade. All more people use the services of banks, insurance companies, hotel and tourism enterprises. One of the important varieties of business services has become the study of consumer demand - marketing.
In the United States, most Western European countries, Japan, Canada, Australia, the share of services in GDP has reached 70% or even exceeded this level.
An even higher share of the service sector in the structure of GDP has very small countries that live off tourism, different types financial activities and provision of other services. For example, in Monaco, in the Bahamas, Bermuda, Maldives, Lesser Antilles, the share of the service sector in the structure of GDP exceeds 80%.
Rice. one. Ideas about the global economic hierarchy at the beginning of the XXI century.
Geographic division of labor and economic integration
The system of international division of labor. Integration processes in the modern world
The international geographical division of labor (IGR) is the specialization of individual countries in the production of certain types of products and services and their subsequent exchange.
The basis of MRI is the competitive struggle between countries, which leads to the production of goods and services within the country in excess of domestic needs based on the international market. MRI is influenced by the following factors:
– natural and climatic;
– natural-geographical;
- differences in the scale of production of national economies;
- the possibility of intra-country division of labor.
The degree of development of MRI is determined by the participation of the country and its subsystems in international exchange. The indicators of participation in MRI are:
is the share of exports in GDP;
- the ratio of the volume of foreign trade to GDP;
– share of the country in international trade;
- foreign trade turnover per capita.
Participation in MRI is a prerequisite for international cooperation in production. The process of cooperation led to the internationalization of production relations and the globalization of production, which caused the emergence of integration groupings.
International economic integration is an objective process of developing deep and stable relationships between individual groups of countries, based on their implementation of a coordinated interstate policy.
The largest integration association is the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC), which includes the United States, China, Russia, New Zealand, and others. The total area of the territories of these countries is 43.7 million km2. The population is over 2.2 billion people. GDP is over 12 trillion. dollars. The share in world trade is 40%, in gold and foreign exchange reserves - 80%. The disadvantage of APEC is that its structure includes countries that differ in the level of socio-economic development and with a diametrically opposite political orientation. The tasks of APEC include:
– exchange of information on politics and economic development in order to achieve economic growth;
– development of strategies that provide a reduction in the path of movement of goods and services;
– cooperation in the field of energy, fisheries, tourism, transport, telecommunications and security environment;
– promoting the development of regional trade, the movement of financial flows, the transfer of technology and the provision of labor resources.
The next major integration association is the North American Free Trade Area, which includes the United States, Canada and Mexico. The combined GDP of these countries is 8 trillion. dollars, the territory occupies about 21 million km 2, the population is 400 million people.
The largest integration association in Western Europe is the European Union (EU), which unites 15 countries. The territory of this association occupies 2.3 million km 2 , the population is 380 million people, the GDP is 7 trillion. dollars. The objectives of the EU are:
- the formation of a close union of the peoples of Europe;
– promoting balanced social and economic progress;
– approval of the EU in the international arena;
– development of cooperation in the field of justice and internal affairs;
- Preservation and enhancement of the common heritage.
Organization OPEC brings together 12 oil exporting countries. The main objectives of OPEC are:
– unification of oil policy;
– determination of effective means of protecting the interests of the participating countries;
– use of methods to ensure the stability of the participating countries in the world oil market;
– ensuring stable income;
– efficient, regular and cost-effective supply of oil to consumer countries;
– implementation of programs to stabilize the world oil market.
In recent years, a new integration association has been formed - the CIS - which unites 12 countries that were previously part of the USSR. The territory of this association covers an area of 22.1 million km 2 , the population is 284 million people, GDP - 1 trillion. dollars. The goals of this association include:
– phased creation of a common economic space;
– formation of conditions for stable development;
– joint implementation of major economic projects;
- decision environmental issues and liquidation of consequences of natural actions;
– creation of equal effective opportunities and guarantees for all economic entities.
To large integration groups developing countries relate:
– Caribbean Community;
– Association of Southeast Asian Nations;
– Central American Common Market;
– Latin American Integration Association;
– UDEAC (central Africa);
– ECOWAS (West Africa);
– SADC (South Africa);
– COMESA (States of Eastern and Southern Africa).
The economic division of labor, according to Adam Smith, the famous author of The Wealth of Nations (1776), is the main factor in the growth of productivity, the general form of economic cooperation of people in the interests of financial prosperity.
The division of labor arose in ancient times. Historically, its first forms, which to this day are found among tribes living in humid equatorial forests Amazons, the Congo basin, Indochina, were: sex and age - between men and women and between members of the tribe of different ages, as well as between communities engaged in various types of economic activities due to differences in natural conditions. Relics of a frozen division of labor still exist in some parts of India, where the Hindu-based caste system preserves the economic life of society, and rather contributes not to increasing labor productivity, but to the conservation of backwardness.
In the modern economy, the division of labor is directly related to specialization, i.e. the concentration of the production of homogeneous products in independent industries with a special technological process, special equipment and personnel, and the subsequent exchange of products between them.
Economic and geographical division of labor: history and types. Inter-district and international territorial division of labor
The territorial, or geographical, division of labor arose in antiquity and is associated with the specialization of territories in the production of types of products, the production of which is most profitable under given natural conditions and the level of socio-economic development.
Historically the first interdistrict territorial division of labor arose when people began to engage in cattle breeding and agriculture. The exchange of products between them gave impetus to the formation of an interconnected and interdependent economic space, state institutions with the aim of protecting it.
International division of labor arose as a result of a long process of specialization in the production of the most profitable products in countries where production costs are minimal compared to international ones.
From the 70s. 20th century prices for most types of products are regulated by decisions of international organizations that unite producing countries, which conclude agreements on quality, production quotas and price. Thus, a price is set that allows all parties to the agreement to receive stable incomes that cover production costs without a quantitative increase in its volumes, which can lead to an excess of supply over demand and a drop in prices on the world market. Such organizations exist for almost all raw materials - for oil (OPEC, OAPEC), coffee, and jute.
The specialization features of countries in the production of certain types of goods affect the nature and level of their socio-economic development.
Narrow specialization in the production and export of one or two types of goods, with production costs less than the world average, on the one hand, is the most optimal and profitable, and on the other hand, makes the entire economy dependent on fluctuations in the situation and prices on the world market for these goods, on weather conditions and natural disasters. For example, frosts in Brazil in the early 1980s. led to the death of coffee plantations and a sharp drop in the production of coffee - the main export product and source of foreign exchange earnings, and as a result of this - to the crisis in the economy.
Mono-commodity specialization of the economy exclusively in the mining industry, typical of countries with a low level of socio-economic development, is very profitable, despite the global trend of lower prices for raw materials and higher prices for finished products. This export generates income far exceeding the cost of production, since the gratuitous goods of nature are actually sold. Specialization in the extractive industries contributes to the preservation of the low educational level of the population, since the requirements for the qualifications of workers are low. Enclaves of extractive industries, which tend to be export-oriented, have little connection to the local economy. As a result, the results of trading on commodity exchanges in Europe or America can have a direct impact on life in the mining enclave of the African hinterland.
World trade is the basis of the international division of labor. The main trade routes of antiquity and modernity. Countries - leaders of world trade. Features of specialization in the world economy of the regions of the world.
Until the middle of the 16th century, when the Great Geographical Discoveries expanded the space of economic and political interests of European powers, a limited number of countries participated in world trade. The main reasons for this are the lack of reliable information of peoples about each other, political instability, frequent wars and poor development of vehicles.
International trade consisted in the transportation of expensive and rare goods - silk, gold and jewelry, spices. The main international trade routes were the Great Silk Road linking Europe and Asia; the way "from the Varangians to the Greeks" - trade between the North and Southern Europe. The terminal points of the trans-Saharan trade, controlled by Arab merchants, were the richest cities on the coast of modern Morocco - Ceuta and Melilla, from where gold was transported to Europe.
In the XVI-XVII centuries. The trade of European states with the East was the basis for the initial accumulation of capital for the emerging industry, which, while developing, required new markets and cheap sources of raw materials. Since the beginning of the 18th century, when the improvement of vehicles and geographical discoveries ensured the economic penetration of Europeans into the New World, world trade began to acquire a global character. Not only its geography has radically changed, but also the commodity structure; they began to trade in large-weight cargoes - raw materials, agricultural products.
For the 18th century the volume of world trade increased 5 times, and in the XIX century. - almost 10 times. By the end of the XIX century. England, the "workshop of the world" and the "mistress of the seas", which was the leader in world trade, had serious competitors - Germany, France, and the USA. Colonies - India, Brazil, Argentina, China - began to play a significant role in world trade. By the beginning of the XX century. Europe accounted for 50% of world trade, North America for 20%, and the rest of the world for 15%.
During the 20th century, typical features of participation in the international division of labor and world trade of countries of various socio-economic types were established. On the one hand, they are predetermined by the specialization of countries in the production of certain types of goods, and on the other hand, they themselves influence the nature of socio-economic development.
Modern world trade (for most countries this is the main form of foreign economic relations) is concentrated in the hands of a narrow number of countries; Thus, 10 leading countries account for 3/4 of the total trade turnover (USA, Germany, Japan, France, Great Britain, Italy, Canada, the CIS, the Netherlands, Belgium.
In the 80-90s. The United States significantly surpassed all countries in the world in terms of foreign trade turnover (share in world exports on average - 13%, in imports - 11%) and the export of capital. The second place was occupied by Germany. By the beginning of the 90s. Japan moved into third place in the world in terms of foreign trade, doubling its share in the exports of all countries of the world.
Significant changes in the alignment of economic forces in the world were made by new industrial countries. Over the past decade, the volume of foreign trade of Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, Malaysia, Thailand and Taiwan, as well as China, has increased on average three times. Hong Kong has become one of the first places in the world in the export of clothing and fabrics. It is expected that by the mid-90s. China will enter the top ten trading powers (in 1980 - 20th in the list of leaders), and its share in world trade will increase to 2.5%.
In an interconnected and interdependent world, the geography of foreign trade is highly dependent on political orientation. Trade sanctions and economic blockade of states that violate international law have become an effective weapon in the modern world (for example, bans on trade with South Africa, Iraq, Serbia).
The geography of foreign trade of the countries of Eastern Europe changed significantly after the Second World War, which was a consequence of the reorientation of their foreign policy towards the USSR. Structural restructuring of the economy that occurred in the 50-80s. within the framework of the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA), led to a change in the structure, location and specialization of all industries.
The transition to market relations in the 90s. and political orientation towards relations with the countries of Western Europe caused changes both in the structure of production and in the geography of foreign trade.
Statistical indicators for the analysis of foreign trade
The most important indicators used in the analysis of the geography of foreign trade include the following:
1) Volumes of exports, imports, foreign trade turnover (the sum of the value of exports and imports.
2) The volume of exports, imports, foreign trade turnover per capita, 1 sq. km of national territory.
3) Indices of exports, imports, foreign trade turnover, calculated as the ratio of the volumes of the previous year to the present.
4) The share of exports, imports, foreign trade turnover in the corresponding world indicators.
5) Foreign trade balance - the difference between exports and imports.
6) The structure of imports (exports) - the ratio of the value of commodity groups in the total value of imports (exports).
7) The share of imports in consumption shows the dependence of the national economy on international trade.
K1 - coefficient of specialization
Тс - the share of the country in the world export of this product
Tm - country's share in world exports
K2 - coefficient of specialization
Ds - the share of this product in the country's exports
Dm - the share of goods in world exports
Foreign trade of developed and developing countries (geographical and commodity structure of exports (imports)
Specialization in the international division of labor in the production and export of manufacturing products, typical for economically developed countries, implies significant investment in the economy and the availability of highly qualified work force. For example, such small countries as Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg, which do not have their own significant natural resources, are among the countries that are leaders in world trade. They import raw materials and semi-finished products, export finished products, providing high profits for the economy and incomes for the population.
The structure of exports and imports of economically developed countries is dominated by manufacturing products, primarily machinery and equipment. In imports, a significant share of raw materials and fuel. Such a structure of foreign trade is explained by its geography (economically developed countries trade primarily among themselves), as well as by the developed detailed specialization of their industry.
DEVELOPING COUNTRIES IN WORLD TRADE. The structure and geography of the foreign trade of developing countries was laid down in the colonial period. Economic and political ties with the former metropolises, the same type of economic structure (the main export items are fuel and raw materials, tropical crops that are not in demand on domestic markets) hindered the development of interregional trade.
The global trend of falling prices for raw materials (the main export item of developing countries) and rising prices for manufactured products (the main export item of industrialized countries) puts the former in conditions of unequal exchange: they must sell more and more in order to buy the farms necessary for modernization cars and equipment.
Share of developing countries in world trade in recent decades steadily declining, mainly due to a reduction in the share of exports. Its structure is dominated by products of the extractive industry and tropical agriculture, and in a number of countries the share of the main export item is more than 90% (for example, in Qatar, Kuwait, Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, oil and oil products are the main and only item of foreign exchange earnings).
The structure of imports is dominated by machinery and equipment necessary for the development of the economy, as well as foodstuffs. Regions deprived of energy resources, East Africa, central Asia- are forced to buy them in ever-increasing volumes.
The food problem, which has worsened in recent decades, has led to a sharp increase.
THE CONCEPT OF THE WORLD ECONOMY
The formation of the world (world) economy actually covers the entire history of mankind.
As a result of the great geographical discoveries international trade followed by Europe and Asia covered other regions the globe. The exchange of products between them led to the formation of a world market.
Further expansion of this market was facilitated by the development of transport. Maritime transport connected all the continents. In the second half of the XIX century. rapidly increased in length railways, which connected the inner parts of the continents and, in the figurative expression of Heinrich Heine, "killed space."
But the main role in the formation of the world economy belonged to a large machine industry, which arose at the end of the XVIII-XIX centuries. in a number of Western European countries and the USA after the industrial revolutions that took place in them. Consequently, the world economy was formed at the end XIX- early 20th century as a result of the development of large-scale machine industry, transport and the world market.
world economy- this is a historically established set of national economies of all countries of the world, interconnected by world economic relations.
International Geographical Division of Labor (MGRT). N. N. Baransky, who deeply and comprehensively developed the concept of the geographical division of labor, called it the basic concept of economic geography.
The geographical (territorial) division of labor is an inevitable result of the development of human society, associated with growth commodity production and exchange. Its inevitability follows from the fact that there are always differences between individual territories: firstly, in geographical location, secondly, in natural conditions and resources, thirdly, in socio-economic conditions - the level of development, the structure of the economy, workforce, historical traditions and others. Such differences lead to the fact that many types of industrial and agricultural production, as it were, are attached to certain territories.
This applies to individual economic regions, as well as to entire countries that are interconnected by the international geographical division of labor. It originated in antiquity, but with the emergence of the world economy, it swept the whole world.
The international geographical division of labor is expressed in the specialization of individual countries in the production of certain types of products and services and in their subsequent exchange.
The international geographical division of labor changes over time.
The branch of international specialization is the result of the geographical division of labor. The specialization of individual countries in the production of certain types of products and services implies their production in quantities that significantly exceed the own needs of the producing country. It finds concrete expression in the formation of branches of international specialization, i.e., such branches that are largely export-oriented and primarily determine the "face" of the country in the international geographical division of labor.
Japan ranks first or second in the world in car production. It exports about half of all produced cars to other countries. The automotive industry is a branch of its international specialization.
Canada ranks seventh in the world in grain production and second in grain exports. Grain farming is a branch of its international specialization.
In turn, international specialization necessitates the international exchange of goods and services. This exchange finds expression in the development of international economic relations, in the growth in the number and power of cargo flows, and between the place of production and the place of consumption there is always a larger or smaller territorial gap.
International economic integration: regional and sectoral groupings. Having covered all the countries of the world, the world economy and the international geographical division of labor in recent decades have been growing not so much in breadth as in depth. They become more complex, take on new forms. The deepening of international specialization and exchange has led to a particularly close "merging" of the national economies of a number of countries. Thus, a new, higher stage of the international geographical division of labor arose - international economic integration. It is an objective process of development of particularly deep and stable relationships between individual groups of countries, based on their implementation of a coordinated interstate policy.
In the second half of the XX century. regional economic integration has become the prevailing trend in the development of the world economy, which is increasingly composed of integrated economic groupings. Five such groupings are among the most important.
In Europe, this is the European Union (EU), which includes 15 countries with general population 370 million people. Founded back in 1957 as the "Common Market", this integration association gradually grew in breadth and depth. In the late 90s. EU countries produce 1/4 of world GDP and provide 1/3 of world trade. Thanks to integration, they have formed a single economic space with free movement of goods, capital, services, technologies, and labor. On January 1, 1999, the EU introduced a single currency - the euro.
Another 13 European countries expressed their desire to join the European Union. Of these, Poland, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Slovenia, Estonia and Cyprus are to be accepted in 2003.
In the Asia-Pacific region, this is, first of all, the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), which consists of ten countries in this region with a total population of more than 400 million people. It is also an organization of the Asia-Pacific economic cooperation(APEC), which includes 21 countries, including Russia.
AT North America it is the North American Free Trade Association (NAFTA), which includes the United States, Canada and Mexico with a population of 400 million people, providing more than 1/4 of world GDP. Unlike the EU, this association does not have any supranational bodies and is primarily a "common market".
Finally, in Latin America is the Latin American Integration Association (LAI), which brings together 11 countries of the region and puts its main task creation " common market" member countries.
In addition to regional ones, there are many sectoral economic groupings in the system of the world economy. The most important of them is the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), which unites 11 countries.
Tasks and tests on the topic "The concept of the world economy"
- World Ocean - general characteristics nature of the earth grade 7
Lessons: 5 Assignments: 9 Quizzes: 1
- The relief of the bottom of the oceans - Lithosphere - the stone shell of the Earth, class 5
Lessons: 5 Assignments: 8 Quizzes: 1
- Economic activity of the world population - Population of the Earth Grade 7
Lessons: 3 Assignments: 8 Tests: 1
- Egypt - Africa Grade 7
Basic concepts: world economy (WX), international economic relations(IEO); branch of international specialization, international division of labor (MRI), international trade, trade balance, export, import; scientific and technological revolution (NTR), character traits and components of scientific and technical development, research and development (R&D); trade and economic blocs (GATT - WTO), international specialization of production (SMEs), international production cooperation (IPC), transnational corporations (TNCs); open economy, free economic zones(SEZ); geographical "model" of the world economy, "North and South", "center" and "periphery", integration; sectoral structure of the economy, science intensity, new, old and latest industries, the "avant-garde" trio, agrarian, industrial and post-industrial structure of the economy; territorial structure of the economy; old industrial and depressed areas, areas of new development, regional policy developed and developing countries, "growth poles", "penetration lines".Skills and abilities: be able to characterize scientific and technological revolution, MX, MEO, MGRT, accompanying them with clear definitions; give a comparative description of the branches of international specialization, sectoral and territorial structures of the economy of developed and developing countries, explain differences, determine trends using statistical, graphic and cartographic material.
1. World economy: essence and main stages of formation. International geographical division of labor and its examples.
2. General economic and geographical characteristics of one of the countries of Latin America (at the choice of the student).
3. Comparative characteristics of the provision of individual regions and countries with water resources.
1. World economy: essence and main stages of formation. International geographical division of labor and its examples.
The world economy (MW) is a system of interconnected national economies, which is based on the international geographical division of labor, various economic and political relations.
The formation of the MX actually covers the entire history of mankind.
The process of its creation began at the manufacturing stage of the development of capitalism (XVI-XVIII centuries). As a result of the Great geographical discoveries, international trade covered not only the regions of the Old, but also the New World, the exchange of products between which led to the formation of a world market.
Further expansion of this market was facilitated by the development of transport. Maritime transport connected all the continents. The length of the railways has increased.
In the XVIII - XIX centuries. an industrial revolution took place, a large-scale machine industry was being formed in a number of countries in Western Europe and the USA.
The final formation of the MX can be attributed to the period - from late XIX in. to the beginning of the 20th century
Currently, the world is dominated by 3 main centers of MX: Europe (28% of GDP - gross domestic product), USA (26% of GDP), Japan (10% of GDP).
For your information: GDP is the total value of goods and services consumed by the population and created in the country, government purchases and capital investments.
The international geographical division of labor (IGDT) is expressed in the specialization of individual countries in the production of certain types of products and services and in their subsequent exchange.
The result of the international geographical division of labor is a branch of international specialization for a given country.
For your information: the industry of international specialization is an industry that is more export-oriented and primarily determines the “face” of the state in the MGRT.
In order for such specialization to occur, certain conditions must be met:
1) a country participating in the MGRT must have some advantages (for example, a wealth of natural resources), at least over a part of the states, in the production of relevant products;
2) there must be countries in need of these products;
3) the cost of delivering products to the point of sale should be beneficial to the country of origin;
4) the state must produce more of this product than it needs itself.
Examples of industries of international specialization:
· Japan - export of cars, sea vessels, products of radio electronics and robotics.
· Bulgaria - production of agro-industrial complex and handling equipment.
· Canada - production of grain, timber industry products.
· Zambia - export of copper ore and refined copper, etc.
The degree of involvement of any state in the MGRT depends primarily on the level of development of its productive forces. Therefore, industrialized countries occupy leading positions in the production of "ennobled", expensive products - machinery and equipment, durable goods, etc.
As for the developing countries, the main branches of their international specialization are connected with the export of natural resources and agricultural products.
2. General economic and geographical characteristics of one of the countries of Latin America (at the choice of the student).
Take, for example, Brazil - this is the largest state in Latin America, with the greatest economic potential and the most developed industry in the region.
The area of the state is 8512 thousand sq. km.
The capital is Brasilia.
Economic and geographical characteristics of Brazil:
1) economic and geographical position: the country is located in the eastern and central parts of Latin America.
It borders on the states: Uruguay, Argentina, Paraguay, Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, Guiana (the level of their economic development is much lower than that of Brazil, with the exception of Argentina).
The state has an extensive maritime border in the east, and is washed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean, which is the most important transport route and connects Brazil with Europe, Africa and North America.
2) natural conditions and resources:
Relief: plains prevail (Amazon lowland, Brazilian plateau);
· mineral resources: iron, manganese, uranium, polymetallic ores, bauxites, tin, diamonds, etc. The reserves are rich, but there are difficulties with extraction, because. some of them are located in hard-to-reach and sparsely populated areas.
Soils: red and red-yellow ferralitic, brown-red ferralitized, some of them are waterlogged;
· land resources: part of the land is occupied by pastures and cultivated land, a significant proportion is under tropical and subtropical forests, the soils are quite fertile.
climate: the country is located several climatic zones- equatorial, subequatorial and tropical; summer temperature - from +24 to +16 degrees Celsius, winter temperature +24 degrees; precipitation - from 1000 to 3000 mm and more;
· agro-climatic resources: favorable for the cultivation of heat-loving perennial and annual crops with the longest vegetation periods (sugar cane, coffee, cocoa, rubber plants, cotton, etc.).
water: the Amazon, Madeira, Rio Negro, San Francisco, etc., many swamps;
· water resources: very rich, resource availability of total river flow per capita is from 25 to 50 thousand cubic meters per year.
· forests: 2/3 of the country's territory is occupied by humid equatorial and variable-humid forests;
forest resources: very rich, security forest resources per capita - 2.7 ha.
3) population:
a) number - 154 million people, is among the top five countries in the world in terms of the number of inhabitants;
b) population density - the highest in the east and south-east of the country (on the coast) from 10 to 200 people / sq. km, less inhabitants in the center and in the west from 10 to 1 person / sq. km;
c) type of reproduction - I; birth rate - 26, death rate - 7, natural increase - 19 people per 1000 inhabitants;
d) a significant proportion of children and people of working age;
e) there are more women than men;
f) the ethnic composition of the population is very diverse; it was formed under the influence of 3 factors: local Indian tribes, European settlers from Spain and Portugal, and Africans brought here by the colonizers. A large proportion of the inhabitants are mestizos;
g) religions - Catholicism, local traditional beliefs;
g) the level of urbanization - from 60 to 80%; the largest cities and at the same time being agglomerations are Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro.
h) labor resources: there is an excess of them, this exacerbates the problem of employment; the skill level is still not high enough, although it is gradually increasing.
4) the economy of the country:
Brazil is one of key countries developing world in terms of economic development.
In terms of GDP, it ranks first not only in Latin America, but also among all other developing countries, and in terms of industrial production, Brazil is one of the ten largest countries in the world.
a) industry:
Mining (extraction of the above mineral resources);
mechanical engineering:
Annually produces more than 1 million cars;
Mini- and microcomputers, the production of which is second only to the USA, Japan and Germany;
Aircraft, ships, military equipment etc.
· chemical and petrochemical (fertilizers, chemical fibers, synthetic resins, plastics and rubber);
· ferrous metallurgy (steel smelting per capita up to 500 kg) is provided with its own raw materials;
• energy (rich water resources contribute to the development of hydroelectric power stations);
light industry (production of cotton fabrics)
b) agriculture: it is characterized by large land holdings (including foreign ones);
Crop production (dominant industry): specializes in the cultivation of tropical crops for the external market (coffee, cocoa, sugarcane, sisal, soybeans, oranges, bananas, pineapples, etc.);
Animal husbandry (less developed, mainly in the southeast): contain a large cattle and sheep.
c) transport: it is a kind of brake on the economic development of Brazil.
Many areas are practically devoid of modern roads.
The main type of land transport is road transport (the Pan-American Highway and the Trans-American Highway are of paramount importance).
Maritime transport plays a decisive role in foreign economic relations.
5) external economic relations:
Brazil is a member of the Organization of American States (OAS).
The commodity structure of exports is largely of a food and raw material nature, but there is also a noticeable increase in the share of manufactured goods.
3. Comparative characteristics security of individual regions and countries water resources.
Water is the basis of life. It is an essential component of all technological processes in the economy.
The reserves of easily accessible water are unevenly distributed across the planet.
Using the map "Water Resources of the World", we will characterize these reserves.
The most provided with water resources per capita of the country:
a) well-supplied: Russia (25 - 100 thousand cubic meters per year), Canada (50 - 100 or more), New Zealand (50 - 100 or more), Congo (more than 100), Norway (50 - 100), Brazil ( up to 100 thousand cubic meters per year);
b) poor: Egypt (less than 0.5), Saudi Arabia (0.5 - 2.5), Algeria (0.5 - 2.5), Pakistan (0.5 - 2.5), China (2.5 - 5 thousand cubic meters per year), etc.
Ticket number 21