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Yamal Nenets Autonomous Region. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

Ural federal district. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The area is 769.3 thousand square kilometers. Formed on December 10, 1930.
The administrative center of the federal district - city of Salekhard.

- subject Russian Federation, is part of the Ural Federal District, located in the Arctic zone of the West Siberian Plain. According to the Charter of the Tyumen region, it is also part of the Tyumen region, being an equal subject of the Russian Federation. Yamal-Nenets autonomous region from the north it is washed by the waters of the Arctic Ocean (Kara Sea). The Yamal Peninsula is located on the territory of the Okrug - the northernmost mainland point of the Okrug.

It is part of the West Siberian economic region. The basis of the economy of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is oil and gas production. The largest herd of deer in Russia is grazed on Yamal - over 700 thousand heads. The county is a leading exporter of reindeer meat to foreign markets. The world's largest herd of whitefish is concentrated in the rivers and lakes of Yamal. The basis of the ichthyofauna is the famous northern white fish - nelma, muksun, pyzhyan, vendace. The district is also a major supplier of furs: silver-black foxes, blue foxes, and colored minks are bred on fur farms. Main types economic activity in the region are the fuel and energy complex, construction, trade, transport and communications.

On December 10, 1930, the Yamalo-Nenets National Okrug was formed as part of the Ural Region. Later, the Yamalo-Nenets National Okrug was part of the Ob-Irtysh and Omsk regions.
On August 14, 1944, the Yamalo-Nenets National District became part of the Tyumen Region.
In 1977, the Yamalo-Nenets National Okrug received autonomous status.
Since 1992, the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug has been a subject of the Russian Federation.

Cities and districts of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

Cities of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug: Salekhard, Gubkinsky, Labytnangi, Tarko-Sale, Muravlenko, Nadym, New Urengoy, Noyabrsk.

Urban districts of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug: City of Salekhard, City of Gubkinsky, City of Labytnangi, City of Muravlenko, City of Novy Urengoy, City of Noyabrsk.

Yamal. Arctic. Centre Western Siberia. An outpost of Russia in the harsh Arctic… The inner content of these words, as if in a lens, was focused in itself by the capital of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Modern and beautiful city Salekhard, which has a 500-year history, is heading confidently into the future.

Salekhard - the capital of Yamal

According to archaeologists, in the place where the capital of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is now located, people built settlements over two thousand years ago.

Subsequently, not far from the mouth of the Poluy River, which flows into the Ob, during the development of the Arctic, the Cossacks built the Obdorsky prison, which gradually turned into a fortress city - one of many in northern Siberia.

In 1595, Obdorsk was formed on the site of the prison, which two centuries later became the volost center of the Tobolsk province.

The inhabitants lived by hunting and fishing and were engaged in trade: there were one and a half hundred trading shops for 30 houses. At the beginning of winter, the Obdorskaya winter fair was held here, where furs, mammoth bones, fish and bird feathers were exchanged for flour, cloth, tobacco and alcohol, which were brought here by hundreds of merchants.

In 1933, when Obdorsk became the capital of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, it was renamed Salekhard, which in Nenets means “Village (in the Nenets language - “village”) on a cape (in the Nenets language - “hard”)”.

Geographical position

Geographic coordinates of Salekhard: 66 degrees and 32 minutes north latitude, 66 degrees and 37 minutes east longitude.

Many well-known enterprises and companies operate in the capital of the YaNAO:

River port;
fish cannery;
bakery;
motor transport enterprise;
railway and air transport companies;
representative offices of gold mining, gas and oil companies, including Gazprom and Lukoil - Western Siberia.

The administration of Salekhard also solves the issues of social and economic development cities.

In 2009, an administrative complex was built on the banks of the Shaitanka River specifically to accommodate the administration.

Population of Salekhard

The Russian population began to appear in Obdorsk in early XIX century. In 1897, 500 people lived here, who hunted fur animal, fishing and trade.

At the end of the 20th century, when the mass development of the Yamal lands began, the population of the capital of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug began to grow rapidly. Today, Salekhard has a population of 45 thousand people.

People come here to work on gas and oil rigs. Scientists, teachers, doctors are coming. Not only a good "northern" salary, but also the romance of the Arctic Circle attracts many to Salekhard. The population of indigenous origin is the Khanty and Nenets, or Samoyeds. These are surprisingly laconic and modest people with a traditional way of life, an original culture, interesting customs rituals, beliefs.

Many tribes continue to live in the tundra and, like their ancestors, are engaged in fishing, hunting, reindeer herding, and believe in spirits. They wander from pasture to pasture with thousands of herds of deer.

They live in tents built, like many centuries ago, from long poles and deer skins. Boys from the age of four know how to handle a lasso and manage sleds, girls can make fire in a plague and sew national clothes.

The architectural appearance of the city

The ancient city of Salekhard has changed a lot since the time of the Obdorsky prison. Today it has a modern architectural appearance. Intensive housing construction and the construction of new social infrastructure buildings are underway. Old houses after repair were given a look corresponding to the general architectural style. Multi-storey buildings look like a multi-colored palette against the background cloudy day or white snow. They are painted in juicy, bright, picturesque colors: cherry and blue roofs, green, blue, orange, yellow walls - the color scheme fills the harsh northern city special warmth, creates comfort.

Many architectural objects are unusual. One of the memorable structures is the Fakel cable-stayed bridge with a single pylon. There is a restaurant right above water surface the Shaitanka river.

The capital of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug peacefully treats any religions. This is evidenced by the fact that Orthodox churches and a mosque coexist on the territory of the city, which is closer than all other mosques in Russia to the Arctic Circle.

Next to it is the construction of the Cathedral of the Transfiguration.

The first stone church in Salekhard is the Peter and Paul Cathedral, built in 1894. Snow-white walls, light blue towers, golden domes with crosses - under the low polar sky against the backdrop of the endless tundra and the river, the building seems airy, looking up.

The sculptural world of Salekhard

The sculptural world of Salekhard is unusual. There are a large number of monuments dedicated to animals that embody the sacred spirits of the indigenous people of Yamal:

Near the ferry there is a 10-meter mammoth. More than 40 extinct mammoths have been found in the north of Siberia, among them are the Yamal mammoths Masha and Lyuba.
On the embankment of the Shaitanka River there is a six-meter monument to the reindeer - the main wealth of the tundra, a symbol of goodness and immortality.
The bypass road is crowned by a sculptural composition dedicated to the Siberian Cranes - white Siberian cranes, a sacred bird of the indigenous peoples of the North, bringing happiness to everyone who sees it.
Near the cinema "Polaris" perched a small sculpture - a dragonfly immortalized in stainless steel.
In the center of the waiting room at the Salekhard airport, tundra swans seem to be trying to take off - a symbol of returning to their native lands.
Near the building of the Arktika hotel, a she-bear with a bear cub, carved from granite, represents a 10-ton composition "Constellation".
At the airport, two bears froze on snow-covered ice floes. They support the "Coat of arms of Yamal in the crown" shield. This is a vivid image of the connection between people and nature in the Arctic.
The entrance to Salekhard is marked by a stele of the same name depicting the inhabitants of the water, heavenly and terrestrial spaces of the Arctic coast: gulls, walruses and bears reflect natural world Yamal.

"Tundra, you call me from a distance..."

The capital of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is a special world.

In winter, these are hundreds of snowflakes fluttering in the light of lanterns. Snow crunching underfoot. Flashes northern lights cause admiration, the flickering of a multi-colored canvas fascinates. The radiant whiteness of the snow dazzles the eyes, on a smooth white blanket Sun rays bursting into sparks...

In autumn, the tundra stirs the soul, bright, saturated with short northern summer. It is filled with a subtle bird whistle, a barely perceptible bitter smell of wormwood and the taste of lingonberries, sweet and sour with a slight taste of bitterness ...

Purple thickets of willow-tea. Dwarf birches and touching Christmas trees. Blue-blue lakes and rivulets scattered across the tundra. A leaden sky with low heavy clouds, as if pressed down to the ground. The steel-colored expanse of the river ...

The air is transparent and crystal clear - it is impossible to breathe. The nature of the North is majestic and laconic.

For everyone who is going to Yamal for the first time, a few brief tips may come in handy:

Aerosols and other mosquito repellents and maximally closed clothing - protection against rampant mosquitoes and annoying midges.
Waterproof shoes are the best shoes for the swampy tundra.
The tundra hospitably opens its arms to everyone, and you need to treat it in such a way as not to injure it with your presence. The traditional shoes of the northern peoples have been made since ancient times so as not to damage ground cover, do no harm northern nature, which generously endows everyone: reindeer with reindeer moss, people with mushrooms and berries, and to restore strength and natural resources it sometimes needs centuries.

Salekhard, Russia, Arctic Circle - a world where nature is strict and majestic, and people are open and hospitable.

Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

1. Territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, administrative structure

The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is a subject of the Russian Federation. According to the Charter of the Tyumen region, it is also part of the Tyumen region, being an equal subject of the Russian Federation. It is part of the Ural Federal District.

Territory of the Autonomous Okrug. In terms of area, the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug ranks 6th among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

The administrative center of the district is the city of Salekhard. The Autonomous Okrug includes 13 municipalities.

Urban districts of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug:

-city district of Salekhard;

-urban district of Gubkinsky;

-city district of Labytnangi;

-urban district Muravlenko;

-city district Novy Urengoy;

-urban district of Noyabrsk.

Districts of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug:

-Krasnoselkupsky district;

-Nadymsky district;

-Priuralsky district;

-Purovsky district;

-Tazovsky district;

-Shuryshkarsky district;

-Yamal region.

2. Economic and geographical position of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug

Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is located in the center Far North Russia. More than half of the territory is located beyond the Arctic Circle.

The northern border of the Autonomous Okrug is washed by the waters of the Kara Sea (provides fishing). In the west, along the Ural Range, the Yamalo-Nenets Okrug borders on the Nenets Autonomous Okrug and the Komi Republic, in the south - on the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug, in the east - on Krasnoyarsk Territory.

Assessing the position of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, one can single out positive and negative aspects:

-There is access to the sea;

-provision with electric power resources;

-YNAO is the leader of the Russian gas industry.

-Remoteness of territories;

-the density of transport routes is extremely low, the use of sea transport is limited due to difficult natural and climatic conditions;

-Agriculture poorly developed;

-low population density;

-tourism is practically not developed.

3. Natural conditions and resources

The climate of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is harsh, sharply continental. The district is located mainly in three climatic zones: arctic, subarctic and zone of the northern (taiga) strip West Siberian Lowland. The relief of the district is represented by two parts: mountainous and flat.

Huge reserves of hydrocarbon raw materials make it possible to call the district the world's largest oil and gas resource base. The district contains approximately 78% of Russian gas reserves (in terms of proven reserves and production of which the district ranks first in the Russian Federation) and 18% of oil reserves (in terms of proven reserves of liquid hydrocarbons, the YaNAO ranks second after the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug).

The water resources of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug are rich and varied. Water resources are represented by the rivers Ob, Pur, Taz, Nadym. most major river is Ob. The main water management and transport functions are performed by the Ob River. On the territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug there are huge reserves of artesian and thermal waters.

The reserves of chromium, iron, tin, lead of precious and non-ferrous metals, and other minerals are mainly concentrated in the western part of the district, in the mountains of the Polar Urals.

In the forest-tundra and northern taiga, the soils are gley-podzolic, gley weakly podzolic, and illuvial-humus podzolic. The vegetation cover of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug has a pronounced latitudinal zonality. In total, five landscape zones are distinguished: arctic, moss-lichen tundra, shrub tundra, forest tundra, and northern taiga.

Animal world The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is rich and diverse.

38 species of mammals, 255 species of birds, 2 species of reptiles, 4 species of amphibians and 40 species of fish live in the tundra, forest-tundra, taiga and mountain Ural natural-geographic zones.

The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug belongs to the areas of extreme residence, since natural conditions unfavorable for economic activity and people's lives.

4. Population, labor resources

The population of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug amounted to 539.6 thousand people, which is 0.4% lower than the level of the corresponding date of the previous year. It ranks 71st in terms of population among the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The decline in population was due to migration loss. Population density - 0.70 people / km 2(2014), more than 10 times lower than the average for Russia. The proportion of the urban population, as in many other northern regions, is high - 84.7%.

Ethnic composition The population is heterogeneous: Russians make up 61.7%, Ukrainians 9.7%, Tatars 5.6%, Nenets 5.9% according to the 2010 census.

The demographic situation was characterized by a decrease in the number of births by 0.9% compared to 2012, per 1000 population - 16.4 births. The natural increase per 1,000 population in 2013 was 11.3 people. The birth rate in Yamal, according to long-term data, is higher than the national average, and the death rate is lower. Natural growth is observed in all cities and districts of the district.

The Okrug has a high share of the population of working age - 71.8%, the share of the population younger than working age is also higher than the Russian average - 22.7%, and the share of the population older than working age - 5.5% is noticeably lower than the national average. The unemployment rate in 2013 was 3.2% - the lowest in the Urals Federal District. Quite intensive migration processes are observed in the Autonomous Okrug. Migration decline in population in 2013 is 7 times higher than in 2012.

It should be noted that the migration of the population in the Autonomous Okrug occurs mainly within the Russian Federation (in 2013, 74.9% of the total number of arrivals arrived in the territory of the Autonomous Okrug, 83.6% of the total number of those who left). The main reasons for the arrival of migrants to the territory of the Autonomous Okrug are personal, family circumstances and job search. Labor activity in the Autonomous Okrug is attractive, first of all, for labor migrants from neighboring countries.

5. Characteristics of the economy

Level of development, structure of the economy

The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is an industrial resource-producing region. In its structure, industry accounts for 53.5%, agriculture - 0.1%, construction - 15.1%, transport - 5.8%, trade and commercial activities for the sale of goods and services - 4%. Main industries: oil and gas, fish. The economy of the district is highly specialized.

YNAO ranks 8th among all subjects of the Russian Federation in terms of gross regional product, 5th in terms of industrial production and 4th in terms of investments. The gross regional product of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is growing by an average of 14.5% per year. In terms of per capita GRP, it ranks second after the Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The main source of investment in the country as a whole is attracted funds, in the district this figure is on average 15-20% higher than the national average. To increase the investment attractiveness, the industrial and social infrastructure is being actively developed.

Development and placement of industries of market specialization

Market branches of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug of specialization are:

-Oil and gas industry;

-agro-industrial complex.

The Yamalo-Nenets Okrug is the backbone of Russia's fuel economy. Yamal produces 91% of all natural gas country (a fifth of its world production) and more than 14% of Russian oil and gas condensate. In total, the county produces over 54% of primary energy resources Russia. On the territory of the district, work is underway on the Urengoy gas field, Nakhodkinskoye gas field, Yuzhno-Russkoye oil and gas field, Ety-Purovskoye oil field, Yamburgskoye oil and gas condensate field.

Due to natural and climatic conditions, the agro-industrial complex of the Autonomous Okrug is focused on traditional industries: reindeer herding, fishing, hunting, processing of fur raw materials. Gross agricultural production is 57.9% (deer meat, fish). The sectoral structure is dominated by livestock products - 90.9%. Reindeer pastures account for 64% of the land. Autonomous Okrug has the largest herd reindeer in Russia and in the world. Reindeer breeding is one of the highly promising agricultural sectors in the region. The traditional types of agricultural activity include fishing (fishing objects - whitefish, whitefish, nelma, sturgeon). In fact, Yamal produces half of the Russian whitefish catch. Further development reindeer breeding is associated with the improvement of the cycle waste-free production, and the fishing industry - with an increase in the volume of catch and processing.

Characteristics of industries complementing the economic complex

The industry complementing the economic complex is the electric power industry. Over 80% of Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous District's needs in the electric power industry are covered by own production. Nadymsky and Purovsky districts, the cities of Noyabrsk, Muravlenko, Gubkinsky and Novy Urengoy are connected to the system of centralized power supply from energy sources and electrical networks. In total, 672 power plants with a total capacity of 1.4 million kW operate on the territory of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

Level of development and location of industrial and social infrastructure

The region is characterized by the presence of hard-to-reach and sparsely populated areas, a complex transport scheme, underdevelopment of land transport along with spatial extent. The density of transport routes is extremely low: the density of railways. ways common use- 7 km per 10 thousand km 2, paved roads - 1.3 km per 1 thousand km 2. Operating length of railway tracks - 496 km, the length of paved roads - 960 km.

Air Transport forms the basis of inter-municipal and inter-settlement transport communication in the district, and during the period of thaw it is the only way delivery of people and goods to most remote and hard-to-reach settlements. Airports are located in a number of cities (Salekhard, Noyabrsk, Novy Urengoy, Nadym, Tarko-Sale). AT summer period a significant role in the transportation of passengers and the delivery of goods is played by water transport. Developed network of pipelines. Gas pipelines link YNAO with European Russia and foreign countries. The largest of them is "Shine of the North".

Medical care for the population of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is provided in 34 healthcare institutions. There are 237 healthcare institutions in YNAO. security hospital beds- 115.8 per 10 thousand people. There are 48.8 doctors per 10 thousand inhabitants, 135.6 people. middle medical personnel.

There are 184 institutions of pre-school education and 141 secondary schools in the Autonomous Okrug. Vocational education is underdeveloped. System vocational education Autonomous Okrug is represented by 5 institutions of primary vocational education, 6 institutions of secondary vocational education. The Okrug has one university - the West Siberian Humanitarian Institute in Nadym, 25 branches of institutions of higher professional education.

Provision of housing below the national average - 17.3 m 2per person, while the proportion of dilapidated and dilapidated housing is three times higher. The electricity tariff is 1204 rubles. / Gcal. Tariff for cold water on average 45 rubles per cubic meter, for hot 55 rubles per cubic meter. The price on the primary housing market in the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug is 42,000 rubles per square meter. meter.

The budget of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug has a pronounced social orientation: more than 80% of the expenditure part is directed to social tasks population. Housing construction is developing powerfully in the district, modern schools, hospitals, sports facilities.

6. Territorial structure of the economy

In Novy Urengoy, the creation of a gas chemical cluster and the construction of the Khimpark Yamal-Polymer enterprise began. At the initiative of specialists from the Yamal Okrug Technopark, next to the gas chemical complex, it is planned to build the Yamal-Polymer Chempark enterprise, which will produce various goods from polyethylene. Planned commissioning of the Novy Urengoy gas chemical complex - early 2015.

In the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug, oil and gas and agro-industrial complexes have been developed.

The oil industry is concentrated in the north of the district; southern territories - gas chemical complex.

7. Internal differences and cities, attractions

In the Autonomous Okrug, there is a fairly high (3rd place), in comparison with other regions, the average level wages. average salary in YNAO in 2013 amounted to 52,400 rubles. Most high level wages are noted in the areas of oil and gas production, the lowest - in rural areas of the Autonomous Okrug. The poverty rate is the lowest among the regions. In terms of per capita GRP, it ranks second after the Nenets Autonomous Okrug.

Big cities: New Urengoy - the largest city of YNAO, population - 116.5 thousand people.

Noyabrsk - 108 thousand people

Nadym - 46.8 thousand people

Salekhard - 46.6 thousand people

There are no agglomerations.

Tourism in YNAO is practically not developed. The most promising direction of tourism is considered natural and ethnographic. The created tourist complexes make it possible to get acquainted with the life of the indigenous population of the tundra, with their way of life and traditions, however, the demand for such services from the non-Yamal population is small.

Sightseeing: Stele "66 parallel" (Arctic Circle), Gydan Reserve, Ust-Poluy archaeological site.

8. Economic ties

The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug maintained relations in 2013 with trading partners from 36 countries: Great Britain, the Netherlands, the Republic of Korea, Germany, Denmark, Poland.

In 2013, the foreign trade turnover decreased by 10.3% compared to 2012. The total volume of trade with non-CIS countries (98.8% of the total foreign trade turnover), with the CIS countries - 1.2%.

The volume of exports - 1972.1 million US dollars, in 2013 decreased by 9.8% compared to 2012.

The volume of imports - 251.8 million US dollars, in 2013 decreased by 0.4% compared to 2012.

.United Kingdom (33.1%)

Netherlands (29.1%)

.Republic of Korea (12.1%)

.Mineral fuel

.Oil and products of their distillation

USA (15.9%)

China (14.7%)

Ukraine (13.0%)

.Machinery, equipment and vehicles

.Metals and products from them.

9. Problems, development prospects

The Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug today is a stable, dynamically developing region, where a solid foundation has been laid for further socio-economic development, which makes it possible to build large-scale plans for the future.

The development strategy developed by the Government of the Autonomous Okrug until 2020 links the development of the fuel and energy complex with the formation of new branches of the regional economy, necessary for modern life. One of the global long-term projects is the development of gas reserves of the Kara Sea peninsula and shelf. 11 gas-bearing and 15 oil and gas condensate fields have been discovered here. Another major undertaking is the creation on the territory of the Polar Urals of a new center of the mining industry, which provides the metallurgy of neighboring regions with raw materials.

Together with the Siberian Scientific Analytical Center and RAO "Russian railways» The district administration is currently working on the development of a network of railways and roads and telecommunications systems. They should connect the Arctic Yamal with the large industrial centers of the Urals.

Social problems are a highly specialized, resource-based economy, high cost of living in adverse conditions, low life expectancy of the indigenous peoples of the North.

The priority goals of the socio-economic development of the Autonomous Okrug in the medium term are:

increase in the resource base of minerals;

creation of gas and oil refineries and enterprises;

development of the mining industry;

environmental Safety and efficient nature management;

development of small and medium business;

development of the affordable housing market and an increase in the pace housing construction, reducing the volume of dilapidated and dilapidated housing;

maintaining and improving social support for the population; - increasing employment and reducing unemployment;

More than thirty social programs are being implemented in the region.

population resource county industry

List of sources

1.Bank of cities. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: #"justify">2. Website of the Government of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Geography [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: #"justify">. Subjects of the Russian Federation. YaNAO [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: #"justify">. Website of the Government of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Geography [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: #"justify">. Wikipedia. Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug Access mode: #"justify">. World of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: #"justify">. Website of the Government of the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. Economics [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: #"justify">. Portal Compatriots [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: #"justify">. Portal InterEnergo [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: http://ieport.ru (Date of access: 17.04.14)

When in Central Russia people suffer from unbearable heat, the inhabitants of Yamal enjoy the cold. Despite the harsh weather, live here very kind people who gave this place its name. They call the Yamal Peninsula “Edge of the Earth”, because that is how its name sounds in translation from the Nenets.

History of cold Yamal

The first mention of the Yamal land dates back to the 11th century, but Novgorod merchants managed to get there even earlier. Their references to the northern lands were fantastic. Travelers talked about squirrels and deer that fell to the ground like raindrops from clouds. It was from this moment that the popularity of Yamal began to grow.

In order to finally conquer the rich northern lands, Tsar Fedor sent a campaign in 1592. A few years later, a Cossack detachment created a fortification, called Obdorsk. Today everyone knows this place as Salekhard - the city that is the capital Yamalo-Nenets District. After the northern lands were conquered and passed to Russia, the rapid growth of the power of this state began.

Russia, Yamal Peninsula. Location

The northernmost and coldest peninsula of Russia is located on the territory of the Yamal-Nenets district. It ranks fourth in size, washed by the Kara Sea from three sides, as well as by the bays of the Baydaratskaya and Obskaya bays. The last lip separates the main part of the mainland from the peninsula.

The flora here is represented only by tundra and forest-tundra areas. The flora consists of low-growing shrubs, mosses, trees, lichens and herbaceous plants. Animal and vegetable world here they are very poor, but there are a lot of fish.

The peninsula is famous for its unsurpassed cold beauty and unexplored lands. Believe me, the sight is impressive. Guests from all over the country come here to look at this area. Impressions are sometimes so strong that people who come for six months decide to stay here forever.

Yamal is located beyond the Arctic Circle, which greatly affects its climate. Summer on the peninsula can be compared, rather, with a thaw, since the temperature is +6, although in the tundra in July it can reach 30 degrees Celsius.

The land on the peninsula is permafrost, where the tundra is represented as a swampy plain. There are a lot of small lakes in Yamal that are suitable for economic activity. Valuable species of salmon fish live here.

Now you know where the Yamal Peninsula is located.

The local climate greatly affects health. Of course, northern people have their own diseases, such as frostbite of the upper part of the lungs.

Scientists have identified one very curious moment, which is directly related to the north. All people who have lived on the Yamal Peninsula for more than seven years have a dilated heart artery. This change affects the psychosomatic state of the individual, as a result of which a person becomes more hospitable, kinder, more responsive and affectionate. In such difficult conditions, it is impossible to survive by remaining a wolf, so there is nothing surprising in the changes.

Treasure of permafrost

Many people call the Yamal Peninsula a gas cylinder, but residents are not offended by this comic nickname. They only correct, saying that their Autonomous Okrug is the gas heart of Russia. There is really so much gas here that it even comes to the surface.

Photographs of a crater with a diameter of 60 meters were taken here. This natural phenomenon made this place famous, but did not surprise experts at all. Such funnels very often appear in permafrost, which contains a large supply of natural gas. The Yamal Peninsula is such a place. Photo of the famous funnel in front of you.

In the pre-war years, reindeer herding and fishing were considered the main sectors of the economy. The harvesting of furs increased rapidly. However, as soon as the district was formed, a completely new branch began to develop - crop production. People began to grow fodder root crops, potatoes and vegetables.

Administrative-territorial structure of the peninsula

The Autonomous Okrug includes:

6 urban settlements;

6 city districts;

36 rural settlements;

7 municipal districts.

Settlements of the Yamal Peninsula

Noyabrsk;

New Urengoy;

Gubkinsky;

Labytnangi;

Salekhard;

Tarko-Sale;

Muravlenko;

The largest settlements are:

1. New Port;

2. Yar-Sale;

3. Salemal;

4. Cape Stone;

5. Panaevsk;

Urban-type settlements:

Korotchaevo;

Pangody;

Limbayaha;

Tazovsky;

Urengoy;

Old Nadym.

The Yamal Peninsula is partially populated; full development is complicated by climatic conditions.

The population of the peninsula

For quite a long time, the district was practically deserted; only Khanty, Nenets and Selkup tribes lived here. They were engaged in hunting and reindeer herding and led a nomadic lifestyle.

The situation began to change from the 20th century, at that time the development of the natural resources of the district began and the population gradually began to increase.

Population:

1926 - 19,000 people;

1975 - 122,000;

2000 - 495,200 people;

2012 - 539,800;

National structure (percentage):

Selkups - 0.4;

Khanty - 1.9;

Nenets - 5.9;

Tatars - 5.6;

Other nationalities - 17.5;

Ukrainians - 9.7;

Russians - 61.7.

It should be noted that the Yamal Peninsula is the only subject of the Russian Federation where natural population growth has still been preserved. This fact takes place in all settlements, cities and regions.

The birth rate here is much higher than the national average, and the mortality rate is much lower. This is a very good indicator. The population is constantly increasing, and due to natural growth.

The Yamal Peninsula is a territory of permafrost and unsurpassed landscapes. This is amazing land which will not leave anyone indifferent. Everyone who has ever visited Yamal will certainly come back here.

Today, Yamal is considered a stable, dynamically developing region. It is a solid foundation for socio-economic development, which is very important both for the northern regions and for the country as a whole.

The city of Salekhard (before 1933 - Obdorsk) is the capital of the world's largest gas producing region - the Yamalo-Nenets Autonomous Okrug. The only city on the planet located at the latitude of the Arctic Circle.

The history of Obdorsk-Salekhard goes back to the history of the development of the north of Western Siberia, the creation of statehood among the aboriginal population, and the industrial development of the Arctic. Obdorsk has been an outpost for centuries Russian state on its northern route to the Pacific Ocean.

After the annexation of Siberia to Russia, on the site of the Ostyak town, near the confluence of the Poluy and Ob rivers, the Russian Cossacks of the Berezovsky voivode Nikita Trakhaniotov in 1595 laid the Obdorsky prison. Obdorsk (in the language of the Khanty - the Ob town) has gone through many transformations, always remaining the center of the region and an independent administrative unit. It contained the headquarters of the Ostyak and Samoyed foremen, representatives of the tsarist administration. Ostrog in 1635 was renamed Obdorskaya outpost. In 1799 the fortress was abolished. The outpost was transformed into the center of the Obdorsk volost of the Berezovsky district of the Tobolsk province - the village of Obdorsk.

In 1897, there were 30 houses, 150 trading shops in Obdorsk, there were 500 permanent residents, who were mainly engaged in hunting, fishing and trade. Every year from December 15 to January 25, the famous Obdorskaya Fair was held, the turnover of which exceeded 100 thousand rubles. It attracted thousands of sellers and buyers. Merchants brought here flour and bread, metal products and jewelry, cloth, wine and tobacco, and took away furs, walrus tusks, fish and bird feather.

After the formation of the Yamalo-Nenets National Okrug in 1930, Obdorsk became its capital and in 1933 received a new name - Salekhard (from the Nenets "Sale-Kharn" - a city on a cape). In 1938, the district center acquired the status of a city.

Now it is a modern administrative, cultural and business center of the region. The city is secured modern means communications and telecommunications.

Recently, Salekhard has turned into a large construction site. The housing shortage was one of the most acute social problems cities. Therefore, the priority direction was the construction of residential buildings and social facilities. In the early 90s, there were only two dozen permanent houses in Salekhard; in 15 years, the city was rebuilt almost anew.

Government of Yamal