Specially protected natural areas cannot have. SPs are specially protected natural areas. types of protected areas and their purpose
The upcoming 2017 is the Year of Specially Protected Natural Territories. The corresponding Decree was signed on August 1, 2016 by the President. specially protected natural areas and the objects are public property. They are presented in the form of plots, water surface and airspace above them. Within their limits there are complexes that have cultural, scientific, recreational, aesthetic, health-improving value. The Federal Law “On Specially Protected Natural Territories” in force in the country contains their list and characteristics, and establishes rules for their use.
Categories
AT specially protected natural territories of Russia included:
- Protected forest areas.
- Reserves.
- Reserves.
- National parks.
- Resort and health zones.
- botanical gardens.
- Dendrological parks.
Normative regional or municipal acts may provide for other types of specially protected natural areas.
Value
Main the importance of specially protected natural areas- preservation of valuable botanical, geological, hydrological, landscape, zoological complexes. According to international organizations, at the end of the 90s. of the last century, there were about 10 thousand large valuable sites all over the world. Total national parks was about 2 thousand, and biosphere reserves - 350. Significance of specially protected natural areas determined by their uniqueness. They are of great value for educational tourism. This allows us to consider them as recreational resources, the operation of which should be strictly regulated.
Characteristic
Each specially protected natural area is endowed with its own functions. Within its limits, specific rules of stay are provided, as well as the procedure for using resources. AT hierarchical structure each specially protected natural area has the ability to prevent the destruction and serious change of the complex or its individual components. To protect them from negative anthropogenic factors, zones or districts can be formed in adjacent areas. They operate special mode specially protected natural areas.
reserves
They act as research, environmental, environmental education institutions. Their goal is to preserve and explore natural flow processes and phenomena, unique and typical ecosystems, gene pool flora. Reserves are considered as the most common and typical specially protected natural areas. Animals, plants, ecosystems, subsoil located in them are completely withdrawn from circulation and economic use.
prescriptions
The property of reserves belongs to the category of federal property. Plants, animals, subsoil, water are provided for the possession of institutions on special rights. Structures, historical, cultural and other elements are transferred to reserves in operational management. "does not allow the withdrawal or other termination of rights to sites and other resources located within them. The provision determining the status of a particular reserve is approved by the Government.
Permissible Activities
They are provided Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories"". Within the reserve, activities and events aimed at:
- Ensuring the conservation of complexes in their natural state, restoration and prevention of changes in them and their elements under the influence anthropogenic factors.
- Maintenance of sanitary and fire safety conditions.
- Prevention of factors that can cause disasters that threaten the lives of the population and the area where they live.
- Implementation of environmental monitoring.
- Implementation of research tasks.
- Performance of control and supervisory functions.
Protection of specially protected natural areas carried out in accordance with the Regulations. Any activity that is not consistent with the tasks of the reserve, contrary to the established rules, is prohibited. Introduction (resettlement) of living organisms for acclimatization is not allowed.
Zones
The specially protected natural area of the reserve, unlike the national park, has a rather limited recreational use. Mostly, it serves educational purposes. This situation is reflected in the functional zoning of reserves. In particular, 4 territories are distinguished within their borders:
- reserved regime. In them, representatives of flora and fauna develop without human intervention.
- Scientific monitoring. In this zone, researchers monitor the development and state of natural objects.
- environmental education. In this area, as a rule, place a museum. Regulated trails are laid here, along which tourist groups lead to get acquainted with the features of the complex.
- Economic and administrative zone.
national park
This specially protected natural area has historical, cultural, ecological and aesthetic value. national park used in educational scientific purposes, as well as for regulated tourism. Objects that are located within the territory are transferred for use in accordance with applicable regulations. Historical and cultural complexes, which are under state protection, are transferred to national parks in agreement with the authorized bodies.
Nuances
Within some areas of the national park there may be sites of third-party users and owners. The administration of protected areas has the exclusive right to acquire land at the expense of federal funds or other sources not prohibited by regulations. National parks are state property. Structures, buildings, historical, cultural and other complexes are transferred to the administration for operational management. A particular park operates in accordance with the Regulations. It is approved by the authority in charge of the territory, in agreement with the authorized body operating in the field of nature protection.
Tasks of the national park
Along with environmental protection activities, conditions for regulated recreation and tourism are being created on the territory. Special zones are established within the national park:
Reserves
These specially protected natural territories of Russia are presented in in large numbers. Reserves operate in almost all regions of the country. The assignment of the territory to this category is carried out with the withdrawal of sites from users, owners, owners or without it. Reserves may be federal or regional jurisdiction. These territories are of particular importance for the restoration or preservation of natural complexes or their components, as well as for ensuring the ecological balance. Reserves may have different purposes. Landscape are designed to restore and preserve complexes, biological - for endangered and rare representatives fauna and flora, paleontological - for fossil objects, hydrological - for aquatic ecosystems, geological - for elements of the inanimate environment.
Botanical gardens and dendrological parks
These environmental institutions perform various functions. Among them, in particular, the creation of collections of plant species to enrich the flora and preserve its diversity. Educational, scientific and educational activities are carried out in botanical gardens and dendrological parks. The territories on which these institutions are located are intended for the implementation of their direct tasks. The sites are transferred for permanent use to parks, educational or research organizations under their jurisdiction. These institutions carry out the introduction of plants into natural environment study their ecology under stationary conditions. Parks and gardens develop the scientific basis for ornamental gardening, landscaping, landscape architecture, breeding techniques and so on. These institutions may be federal or regional jurisdictions. Their creation is under the jurisdiction of the executive power structures.
Monuments of nature
These complexes are considered the most common in the country. Natural monuments are irreplaceable, unique, scientifically, ecologically, aesthetically and culturally valuable objects. They can be artificial or natural. Areas of water space and land, single elements can be declared as natural monuments. The latter include, among others:
- Scenic areas.
- Reference territories of untouched nature.
- Areas dominated by the cultural landscape. For example, they are alleys, ancient parks, ancient mines, canals, etc.
- Habitats and growths of relic, valuable, rare, small and endangered animals and plants.
- Forest tracts and their separate areas, which are of value in terms of their characteristics. For example, plants with a unique species composition, genetic qualities, productivity, etc., can grow on them.
- Samples of achievements of forestry practice and science.
- Complexes playing important role in maintaining the hydrological regime.
- Unique relief forms, landscapes associated with them. These include, for example, mountains, gorges, groups of rocks and caves, canyons, moraine-boulder ridges, glacial cirques, dunes and dunes, hydrolaccoliths, giant ice floes, etc.
- Geological outcrops with unique properties and of scientific value. Among them, in particular, are stratotypes, reference sections, outcrops of rare rocks, fossils, and minerals.
- Geological and geographical polygons, classical areas, where there are especially expressive traces of seismic phenomena, outcrops of folded and discontinuous rock formations.
- Areas containing particularly valuable or rare paleontological objects.
- Hydromineral natural complexes, mineral and thermal springs, mud deposits.
- Areas of lakes, rivers, wetlands, marine areas, ponds, small river flows with floodplains.
- Coastal facilities. These include spits, islands and peninsulas, isthmuses, bays, lagoons.
- Separate objects of inanimate and living nature. This category includes nesting places for birds, plants with bizarre shapes, long-lived trees, as well as those of historical and memorial value, etc.
Natural monuments may have regional, federal or local significance depending on their environmental, cultural, aesthetic and other value.
13.1. Types of specially protected areas. Specially protected territories are plots of land and water space that have special environmental, scientific, cultural significance, completely or partially withdrawn from economic use, for which a special protection regime has been established. These territories and objects are the main means of biodiversity conservation, i.e. the sustainability of the biosphere.
Currently, specially protected areas and objects include state reserves and reserves, national and natural parks, natural monuments, dendrological parks and botanical gardens, medical and recreational areas and resorts, as well as plants and animals listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation. Along with this, the government of the Russian Federation, regional executive bodies and local governments may also establish other forms of specially protected areas, for example, green areas of cities, urban forests and parks, monuments of garden and applied art, protected natural landscapes etc.
The procedure for classifying lands as specially protected territories of federal significance, their use and protection is established by the Government of the Russian Federation on the basis of federal laws. Management and state control in the field of organization and functioning of specially protected areas is established by the Government of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia. To assess the state of the natural reserve fund, a state cadastre of specially protected territories is maintained, containing information about their geographical location, boundaries and status of these territories, regime, nature users, scientific, historical and cultural value.
The sources of environmental law on this issue are the Federal Law “On Specially Protected Natural Territories” (1995), “On Natural Medical Resources, Health Resorts and Resorts” (1995), “On Environmental Protection”.
Main features legal status specially protected territories and objects are:
their belonging to objects of national property;
their complete or partial withdrawal from economic use;
establishment of a special regime of protection;
attributing them to objects of state property;
receiving special status- federal, regional, local;
inclusion in the state cadastre of specially protected territories;
establishment of measures of legal responsibility for violation of the regime of specially protected territories and objects.
13.2. Reserves and reserves. Reserves are specially protected territories that are nature protection and research organizations established by a decree of the Government of the Russian Federation with the consent of the subject of the Russian Federation within which they are located. They have the highest status and the most stringent protection regime, their territory is completely excluded from economic circulation.
The purpose of organizing these objects is to create standards of natural ecosystems in which biodiversity is preserved, conservation of the genetic fund of flora and fauna, organization and conduct of scientific research and environmental monitoring.
A variety of state reserves are biosphere reserves, which are part of the international system of biosphere reserves that carry out global environmental monitoring. They are created for the purpose of carrying out environmental monitoring, as well as testing and implementing methods of rational nature management that do not destroy the biosphere and do not deplete bioresources. These are original samples of the natural environment.
On the territories of state reserves it is prohibited:
any economic activity and even the presence of persons who are not engaged in scientific work in the reserve;
introduction of living organisms for the purpose of their acclimatization;
any human intervention in natural processes.
State natural reserves are legal entities, financed from the federal budget and enjoy tax incentives and their property is federal property.
State nature reserves- these are specially protected territories (water areas) created for the conservation or restoration of natural complexes or their individual components; they can be endowed with federal or regional significance and have a different profile, i.e. to be:
biological, i.e. botanical or zoological, intended for the conservation, restoration or protection of rare and endangered species of plants and animals;
paleontological, intended for the conservation of fossil objects;
hydrological (river, swamp, sea, lake) designed to preserve or restore valuable water bodies and ecosystems;
geological, created to preserve unique samples of inanimate nature.
State sanctuaries of federal significance are established by the decision of the Government of the Russian Federation and financed from the federal budget, regional significance - by the decision of the authorities executive power subjects of the Russian Federation by agreement with local governments; regional reserves are financed from the funds of the subject of the Federation.
The law provides the opportunity to use the natural resources of the reserves only to representatives of ethnic communities leading a traditional way of life (for example, representatives of northern peoples are allowed to hunt seals).
13.3. National and natural parks, dendrological parks and botanical gardens. National parks are environmental education and research institutions of federal significance, intended for use in environmental, scientific, cultural and educational purposes and for regulated tourism. They are organized by the Government of the Russian Federation with the consent of the subjects of the Federation for the transfer of the relevant lands to federal ownership. Unlike reserves, these institutions allow the implementation of excursion, educational, tourist activities and recreation on their territory with the condition of organizing parking in strictly defined permitted places. This is a relatively new type of specially protected areas in the Russian Federation. A protected zone with a limited nature management regime is being created around national parks.
National parks are federally owned and are legal entities financed from the federal budget. They are granted tax benefits established by the legislation of the Russian Federation and the constituent entity of the Russian Federation. Fines imposed by officials of the national park for environmental offenses are at the independent disposal of the park and are accounted for on a separate balance sheet. Land plots, buildings and structures located on the territory of the park are not subject to privatization.
On the territory of national parks it is prohibited:
exploration and development of minerals;
provision of horticultural and summer cottages;
construction of economic facilities and communications not related to the functioning of the national park;
fellings of the main use and passing cuttings;
commercial hunting and fishing;
cattle drive, timber rafting;
organization of mass sports and entertainment events;
collection of biological collections;
traffic and parking Vehicle not related to the activities of the national park.
Natural parks are environmental recreational facilities that are under the jurisdiction of the subjects of the Russian Federation, which make decisions on their formation. Their territories (water areas) include natural complexes and objects of significant ecological value and are intended for use in environmental protection, educational and recreational purposes. Territories of natural parks are located on lands granted to them for unlimited use.
In the territories of natural parks, activities that entail a change in the historically established natural landscape, a decrease or destruction of its ecological, aesthetic and recreational qualities are prohibited. In these territories, environmental, recreational, agricultural and other zones, as well as zones for the protection of historical and cultural objects and complexes, can be allocated. Natural parks are legal entities financed by the subject of the Federation and having tax benefits.
Monuments of nature are unique, irreplaceable, scientifically, culturally and aesthetically valuable natural complexes and objects. They may have federal, regional and local significance. The legal status of a natural monument is secured by a protection certificate or passport, security zones are established on its territory, and any activity that can lead to a violation of its safety is prohibited.
Dendrological parks and botanical gardens are intended primarily for the creation of botanical collections in order to preserve the diversity of the plant world and carry out scientific, educational and educational activities. They may have federal and regional significance. Land plots are transferred to them for unlimited use. The law prohibits activities that are not related to the direct fulfillment of the tasks facing these objects.
13.4. Therapeutic and recreational areas and resorts. These are territories (water areas) that have natural healing resources (mineral waters, therapeutic mud, beaches, climate) and are intended for organizing treatment, disease prevention and recreation for the population. They may have federal, regional and local significance. Accordingly, the boundaries and regime of the districts are established by the Government of the Russian Federation, the administration of the subject of the Federation or municipal authorities. The assignment of territories (water areas) to health-improving areas and resorts is carried out in the manner established by the Federal Law "On natural healing resources, health-improving areas and resorts" 1995.
A resort is a specially protected area that has been developed and used for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes and is under the jurisdiction of state or local authorities. The resort area is a territory with compactly located resorts, united by a common district of sanitary protection.
As part of the sanitary protection district of a medical and recreational facility, three zones are distinguished, each of which has its own regime. On the territory of the first zone, residence (except for vacationers) and all types of economic activity are prohibited, with the exception of the use of medicinal natural resources. On the territory of the second zone, it is prohibited to place objects that are not directly related to the creation and development of spa treatment and recreation, as well as polluting the environment. The service personnel of the resort can live in the third zone and restrictions are imposed on economic activities associated with environmental pollution and the deterioration of the quality of natural healing resources.
13.5 Specially protected natural objects. These are rare, endangered plants and animals listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation, which is maintained by the Ministry of Natural Resources of Russia, and the provision for which is established in the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 19, 1996 "On the Red Book of the Russian Federation". The Red Book is an official document containing a summary of information about the specified objects of the animal and plant world, as well as the necessary measures for their protection and restoration. The publication of the Red Book is carried out at least once every 10 years. Plants and animals listed in the Red Book are generally excluded from economic use, and activities leading to a reduction in their numbers and deterioration of their habitat are prohibited. It is generally accepted that the most effective measure protection of rare animals is to preserve their habitat.
Conclusions and results
An overview of the types of specially protected areas and objects is given.
The purpose of the organization of reserves is to create standards of natural ecosystems.
Reserves are created with the aim of preserving and restoring individual components ecosystems.
National parks are environmental education and research institutions that allow regulated tourism.
Natural parks are nature protection facilities under the jurisdiction of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation.
Medical and health-improving areas and resorts are territories that have medical resources and have three zones of sanitary protection.
The Red Book of Russia, maintained by the Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation, contains information on rare, endangered species of plants and animals.
Questions for self-examination
What objects in the Russian Federation are classified as specially protected?
What are nature reserves and what is their legal status?
What is the purpose of creating specially protected territories in the Russian Federation?
What is the status of national and natural parks, how do they differ from nature reserves?
What are reserves, for what purpose are they created?
What types of reserves exist in the Russian Federation?
What activities are allowed in the reserves?
What is the Red Book of the Russian Federation, who maintains it and for what purpose?
What are resorts, for what purpose are they created?
What federal laws regulate the existence of specially protected territories and objects?
What zones exist within the district of sanitary protection of a medical and recreational facility?
Literature on the topic
Bogolyubov S.A. environmental law. Textbook for universities. M., 1998, 2000.
Brinchuk M.M. Environmental law (environmental law). Textbook for law schools. M., 1998, 2000.
Dubovik O.L. Ecological law in questions and answers. M., 2003.
Petrov V.V. Ecological law of Russia. M., 1995.
Razumova E.R. Environmental law. Lecture course. M.: MIEMP, 2005.
Reimers N.F. Nature Conservation and human environment environment. Dictionary reference. M., 1992.
3.Specially protected natural areas (SPs)
Protected Areas and Tourism. State natural reserves. National and natural parks. State natural reserves. Monuments of nature. Dendrological parks and botanical gardens. Therapeutic areas and resorts. Ecological tourism.
Specially Protected Natural Territories (SPNTs) are objects of national heritage and are plots of land, water surface and airspace above them, where natural complexes and objects are located that have a special environmental, scientific, cultural, aesthetic, recreational and health value, which withdrawn by decisions of state authorities in whole or in part from economic use and for which a special protection regime has been established.
To specially protected natural areas (SPNA) include: natural reserves, natural monuments, protected areas of the forest, National parks, reserves. The main purpose of these territories is the protection of valuable natural objects: botanical, zoological, hydrological, geological, complex, landscape.
According to the estimates of leading international organizations in the late 1990s, there were about 10,000 large protected natural areas of all kinds in the world. The total number of national parks was close to 2000, and biosphere reserves - to 350.
Specially protected natural areas are of great importance in the natural recreational potential of Russia. Taking into account the peculiarities of the regime and the status of environmental institutions located on them, the following categories of these territories are usually distinguished:
§ state nature reserves, including biosphere ones;
§ National parks;
§ natural parks;
§ state nature reserves;
§ monuments of nature;
§ dendrological parks and botanical gardens;
§ health-improving areas and resorts.
PAs can have federal, regional or local significance . Protected areas of federal significance are federal property and are administered by federal government bodies. PAs of regional importance are the property of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and are under the jurisdiction of state authorities of the constituent entities of the Federation. Protected areas of local importance are the property of municipalities and are administered by local governments.
State natural reserves are environmental, research and environmental education institutions with the aim of preserving and studying the natural course of natural processes and phenomena, the genetic fund of flora and fauna, individual species and communities of plants and animals, typical and unique ecological systems.
These reserves are the most traditional and strict form of territorial nature protection in Russia, which is of priority importance for the conservation of biological diversity.
On the territory of reserves, specially protected natural complexes and objects (land, water, subsoil, plant and animal world), which have environmental, scientific, environmental and educational significance as samples of the natural environment, typical or rare landscapes, places of conservation of the genetic fund of flora and fauna.
reserves- environmental institutions, the territory or water area of which includes natural complexes and objects of unique ecological value, intended for use in environmental, scientific, scientific and educational purposes.
Unlike national parks, nature reserves have a very limited recreational use, mainly for educational purposes only. This is reflected in the functional zoning of the reserves. In particular, there are 4 main zones:
· zone of protected regime, in which flora and fauna develop without human intervention;
· a zone of scientific monitoring, in which the scientific staff of the reserve monitor the state and development of protected natural objects;
zone of ecological education, where the museum of nature of the reserve is usually located and strictly regulated trails are laid along which groups of tourists are guided to get acquainted with natural features complex;
economic and administrative zone.
National parks are nature protection, environmental education and research institutions, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of special ecological, historical and aesthetic value, and which are intended for use in environmental, educational, scientific and cultural purposes and regulated tourism.
Abroad, national parks are the most popular view PAs. In particular, in the United States, the history of the creation of some parks has more than a hundred years.
The task of national parks, along with the nature protection function, is to create conditions for regulated tourism and recreation in natural conditions.
Therefore, in the most conditional version, 4 functional zones are distinguished on the territory of any national park:
· zone of protected regime, within which any recreational and economic activity is prohibited;
· zone of custom regime – preservation of natural objects under strictly regulated recreational use;
· zone of cognitive tourism - organization of environmental education and familiarization with the sights of the park;
· zone of recreational use, including areas for recreation, sports and amateur hunting and fishing.
Natural parks of regional importance is a relatively new category of protected areas in Russia. They are environmental recreational institutions under the jurisdiction of the subjects of the Federation, the territories (water areas) of which include natural complexes and objects of significant environmental and aesthetic value, and intended for use in environmental, educational and recreational purposes. Parks are located on lands granted to them for perpetual (permanent) use, in some cases - on lands of other users, as well as owners.
One of the most "mass" categories of specially protected natural areas are state nature reserves, which are available in almost all regions of the Russian Federation. The declaration of a territory as a state natural reserve is allowed both with and without withdrawal from users, owners and proprietors of land plots.
State natural reserves are areas (water areas) of particular importance for the conservation or restoration of natural complexes or their components and maintaining the ecological balance.
State natural reserves can be of federal or regional significance and have a different profile. Landscape reserves are intended for the conservation and restoration of natural complexes (natural landscapes); biological (botanical and zoological) - conservation and restoration of rare and endangered species of plants and animals (including valuable species in economic, scientific and cultural terms); paleontological - conservation of fossil objects; hydrological (marsh, lake, river, marine) - conservation and restoration of valuable water bodies and ecological systems; geological - preservation of valuable objects and complexes of inanimate nature.
Monuments of nature – unique, irreplaceable, ecologically, scientifically, culturally and aesthetically valuable natural complexes, as well as objects of natural and artificial origin.
Land and water areas, as well as single natural objects, can be declared natural monuments.
Monuments of nature may have federal, regional or local significance, depending on the environmental, aesthetic and other value of protected natural complexes and objects.
Russian legislation singles out another category of protected natural areas - dendrological parks and botanical gardens. These are predominantly urban and suburban facilities created to fulfill educational, scientific, and only partially recreational purposes.
Botanical gardens and dendrological parks carry out the introduction of plants of natural flora, study their ecology and biology under stationary conditions, develop the scientific foundations of ornamental gardening, landscape architecture, landscaping, introduce wild plants into culture, protect introduced plants from pests and diseases, and also develop methods and techniques of breeding and agricultural technology for the creation of sustainable decorative expositions, the principles of organizing artificial phytocenoses and the use of introduced plants to optimize the technogenic environment.
Dendrological parks and botanical gardens can be of federal, regional significance and are formed, respectively, by decisions of the executive bodies of state power of the Russian Federation or representative and executive bodies of state power of the relevant subjects of the Federation.
You can get acquainted with the types and forms of recreational use of specially protected natural areas by studying the textbook excerpts from the articles on this issue below.
THERAPEUTIC AND IMPROVING AREAS- specially protected natural objects, which, in accordance with the Federal Law "On Specially Protected Natural Territories" dated March 14, 1995, may include territories (water areas) suitable for organizing the treatment and prevention of diseases, as well as recreation for the population and possessing natural healing resources (mineral waters, therapeutic mud, brine of estuaries and lakes, therapeutic climate, beaches, parts of water areas and inland seas, other natural objects and conditions). RESORT - a specially protected natural area developed and used for therapeutic and prophylactic purposes, which has natural therapeutic resources and the buildings and structures necessary for their operation, including infrastructure facilities (Federal Law "On natural therapeutic resources, therapeutic areas and resorts" dated February 23, 1995 .).
There are K. of local significance (run by local governments), K. of regional significance (run by a state authority of a constituent entity of the Russian Federation) and K. of federal significance (run by federal government bodies).
Types of institutions: sanatoriums, rest houses, boarding houses, resort polyclinics, health resort. hotels, to lay down. hotels.
The main types of resorts:
Balneotherapy (min. water)
Mud (medical mud)
Climatic (forest, seaside, mountainous, climatic koumiss - medicinal)
!!! See the table with resorts in the tour notebook. resources in seminars!!!
Ecological tourism(especially in the form of biospheric ecotourism) is the most environmentally friendly type of nature management. Within its framework, knowledge can go in line with either the educational process or simply familiarization. The difference between the first type of cognition and the second one is that the educational process is associated with the purposeful and thematic acquisition of information about the elements of the ecosystem, while the introductory process is associated with unprofessional observation of nature. Familiarization can take place in passive (stationary stay in the natural environment), active (associated with the transition of a tourist from one natural object of interest to another) and sports (overcoming natural obstacles when passing routes) forms.
Therefore, it is necessary to define eco-tourism as an activity based on the following principles:
Ø Journey into nature, and the main content of such trips is acquaintance with wildlife, as well as with local customs and culture.
Ø Minimization of negative consequences of ecological and socio-cultural nature, maintenance of environmental sustainability of the environment.
Ø Contribute to the protection of nature and the local socio-cultural environment.
Ø environmental education and education.
Ø Participation local residents and their receipt of income from tourism activities, which creates economic incentives for them to protect nature.
Ø Economic efficiency and contribution to sustainable development visited regions.
These signs indicate recognized authorities in this field as fundamental for ecological tourism - N.V. Moraleva and E.Yu. Ledovskikh, members of the Dersu Uzala Ecotourism Development Fund.
4.Cultural and historical tourist resources.
Concept, essence. Material and spiritual cultural and historical objects.
material- all means of production and material values societies (monuments of history and culture, enterprises of all branches of the national economy) that can satisfy the cognitive needs of people;
spiritual- achievements of the society in the state-public life, science, culture, art.
In complex recreational resources a special place is occupied by cultural and historical resources, which are the legacy of past eras of social development. They serve as a prerequisite for the organization of cultural and cognitive types of recreational activities, on this basis they optimize recreational activities in general, performing quite serious educational functions. The spaces formed by cultural and historical objects to a certain extent determine the localization of recreational flows and the direction of excursion routes.
Among cultural and historical objects the leading role belongs to historical and cultural monuments, which are most attractive and on this basis serve as the main means of satisfying the needs of cognitive and cultural recreation. Depending on their main features, historical and cultural monuments are divided into 5 main types: history, archeology, urban planning and architecture, art, documentary monuments.
MONUMENTS OF HISTORY. These may include buildings, structures, memorial sites and objects associated with the most important historical events in the life of the people, as well as with the development of science and technology, culture and life of peoples, with the life of prominent people of the state.
MONUMENTS OF ARCHEOLOGY. These are settlements, barrows, the remains of ancient settlements, fortifications, industries, canals, roads, ancient burial places, stone sculptures, rock carvings, ancient objects, sections of the historical cultural layer of ancient settlements.
MONUMENTS OF URBAN PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE. The following objects are most typical for them: architectural ensembles and complexes, historical centers, quarters, squares, streets, remains of the ancient planning and development of cities and other settlements, civil, industrial, military, religious architecture, folk architecture, as well as related works of monumental, fine arts, arts and crafts, garden and park art, suburban landscapes.
MONUMENTS OF ART. These include works of monumental, fine, decorative and applied and other types of art.
DOCUMENTARY MONUMENTS. These are acts of state authorities and administration, other written and graphic documents, film and photo documents and sound recordings, as well as ancient and other manuscripts and archives, records of folklore and music, rare printed publications.
to cultural and historical The prerequisites for the recreational industry include other objects related to the history, culture and modern activities of people: original industrial enterprises, agriculture, transport, theaters, scientific and educational institutions, sports facilities, botanical gardens, zoos, ethnographic and folklore attractions, handicrafts , folk customs, holiday rituals, etc.
All objects used in cognitive and cultural recreation are divided into 2 groups - movable and immovable.
The first group consists of art monuments, archaeological finds, mineralogical, botanical and zoological collections, documentary monuments and other things, objects and documents that can be easily moved. The consumption of recreational resources of this group is associated with visits to museums, libraries and archives, where they are usually concentrated.
The second group includes monuments of history, urban planning and architecture, archeology and monumental art and other structures, including those monuments of art that are an integral part of architecture. From the standpoint of cognitive and cultural recreation, it is important that the objects of this group are independent single or group formations.
The next, more important stage in the assessment of cultural and historical objects is their typology for recreational significance.
The typology is based on the information essence of cultural and historical objects: uniqueness, typicality among objects of this type, cognitive and educational value, attractiveness (external attractiveness).
informative cultural and historical objects for recreational purposes can be measured by the amount of necessary and sufficient time for their inspection. To determine the time of inspection of the object, it is necessary to classify the object on the basis that would reflect the duration of the inspection.
You can choose 2 classification features:
the degree of organization of the object to display
the location of the sightseers in relation to the object of inspection.
According to the degree of organization, objects are divided into specially organized and unorganized for display.
Organized objects require more inspection time, as they are the purpose of the inspection and form the basis of the excursion. Unorganized objects serve as an accompanying excursion with a general plan, a background that is captured at one glance without detailed consideration.
According to the location of the tourists, the objects are divided into
interior (internal inspection of the object)
exterior (external inspection of the object). The total time for viewing exterior objects is always longer than the time for visiting interior objects (perhaps, with the exception of museums and some other repositories of historical values).
MONUMENTS OF HISTORY AND CULTURE AND THEIR VARIETIES
Monuments of religious architecture. Monuments of religious architecture are the most ancient ones that have survived to our time. These are churches and monasteries of various confessions (religions): Orthodox churches, Catholic cathedrals, Lutheran churches, Jewish synagogues, Buddhist pagodas, Muslim mosques.
Now, during the revival of religiosity, pilgrimages are becoming very relevant. Travel to cult complexes can be carried out by different groups with different goals. There are several forms of such travel.
Monuments of secular architecture. Monuments of secular architecture include urban development - civil and industrial, as well as suburban palace and park ensembles. Of the most ancient buildings, the Kremlin and boyar chambers have survived to this day. Urban architecture is usually represented by palace buildings, administrative buildings (offices, shopping arcades, noble and merchant meetings, governors' houses), theaters, libraries, universities and hospitals, which were often built at the expense of patrons according to the designs of famous architects. Since the formation of the Yamskaya chase along the roads for royal persons, postal stations and travel palaces have been revived, which have now entered the city limits or stand along the old tracts. Industrial architecture includes buildings of factories and plants, mines, quarries and other structures. Country architecture is represented by estates and palace and park ensembles, such as, for example, Petrodvorets and Pavlovsk in the vicinity of St. Petersburg, Arkhangelskoye and others in the Moscow region.
archaeological sites. The archaeological monuments include settlements, mounds, rock paintings, earthen ramparts, ancient quarries, mines, as well as the remains of ancient civilizations and excavations of the earliest periods. Archaeological monuments are of interest to specialists - historians and archaeologists. Tourists are mainly attracted by rock paintings, inspection of exposed archaeological layers, as well as archaeological expositions.
Ethnographic monuments. The ethnographic heritage involved in tourist routes is represented by two types. These are either museum expositions in local history museums, museums of folk life and wooden architecture, or existing settlements that have preserved the features of traditional forms of management, cultural life and rituals inherent in the area.
Ethnographic monuments are classified as cultural heritage according to the following criteria: uniqueness and originality of ethno-cultural and socio-cultural conditions; compact accommodation small peoples and the old-timer population, where traditional ways, customs and forms of nature management are most fully preserved.
HISTORICAL AND CULTURAL POTENTIAL AND THE METHOD OF ITS EVALUATION
Historical and cultural potential is the basis of educational tourism. It is represented by various types of historical monuments, memorial places, folk crafts, museums, that is, combinations of objects of material and spiritual culture.
Cultural heritage is the legacy of the historical development of civilization that has accumulated in a given territory.
Each era leaves its mark, which is found in the cultural layers during archaeological excavations. Almost every area can be of interest for educational tourism. But places where people lived for a long time, store more traces of material culture.
In historical and cultural potential includes the entire socio-cultural environment with traditions and customs, features of household and economic activities. Tourists, visiting this or that country, perceive cultural complexes as a whole.
Evaluation of cultural complexes for recreational purposes is carried out by two main methods:
1) ranking cultural complexes according to their place in world and domestic culture. Produced by experts: objects of world, federal, regional and local significance are installed;
2) necessary and sufficient time for inspection. This method allows you to compare different territories in terms of the prospects of the historical and cultural potential for tourism.
For cultural complexes, as well as for natural ones, important characteristics are reliability and capacity.
The reliability of cultural complexes is determined by two factors: resistance to recreational loads and the stability of its compliance with the value criteria that have been formed among the population.
The first factor determines what flow of tourists a given cultural complex can withstand. This is especially important for museums, where it is necessary to maintain a certain temperature and humidity regime in order to preserve exhibits. There is an urgent question about the use of modern technical means to increase the resistance of cultural complexes to recreational loads and to regulate the flow of tourists.
The second factor is related to the long-term interest of tourists in this cultural site. Their interest in world heritage sites (Egyptian pyramids, ancient architecture of Athens, architectural and historical and cultural monuments of Paris, St. Petersburg, etc.) remains stable.
The capacity of a cultural complex is determined by the duration of the period during which tourists can perceive the information contained in it, and depends on two factors: the attractiveness of the object of inspection and the psychophysiological capabilities of a person, which are distinguished by a significant individuality and have a certain limit.
Nature, both living and non-living, is a great value on our planet. We are in excellent conditions for life. If we look at the planets closest to us, then big difference appearance Earth and other planets is impressive. A huge volume of clean fresh and salt water of the oceans, life-giving atmosphere, fertile soils. The richness of the plant world that surrounds almost our entire planet, as well as the animal diversity, are surprising: it is impossible to study all kinds of living beings in a person's life.
However, it is precisely such diversity and such environmental conditions that are necessary for the harmonious state of the entire planet, for the balance of substances on it.
Harmony of nature
People by their activity transform nature more than any other kind of organisms. Moreover, other organisms have merged with natural environment that even help to maintain the original balance on the planet. For example, a lion hunting an antelope is likely to catch the weakest individual, thus maintaining the survival of the herbivore population. Earthworm, making numerous holes in the soil, does not spoil the fertile surface layer. It loosens the ground, so that the air will only better reach the roots of the plants.
The economic activity of Homo sapiens
Man has a developed brain. The development of human economic activity is proceeding at a faster pace than evolutionary processes nature. She does not have time to adapt to the changes caused by people.
Many years ago, the population of Australia herded cattle on a small mainland too intensively. According to this hypothesis, numerous deserts of the continent were formed precisely because of human activity.
Since ancient times, trees have been intensively cut down for the construction of houses. Nowadays, forests are shrinking just as fast: we still use wood for various purposes.
The world's population is huge and, according to scientists, will grow even faster. If people populate or use the entire area of the planet in their economy, then nature, of course, will not withstand such a load.
History of protected natural areas
Already in ancient times, people kept intact certain parts of the territory on which they lived. The faith of people in the gods made them tremble before sacred places. Even the protection of such sites was not required, the people themselves treated these sacred territories with care, believing in something mysterious.
In the era of feudalism, the lands of the nobility came to the fore in terms of inviolability. The property was protected. In such territories, hunting was forbidden, or even simply visiting other people's parts of the forest or other biotope was prohibited.
In the nineteenth century industrial Revolution made me think seriously about saving natural resources for future generations. Protected areas are being created in Europe. Natural monuments became the first of the specially protected natural areas. Preserved ancient beech forests and some of the sights, such as unusual objects of geology.
In Russia, the first protected areas were organized at the end of the 19th century. They weren't government yet.
What is a protected area
These are areas of land or water on which the economic activity of people is partially or completely prohibited. How is the abbreviation deciphered? As "Specially Protected Natural Territories".
Types of protected areas according to IUCN
Nowadays, there are about 105,000 specially protected natural areas on the planet. For such a large number of objects, classification is necessary. international union environmental protection allocated the following types PAs:
- Strict natural reserve. The protection of such a territory is especially strict, all economic activities are prohibited. Visiting only with a document permitting being on the site. The nature of this territory is the most integral.
- National park. It is divided into areas with strict protection and areas where tourist routes are laid.
- Monument of nature. An unusual well-known natural object is protected.
- Managed natural reserve. The state takes care of the conservation of species of living organisms and habitats for their habitat. A person introduces activities to help in a fairly rapid reproduction and maintenance of offspring.
- Protected marine and territorial landscapes. Recreational facilities are preserved.
- Protected areas with monitoring of resource consumption. It is possible to use natural resources if the activity does not cause major changes on the site.
Types of protected areas according to the law of the Russian Federation
The Russian Federation uses a simpler classification. Types of protected areas in Russia:
- State natural reserve. The strictest security regime is maintained. Visit only for the purpose of work on the conservation of ecosystems or training in the territory.
- National park. Subdivided into ecological zones possible use of natural resources. In some areas, ecological tourism is developed. There are areas for the work of national park personnel. There may be sites for recreation of the population, as well as for the overnight stay of visitors passing the tourist route.
- Natural Park. Created to save ecosystems in the conditions of mass recreation of the population. New methods of nature conservation are being developed.
- State natural reserve. Natural resources are not only preserved, but also restored. In the reserve, active work is being carried out to restore the former natural wealth of the area. Ecotourism is possible.
- Monument of nature. Significant natural or artificial natural complex. Unique education.
- Dendrological parks and botanical gardens. In the territories, collections of plant species are created in order to preserve species diversity planets and replenishment of the lost species of land plots.
Wrangel Island
The UNESCO World Heritage Sites include 8 sites located on the territory of the Russian Federation. One of such protected areas is the Wrangel Island nature reserve.
The protected area is located in the Chukotka autonomous region. This is the northernmost of all protected natural areas in Russia. protected area- these are two islands (Wrangel and Herald) and the adjacent water area. The area of protected areas is more than two million hectares.
The reserve was organized in 1976 to preserve the typical and unique flora and fauna. Nature, due to the location of the islands remotely from the mainland and because of the harsh climate, is preserved in an almost untouched form. Scientists come to the site to study local ecosystems. Thanks to the creation of the reserve, such rare animals as polar bear, walrus. A huge number of endemic species inhabit this area.
Lives on the islands local population. It has the right to use natural resources, but to a strictly limited extent.
Lake Baikal
The most valuable lake in the world is also a World Natural Heritage Site. The protected area data system is the largest reservoir of net fresh water.
The huge number of endemic species surprises scientists. More than half of the animals and plants growing here are found only on Lake Baikal. In total, there are about a thousand endemic species. Of these, 27 species of fish. well known Baikal omul and golomyanka. All nematodes living in the lake are endemic. The crustacean epishura purifies the water in Baikal, which also lives only in this lake.
It makes up 80% of the biomass of plankton of animal origin.
Baikal was included in the World Natural Heritage List in 1996. The Baikal Reserve itself was founded in 1969.
An object world heritage UNESCO "Lake Baikal" is 8 protected areas located directly at the famous lake. Many scientists are sure that Baikal is expanding every year, increasing the water area due to drift. lithospheric plates.
Kronotsky Reserve
Another example of a protected area is the Kronotsky State Natural biosphere reserve. It is part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site "Volcanoes of Kamchatka".
Moreover, this protected area is a biosphere reserve. The UNESCO Man and the Biosphere Program highlights protected areas around the world that are almost untouched by human activities. The state is obliged to maintain a self-regulating natural system if the object is located on its territory.
The Kronotsky Nature Reserve is one of the earliest in Russia. In 1882, the Sable Reserve was located on this territory. Kronotsky state reserve was established in 1934. In addition to the territory with numerous volcanoes, hot springs and geysers, the Kronotsky Reserve includes a significant area of water area.
Currently, tourism is actively developing in the Kronotsky Reserve. Not at all times it was allowed to visit him.
Reserve "Kedrovaya Pad"
Another example of protected areas in Russia is the reserve " Kedrovaya Pad". This is the first reserve Far East. He is one of the oldest in Russia. lives here far eastern leopard- a rare subspecies of leopards, reducing the number in the past. Now it is in the Red Book of the Russian Federation, has the status of "endangered".
The reserve itself was created for the conservation and research of liana coniferous-deciduous forests. The massifs are not disturbed by anthropogenic impact. There are many endemic species here.
Elk Island National Park
One of the very first in Russia. Founded in 1983 on the territory of Moscow and the Moscow region.
It includes 5 zones: reserved (access is closed), specially protected (visiting with a permit), protection of historical and cultural monuments (visiting is allowed), recreational (occupies more than half of the area, free access) and economic (ensures the operation of the park).
Legislation of the Russian Federation
the federal law on PAs (1995) says that PAs should have federal, regional or local significance. Reserves and national parks always have federal significance.
At any nature reserve, national park, natural park and a natural monument must have a security zone. It additionally protects the object from destructive anthropogenic influence. The boundaries of protected areas, as well as the boundaries of the buffer zone, are determined by the legislation of the Russian Federation.
Anyone can visit the territory of the protected zone. However, it is also protected.
The lands of protected areas are a national property. It is forbidden to build houses, roads, and cultivate land at federal facilities.
To create protected areas government reserves new lands. Further, such lands are declared protected areas. In this case, the law prohibits further cultivation of land in this area.
Protected areas are an important component of our planet. Such territories preserve invaluable wealth for future generations. The balance of the biosphere is maintained, the gene pool of living organisms is protected. The inanimate nature of such territories is also preserved: valuable water resources, geological formations.
Specially protected natural territories have not only environmental significance, but also scientific, as well as environmental and educational. It is on such objects that the most educational tourism for connoisseurs of nature is organized.
The world's population is growing at an ever faster pace. Mankind needs to think more actively about maintaining nature, to take a more responsible approach to the conservation of natural resources. Every person should think about this and contribute to maintaining the health of the planet.
Specially Protected Natural Territories (SPNA) are areas of land or water surface, which, due to their environmental and other significance, are completely or partially withdrawn from economic use and for which a special protection regime has been established.
The law on protected areas was adopted by the State Duma on February 15, 1995. According to it, protected areas are designed to maintain an ecological balance, preserve the genetic diversity of natural resources, most fully reflect the biogeocenotic diversity of the country's biomes, study the evolution of ecosystems and the impact of anthropogenic factors on them, as well as to solve various economic and social tasks.
According to this law “On Specially Protected Natural Territories”, the following main categories of these territories are distinguished:
a) state natural reserves, including biospheric ones;
b) national parks;
c) natural parks;
d) state nature reserves;
e) monuments of nature;
f) dendrological parks and botanical gardens.
After briefly describing each category of territories, ladies Full description first.
And so, national parks are relatively large natural territories and water areas where the fulfillment of three main goals is ensured: environmental (maintaining the ecological balance and conservation of natural ecosystems), recreational (regulated tourism and recreation for people) and scientific (development and implementation of conservation methods). natural complex in conditions of mass admission of visitors). The most famous national parks are: Losiny Ostrov (a district of St. Petersburg), Sochi, Elbrus, Valdai, Russian North.
Natural parks are territories of special ecological and aesthetic value, with a relatively mild protection regime and used mainly for organized recreation of the population. The most famous are the "Russian Forest" in the Moscow region; "Turgoyak" in Chelyabinsk region, on the shore of Lake Turgoyak. It was on this lake that my friends and I went to rest last summer, and visited the natural park. Tent tourism, cycling, excursions to the island of St. Helena are developed there. around Pine forest, fresh air. I liked it very much.
The next category - state natural reserves - these are territories created for a certain period (in some cases permanently) to preserve or restore natural complexes or their components and maintain the ecological balance. Preserve and restore the density of populations of one or more species of animals or plants, as well as natural landscapes, water bodies, etc. Example: the Vienna Forest reserve in the Tikhvinsky district of the Leningrad region.
Natural monuments are unique, non-reproducible natural objects of scientific, ecological, cultural and aesthetic value (caves, small tracts, centuries-old trees, rocks, waterfalls, etc.). An example is: the waterfall "Kivach" on the river. Sune (Karelia); rock "Brothers" ( Mountain Altai); dark bark birch (in the Lebyazhevsky district); Rocky remains (Northern Urals).
Dendrological parks and botanical gardens are environmental institutions whose task is to create a collection of trees and shrubs in order to preserve biodiversity and enrich the flora, as well as for scientific, educational, cultural and educational purposes.
And, finally, the State Nature Reserves are areas of the territory that are completely withdrawn from normal economic use in order to preserve the natural complex in its natural state.
The following basic principles are put in the basis of the nature reserve business:
Creation in the reserves of the conditions necessary for the conservation and development of all species of animals and plants;
Maintaining the ecological balance of landscapes by protecting natural ecosystems;
Opportunity to study the evolution of natural ecosystems, both in regional and broader biogeographical terms; solve many autecological and synecological issues (i.e., individuals and communities of organisms);
Inclusion in the sphere of activities of the reserves of socio-economic issues related to the satisfaction of recreational, local history and other needs of the population.
The foundations of nature conservation in Russia were laid by such scientists as I. P. Borodin, G. A. Kozhevnikov, A. P. Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky, D. K. Solovyov.
The reserves have become the basis for the conservation, reproduction and elimination of the threat of extinction of many rare species of plants and animals such as beaver, kulan, bison, spotted deer, tiger, leopard, sable, common eider, flamingo, etc.
Zoological and botanical research is carried out in the reserves; for the operational analysis of air, water, soil, mini-laboratories are being created, meteorological stations and meteorological posts are functioning.
In 2006, there were about 100 state natural reserves in Russia with a total area of 33.7 million hectares, which is less than 2% of the entire territory of Russia.
To smooth out the influence of adjacent territories, especially in areas with a well-developed infrastructure, protected areas are created around the reserves, where economic activity is limited.
Among the reserves of Russia, a special place is occupied by biosphere reserves, which are part of the UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves. In six of them there are integrated background monitoring stations that provide data on chemical pollution of reference protected ecosystems. In a number of reserves there are nurseries in which the most valuable gene pool is preserved, studied and bred. rare species animals.
The largest reserves are Taimyrsky and Ust-Lensky, the area of each of them exceeds 1.5 million hectares. Teberda, Altai, Kronotsky (Kamchatka) are unique in the diversity of flora and fauna, Voronezh reserves, as well as the Ilmensky Reserve.
More than 1,100 species of higher plants grow in the Teberdinsky Reserve, including 186 species endemic to the Caucasus. There are 137 species of vertebrates.
1500 species of vascular plants grow in the Altai Reserve, 73 species of mammals, 310 species of birds, 10 species of amphibians and reptiles live. In the Alpine belt there are snow leopards - irbis (listed in the Red Book), Siberian ibex, argali.
In the Kronotsky Reserve there are 30 species of mammals, more than 130 species of birds. The most valuable inhabitant is the Kamchatka sable.
In the Voronezh Reserve, stocks are being restored river beaver. Also protected are European deer, elk, roe deer, martens, etc.
Ilmensky Reserve on Southern Urals is unique. Ilmeny is a natural geological museum. More than 250 minerals have been found here, from common to rare. A wide variety of flora and fauna. This is not all that I was able to cite as an example. In addition to these, there are many more reserves.