Caves and reserves of the Krasnoyarsk region. Protected places of the Krasnoyarsk region. Kedrovaya Pad Nature Reserve

Introduction

2.5 Putorana Nature Reserve

2.7 Tunguska Nature Reserve

2.9 Natural Park "Ergaki"

Introduction

Since 1600, about 150 species of animals have become extinct on our planet, more than half in the last 50 years. In the 20th century, it became obvious that it was necessary to take special measures to save the animal and flora. There is no need to prove to anyone how destructive it can be modern man to wildlife. Fewer and fewer untouched corners of nature remain. Every year the Red Book is replenished with endangered representatives of the animal and plant world.

A reserve is a form of protected area specific to the USSR/Russia, which has practically no analogues in the world; only in Russia a reserve is not only a protected area, but also a scientific institution. Education and activities of government nature reserves are regulated by Section 2 of the Federal Law on Protected Areas, according to which (Article 1, 2) "on the territory of state natural reserves are completely withdrawn from economic use specially protected natural complexes and objects (land, water, subsoil, flora and fauna) of environmental, scientific, environmental and educational significance as examples of the natural environment, typical or rare landscapes, places for preserving the genetic fund of flora and fauna.

State nature reserves are environmental, research and environmental educational institutions aimed at preserving and studying the natural course of natural processes and phenomena, the genetic fund of flora and fauna, individual species and communities of plants and animals, typical and unique ecological systems. Land, water, subsoil, flora and fauna located on the territories of state natural reserves are provided for use (ownership) to state natural reserves with the rights provided for by federal laws."

In this work, we will consider the main protected areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the features of their situation.

1. Specially protected natural areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

To protect wild animals, they are created protected areas- nature reserves, sanctuaries, national parks. Here animals are protected by law.

Nature reserves (reserves) are one of the most effective forms of preserving landscapes intact are - these are areas of land or water spaces where all human activity is prohibited. In the reserve, all natural objects are subject to protection, ranging from rocks, reservoirs, soil and ending with representatives of the animal and plant world.

Nature reserves serve as unique standards wildlife, and also allow us to present its unique phenomena or rare species of animals and plants in their original form.

The reserves are playing huge role in saving nature, including rare animals. They also act as scientific centers for the study of nature. They develop methods for the conservation, restoration and rational use of valuable game animals (sable, beaver, deer, elk).

State nature reserves are territories that are of particular importance for the preservation or restoration of natural complexes or their components and maintaining the ecological balance. By status they are divided into reserves of federal and regional significance, by profile into;

complex (landscape) designed for the preservation and restoration of natural complexes (natural landscapes);

biological (zoological, botanical), intended for the conservation and restoration of rare and endangered species of plants and animals, as well as valuable species in economic, scientific and cultural terms;

paleontological, intended for the preservation of fossil objects;

hydrological (marsh, lake, river, sea), designed to preserve and restore valuable water bodies and ecological systems, and geological.

To save the fauna, in addition to nature reserves and reserves, a national (or natural) park is created, which, unlike a nature reserve, opens part of its territory to tourists and vacationers, but the park has completely protected areas.

Krasnoyarsk Territory is a huge territory located in the East Siberian region of Russia. The geographical position of our region can be called unique in many respects. On its territory is the geographical center of Russia - Lake Vivi, located in Evenkia. The location of the center of Russia has been approved by the Federal Service of Geodesy and Cartography of Russia. The northernmost point of the Krasnoyarsk Territory - Cape Chelyuskin - is the extreme polar tip of Eurasia and the northernmost point of Russia and the continental parts of the planet.

There are six reserves organized on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, three of them are biosphere, i.e. work under a special United Nations program; these are the Sayano-Shushensky and Central Siberian and Taimyr nature reserves; nature reserves state standard also are: Stolby and Putoransky. The most modern reserve is the Great Arctic.

In total, seven nature reserves have been created in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Table 1), as well as the Shushensky Bor National Park and the Ergaki Natural Park.

In total, three state nature reserves of federal significance and 27 state nature reserves of regional significance have been created in the region. It is planned to create 39 more state natural reserves.

On the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, 51 objects have the status of a natural monument of regional significance.

Table 1 - State natural reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

2. Nature reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

2.1 State Nature Reserve "Stolby"

Target. Preservation of unique geological formations and natural complexes around them. The most valuable and famous natural complexes are around picturesque rock formations - syenite outcrops - "pillars" that gave the reserve its name, as well as karsts and caves.

Currently, its area is 47,154 hectares.

The reserve is located on the right bank of the Yenisei, on the northwestern spurs of the Eastern Sayan, bordering the Central Siberian Plateau. The natural boundaries of the protected area are the right tributaries of the Yenisei River: in the northeast - the Bazaikha River, in the south and southwest - the Mana and Bolshaya Slizneva rivers. From the northeast the territory borders on the suburbs of Krasnoyarsk

A tourist and excursion area has been allocated on the territory of the reserve to meet the recreational needs of Krasnoyarsk residents and city guests, for which the regulations on the reserve establish a special regime.

The vegetation of the reserve is diverse. On the northern edge of the reserve, steppe vegetation gives way to forest vegetation. At the northern borders of the reserve, in a very small area, several specimens of the Siberian linden, the pride of Stolbov, have been preserved. Fir and cedar also grow in the reserve. Cedar is a precious tree of the Siberian taiga, but, unfortunately, its regeneration is weak. Heavy pine nuts are not carried by the wind, but fall from ripe cones right there, under the tree, but when they fall on a thick moss cover, they, as a rule, cannot germinate without outside help. This cedar's helper turns out to be a bird - the Siberian nutcracker. During the ripening period of the nuts, she knocks down a cone, flies with it to a log or stump, husks the seeds and, with a crop filled with nuts, flies to hide them. The nutcracker prefers to hide its reserves in places with shallow snow cover, which is quickly cleared of it in the spring. Thus, nutcracker helps the spread of cedar throughout the reserve.

The Stolby Nature Reserve is located at the junction of three botanical and geographical regions: the Krasnoyarsk forest-steppe, the mountain taiga of the Eastern Sayan Mountains and the sub-taiga of the Central Siberian Plateau. The flora of the reserve includes 1037 species of higher vascular plants, of which 260 species are bryophytes, more than 150 species are classified as specially protected.

22 species of fish, 130 species of birds and 45 species of mammals have been recorded on the territory of the reserve. The precious predator of the taiga is the sable. By the time the reserve was established, it was completely exterminated in these places, but in the 60s it again became a common inhabitant of the reserved taiga. The reserve is very rich in wild ungulates. Red deer and musk deer find exceptionally favorable conditions here. The bird kingdom in the reserve is represented by such birds as hazel grouse, wood grouse, three-toed woodpecker, nutcracker, deaf cuckoo, warbler, thrushes, bluetail, Far Eastern and blue nightingales, starling, lesser and white-backed woodpeckers, white-capped bunting, lentil, chaffinch. Among the fish in the reserve, whitefish, grayling, chebak, dace, spikefish, perch, pike, burbot, crucian carp and others live.

In addition to flora and fauna, the reserve is famous for its rocks. Pillars are the pride of Krasnoyarsk. Almost all the rocks of the reserve have names - their outlines resemble birds, animals and people, which is reflected in the names: Sparrows, Golden Eagle, Musk Deer, Grandfather, Monk. The height of the rocks forming 80 groups reaches 104 m in some places. Some individual stones and fragments (parts) of rocks are also named. Rocks can be single or form groups. A rock mass always has several named individual peaks.

The rock called “Feathers” consists of 4 majestic forty-meter steep stone slabs adjacent to each other. Each slab, pointed at the top, resembles the feathers of a gigantic bird. On the western side, the rock is a fairly flat sheer wall. At a height of 15-20 meters, a horizontal gap formed. When tourists rise into it and their heads stick out like teeth, the gap becomes like the mouth of a predatory animal, hence the name Lion's Mouth.

Fifteen meters from the Feathers there is a low rock. It resembles a large lion's head. On the western side there are two colossal stone pedestals, covered in space by a huge monolithic stone. When you look at them, you get the impression that the stone, under the influence of its own weight, is about to move apart the rocks and collapse to the ground. This rock was called the Lion Gate. The climb to the top of the Lion Gate is easy. Crevices, ledges and flat slabs can be easily overcome.

Five hundred meters from Feathers, across a ravine, rises the massive cliff “Grandfather” - an amazing work of nature. If you look at the pillar from above, you can see the head of a courageous and stern old man, thinking about something, with an open forehead, over which his cap is pulled down. A straight nose and a beard hanging down to the chest enhance the impression. On the opposite side, the rock looks like a laughing grandfather.

2.2 Sayano-Shushensky State Natural Biosphere Reserve

The Sayano-Shushensky Reserve was founded in 1976 in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory in the central part of Western Sayan instead of the former Sayan Reserve. The history of the creation of the reserve is connected with the need to preserve the sable as the most valuable fur-bearing animal.

In the 1970s, the rapid development of industry (the Sayan TPK, which unites the Sayano-Shushenskaya hydroelectric power station and a number of factories) and the growth of population, and therefore the number settlements, became an environmental shock for the region. Therefore, in one of the few corners of Siberia where human influence has so far had almost no effect, it was decided to create a reserve. And nine years later, in 1985, the reserve, by decision of UNESCO, was included in the international network of biosphere reserves. The area of the reserve is 3904 km.

Target. Preservation and study of typical and unique natural complexes, landscape and biological diversity the central part of the Western Sayan, located in the contact zone of the boreal forests of Siberia with the dry steppe and semi-desert plateaus of Central Asia.

This area is the only one in Russia where it is possible to preserve snow leopard, Siberian ibex, golden eagle, osprey, as well as populations of plants listed in the Red Book.

The impact of the Sayano-Shushenskoye Reservoir on natural ecosystems is also being studied in the reserve.

Since the reserve is located at the point where the Siberian taiga and the Central Asian steppe meet, and the terrain is mountainous (the highest point is 2735 m), the vegetation is very diverse: from the Lady's slipper, listed in the Red Book, to huge deciduous and cedar forests. The flora of the reserve includes more than 1000 species of higher plants alone. The vegetation of the forest, forest-steppe, steppe, and subalpine zones is represented here. Among the herbaceous plants there are many relict ones: Krylov's bedstraw, Altai anemone, Siberian bluegrass, Siberian princess, Siberian kandyk, Sayan beautiful flower. Of particular value are Siberian borena, leafless browgrass and Rhodiola rosea. Among the trees, Siberian cedar is of particular value in the protected taiga. Siberian larch and, to a lesser extent, Siberian fir, spruce, pine, birch, and aspen also grow in the reserve.

The fauna of the Sayano-Shushensky Nature Reserve includes more than 50 species of mammals, 300 species of birds, 18 species of fish, 5 species of reptiles and 2 species of amphibians. Of these, about 100 species are rare, endangered and included in the Red Book.

The wildlife of the reserve is diverse. So, next to the wise reindeer and partridges, you can also find the extraordinary Altai snowcock, the agile Siberian mountain goat, the agile hamster, the snow leopard, as well as the sable, brown bear, and musk deer, which are characteristic of the Siberian taiga.

The main representative of the bird kingdom of the reserve is the thrush. Within the region there are two subspecies - black-throated and red-throated. Bluetail and ruby-throated nightingale are also common in the reserve.

The reserve's security service also controls the Sedye Sayany biosphere site with a total area of 218.8 thousand hectares, created by a decree of the Ermakovsky district administration in 2000.

2.3 Taimyr State Natural Biosphere Reserve

The Taimyrsky State Nature Reserve was created in 1979, and in 1995 it was given biosphere status. It is an environmental, research and environmental educational institution. This is one of the largest nature reserves in Russia, located in the north of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, on the Taimyr Peninsula - the most advanced to the north mainland sushi in the world. Therefore, the organizers of the reserve sought to cover the greatest variety of zonal natural landscapes - arctic, typical and southern tundra, as well as forest-tundra.

The territory of the reserve represents standard areas earth's surface, which represent almost all natural zones of Taimyr: arctic ("Arctic Branch"), typical ("Main Territory"), southern ("Ary-Mas" site) tundra and forest-tundra ("Lukunsky" site), as well as unique mountain tundra hr. Byrranga (Table 1).

The Taimyrsky Nature Reserve is the most visited nature reserve in Russia. Every year thousands of scientists from all over the world, environmentalists, tourists and fishermen visit Eastern Taimyr. What attracts them most are the fossil mammoth excavations and the musk ox population. Also, the center of the reserve, the village of Khatangu, is used as a springboard to reach the North Pole.

Table 1 - Reference areas of the Taimyrsky Nature Reserve

On the territory of the reserve there are 430 species of higher plants, 222 species of mosses and 265 species of lichens. One of the most common lichens in the tundra zone is Cladonia (reindeer moss or moss). Reindeer moss occupies vast polar territories, but is often found in dry forests located significantly south of the tundra strip. Among the plants growing on the territory of the reserve, there are those that are listed in the Red Book, arctosiberian wormwood, braya capsicum, hard sedge, Pole and Taimyr grains, oblique oysterwort, gorodkovaya and byrrangskaya wormwood, woolly-stamened mytillia, Rhodiola rosea.

Countless lakes and small reservoirs cover the tundra, located on permafrost, with stagnant moisture. The permafrost thickness is up to 500 meters. In Ary-Masa, the southernmost part of one of the three sections of the reserve, the northernmost larches can be observed. The trees here barely reach the height of a man in several centuries.

We will begin our acquaintance with the fauna of the Taimyr Nature Reserve with one of the smallest, but very important inhabitants of the reserve - the lemming (Siberian and ungulates). The hoofed lemming got its name due to the fact that in winter period on the front paws, two middle claws grow and resemble a hoof. The next representative of the reserve's fauna is the reindeer. Population reindeer in Taimyr it is the most numerous in the world.

The reserve of the district subordination "Bikada" is in the status of a protective zone under the management of the reserve. The area of the reserve is 937,760 hectares; it is a separate cluster that is not in contact with the territory of the reserve. On its territory, employees of the Research Institute of Agriculture Far North An international program for the reacclimatization of the North American musk ox is underway. Musk oxen have been preserved since prehistoric times: they lived at the same time as mammoths, but unlike the latter they continue to thrive to this day. The musk ox was brought to Taimyr in 1974 from the Arctic regions of Canada and the USA. Currently, he has “mastered” a very significant territory.

In the reserve, white hares coexist with such common polar predators as the Arctic fox and the wolf. Polar wolves are especially numerous in the Taimyr Nature Reserve. This is due to the fact that the region is home to the largest Taimyr population of reindeer, which are the main prey of these predatory animals. Among the representatives of mustelids, the ermine and wolverine live in the reserve. From marine mammals It is home to beluga whales, ringed seals and walruses. In the Taimyr Nature Reserve there are 116 species of birds belonging to 9 orders. Shorebirds and waterfowl nest here in greater numbers than anywhere else in the tundra areas of the earth. Breeding eiders, black-throated and white-billed loons, tundra swans, and bean goose nest. From rare species Birds include the little swan, the red-breasted goose, the white-tailed eagle, the golden eagle, the gyrfalcon, and the peregrine falcon.

2.4 Central Siberian State Natural Biosphere Reserve

The reserve was created in 1985. The reserve is located in the Turukhansky district of the Krasnoyarsk Territory on an area of 424.9 thousand hectares and the Baykitsky district of the Evenki municipal district on an area of 595.0 thousand hectares. The total area of the protected area is 1019.9 thousand hectares. The reserve is located on the territory that includes the middle reaches of the river. Yenisei between the rivers. Podkamennaya Tunguska and Bakhta, Yenisei parts West Siberian Plain and the Tunguska-Bakhtinsky trap plateau of the Central Siberian Plateau.

The main goal of organizing the reserve is to preserve and study the various terrestrial and aquatic natural complexes of central taiga Siberia in its central part, the landscapes of the floodplain and valley of the Yenisei, the river itself and its tributaries. The Yenisei section within the reserve is of great value as a spawning area for many valuable commercial fish species, as well as a wintering area for sturgeon and sterlet. This is the only reserve in Russia where long distance(60 km) both banks of one of the great rivers of Eurasia are protected. Its floodplain is swampy and has many oxbow lakes. The river network consists of tributaries of the Yenisei and Podkamennaya Tunguska.

"Central Siberian" is the first reserve in Russia, which was initially designed as a biosphere reserve, with a pre-planned biosphere testing ground. All other biosphere reserves were transformed from previously created ordinary state reserves. In January 1987, UNESCO included it in the international network of biosphere reserves.

The reserve is characterized by mid-taiga vegetation. Among the plants listed in the Red Book, the following are typical: large-flowered slipper, true and bulbous calypso.

Among the representatives of avifauna, the black stork, peregrine falcon, osprey, golden eagle, white-tailed eagle and gyrfalcon are listed in the Red Book. The Yenisei section within the reserve is of great value as a spawning area for many valuable commercial fish species, as well as a wintering area for sturgeon and sterlet.

The state ecological and ethnographic reserve of federal significance "Eloguysky" is under the jurisdiction of the State Natural Reserve "Central Siberian". Ethno-ecological research is carried out at the biosphere reserve site, where special attention small people North - Ketam. Turukhansk Kets - the last representatives of the ancients paleo-asian tribes who settled on the banks of tributaries Yenisei. They once lived on south, V Minusinsk Basin, as well as on the territory of modern Khakassia. Ket names of rivers and mountains have been preserved there to this day. Then the Kets were gradually pushed north and settled southern part Turukhansk region, in the 17th century advanced to Lower Tunguska, later - until Kureika River. The origin of the Kets is not fully understood. Linguists pay attention to the similarity of the Ket language with certain isolated language groups: for example, a number of languages Caucasian highlanders, Spanish Basques And North American Indians. Some see the Kets as descendants of the ancient Tibetan population from which they descended North American Indians - Athabascans. The Kets are of great interest to science due to their isolated linguistic position and the peculiarities of anthropological data. A large collection of Ket culture items is located in local history museum Yeniseisk.

2.5 Putorana Nature Reserve

The reserve was founded in 1988 to protect unique mountain-lake-taiga landscapes and rare species of flora and fauna. The Putorana Nature Reserve is located in the north of Central Siberia, on the territory of the Dudinsky and Khatanga districts of the Taimyr Autonomous Okrug and Ilimsky District of the Evenki Autonomous Okrug: its main part, the Putorana Plateau, lies south of the Taimyr Peninsula and occupies most of rectangle between the rivers Yenisei, Kheta, Kotui and Lower Tunguska (650 km from north to south and from west to east). This is the most extreme nature reserve in Russia. The total area of the reserve is 1887.3 thousand hectares.

The purpose of creating the Putorana State Nature Reserve is to preserve the most unique mountain biocenoses of the north of Central Siberia, unique flora and rare animal species, restore the historical range of the Putorana subspecies of snow sheep, as well as protect the world's largest Taimyr population of wild reindeer.

As a result of the movement of glaciers, the Putorana plateau is dissected by long flat-bottomed canyons, the height of the walls of which reaches several hundred meters, and narrow lakes, the deepest in Russia after Lake Baikal (Khantaiskoye Lake - up to 520 m deep); mountain rivers are rapids, the height of some waterfalls reaches 100 m. The highest density of waterfalls per unit area on the planet is noted on the territory of the reserve.

Of the historical and cultural objects, the most interesting are the remains of the attributes of shamanism on the ancient temples of the Tungus (Evenks) and the Dolgan chapels more than a century ago. On the territory of the Putorana Nature Reserve there are unique outcrops of columnar basalts (natural open-air mineralogical museums).

The landscape is dominated by mountain tundra and open forests. Numerous rivers and lakes. In total, there are 381 species of plants, 35 of mammals, and 140 of birds on the territory of the reserve.

The plateau is the only habitat of one of the largest little-studied mammals on the planet - the bighorn sheep. The protection of the lesser white lesser is of international importance. It is Russia that bears a significant share of responsibility for the conservation of this type of geese.

In 2003, the Putorana plateau was classified as a World Cultural and Cultural Site. natural heritage UNESCO. There are very few tourists here due to the high cost and increased complexity routes. An excursion boat route along the lake comes directly to the border of the reserve. Lama.

In the buffer (protection) zone, together with the State Scientific Research Institute of Agriculture of the Far North with the active material support of the Polar Branch of the Norilsk MMC, Norilskgazprom and a number of other organizations, the reserve built a background monitoring station - the Keta (Lake Keta) and Mikchanda (Lake . Lama) for a comprehensive study of the unique biocenoses of the plateau. Since 2007, work has been underway under a grant from the Global Environment Facility (GEF): “Conservation and sustainable use of biodiversity on the territory of the Taimyr Peninsula, Russia: maintaining the interconnection of landscapes.”

2.6 Great Arctic State Nature Reserve

The Great Arctic Nature Reserve, the largest in Russia and Eurasia and the third largest in the world (4,169,222 hectares, including 1 million in the Arctic seas), was created in 1993. It is located on the Taimyr Peninsula and on the islands of the Arctic Ocean. Its shores are washed by the Kara Sea and the Laptev Sea. This is the largest nature reserve in Russia.

The purpose of creating the reserve is to preserve and study in its natural state the unique Arctic ecosystems, rare and endangered species of plants and animals of the northern coast of the Taimyr Peninsula and adjacent islands. On the islands of Severnaya Zemlya there are “maternity hospitals” for Taimyr polar bears, and herds of wild reindeer escape from midges in the coastal tundra. Preserve the nesting grounds of birds that migrate along the North Atlantic route: brant goose, sandpiper, etc. - and have the opportunity to study unique Arctic ecosystems in their natural state.

A significant part of the reserve is practically not visited by people, but in lately routes are being developed (rafting, fishing, ethnographic tours) that will allow tourists to get to know the Arctic nature better.

The Great Arctic Reserve consists of seven cluster areas (Table 2) and two reserves: the state nature reserve of federal significance "Severozemelsky", located within the boundaries of the reserve, and the state nature reserve of regional significance "Brekhovo Islands".

The main type of vegetation in the tundra is lichens. They endure harsh conditions Arctic, painting the tundra in various colors from bright yellow to black. Since the conditions of this northern region are not easy, annual flowering is impossible for a number of higher plants. In this regard, there are no bulbous plants and practically no annuals. Of the shrubs, the most a prominent representative is the polar willow. Herbaceous plants are represented by sedges, cotton grass, grasses; a significant role in the vegetation of the reserve is played by dryad, or partridge grass, various types of saxifrage, various polar poppies, and forget-me-nots.

Table 2 - Cluster sections of the Big Arctic gas processing plant

Bird fauna of the Bolshoi Arctic Reserve has 124 species, 16 of which are listed in the Red Book. Typical inhabitants of the tundra are the snowy owl and the tundra partridge. Rare species of gulls are found in the reserve: pink, fork-tailed and white.

The pink gull is a rare, little-studied species listed in the Red Book. Only one breeding colony of these birds of 45-50 pairs is known in Eastern Taimyr. White gull- a rare Arctic species listed in the Red Book. Breeds on the islands of the Kara Sea. It does not nest on the mainland, but regularly flies to the Arctic coast of Taimyr. The most common gulls are the herring gull, glaucous gull and arctic tern. But one of the main objects of protection is waterfowl. Four species of geese, a small swan (a rare species included in the Red Book) and four species of ducks nest here. Among the birds there are also predators: peregrine falcon, ruffed buzzard, gyrfalcon and merlin.

If you go for a walk around the reserve at night, you can hear the calls of the red-throated, black-throated or white-billed loon. Also in the reserve you can find long-tailed, gray and short-tailed skuas, white and short-eared owls, sparrows (the most numerous order of birds in the reserve - 41 species), horned lark, red-throated pipit, and white wagtail. And finally, one of the representatives of the bird kingdom of the reserve is the snow bunting, which is rightly considered a symbol of the Arctic spring. Sometimes this herald of spring arrives even in March, although mostly at the beginning, or even in the middle of May.

Among the mammals of the reserve one can note such animals as lemmings (Siberian and ungulate), arctic fox, woolly buzzard, skua, wild reindeer (a unique island population of these animals lives on Sibiryakova Island), polar bear (listed in the Red Book) and seal.

In the water area - habitats polar bear, walrus, sea hare, ringed seal, beluga whale. On the ocean coast and in river deltas, places of mass nesting and molting of the white-fronted goose, black and red-breasted geese, ducks and waders have been taken under protection.

The territory of the reserve also includes historical and cultural monuments associated with the names of polar research - A.F. Middendorf, F. Nansen, V.A. Rusanova, E.V. Tolya, A.V. Kolchak, etc.

2.7 Tunguska Nature Reserve

The Tunguska Nature Reserve is located at the site of the fall of the Tunguska meteorite. The reserve is located in Evenki municipal area Krasnoyarsk region. The total area of the reserve is 296,562 hectares.

The purpose of creating the reserve is to study the unique natural complexes of Evenkia and the consequences of the global cosmic-ecological disaster.

The reserve is an environmental, research and environmental educational institution. It was created to study the consequences of a meteorite fall. The most high peak The reserve is located on the spurs of the Lakursky ridge - 533 m above sea level. The second highest peak, Mount Farrington, is located near the site of the Tunguska phenomenon.

The territory of the reserve is a typical area of the northern East Siberian taiga with its characteristic landscapes and biozenoses, at the same time, the territory of the reserve is unique, as it preserves the imprints of the mysterious “Tunguska catastrophe” of June 30, 1908. On this day, in the interfluve of the Podkamennaya Tunguska and its right tributary Chuni (South Evenkia), 70 km northwest of the village of Vanavara, a super-powerful (10-40 megatons) explosion of a space object of unknown nature, known as the “Tunguska meteorite,” occurred.

Larch and pine forests are common here. As a result of the fall of the supposed meteorite, the taiga over an area of more than 2 km was felled and burned, but over the last century it has completely recovered. The Evenki taiga to this day keeps the secret of one of the miracles of our century, called the Tunguska meteorite. In the animal world, elk, bear, sable, capercaillie are common, and badger and lynx are also found. Podkamennaya Tunguska is home to about 30 species of fish, most of which are valuable species.

A protective zone 2 km wide has been formed along the boundaries of the reserve, with an area of 20,241 hectares. The protective zone is entrusted with such tasks as improving the living conditions of the protected animals of the reserve, carrying out measures for the protection and restoration of valuable wild and rare plant species growing in protected areas, creating demonstration sites, showcases, stands and other forms of promoting the activities of reserves for the purpose of environmental education.

The echo of the Tunguska disaster sounded across the globe. In a vast space limited to the east Yenisei, from the south line Tashkent - Stavropol - Sevastopol - northern Italy - Bordeaux, With west- west coast Atlantic Ocean, the night has disappeared. For 3 days, from June 3 to July 2, 1908, there were bright nights here, reminiscent of white nights in the northern regions of Europe. It was possible to read newspaper text, read a clock or a compass, and the main illumination came from extremely bright clouds located at an altitude of about 80 km. A huge field of these clouds hovered over the expanses Western Siberia and Europe, in addition, other anomalous optical phenomena were observed in this territory - bright “motley” dawns, halos and crowns around the sun, and in some places - a decrease in the transparency of the atmosphere, which reached California in August and is apparently explained by dusting the atmosphere with the products of the Tunguska explosion. There is reason to think that the fall of the Tunguska meteorite even affected Southern Hemisphere: in any case, it was on this day that an aurora of unusual shape and power was observed in Antarctica, described by members of Shackleton’s English Antarctic expedition.

The nature of the Tunguska phenomenon remains unclear to this day, which is of exceptional interest to the only globe an area that makes it possible to directly study the environmental consequences of space disasters. Research into the consequences of an explosion of a cosmic body of unknown nature began in the mid-twenties of the twentieth century by expeditions by L.A. Kulik, who first described the consequences of the explosion, and continued by scientists from Tomsk (Complex Amateur Expedition) under the leadership of Academician N.V. Vasilyeva and doctors biological sciences G.F. Plekhanov, expeditions of the RAS Committee on Meteorites, and many prominent domestic and foreign scientists. Monitoring of post-disaster changes is still being carried out. The following historical and cultural sites are located on the territory of the reserve:

expedition base for the study of the "Tunguska meteorite", better known as "Kulik's Zaimka" or "Kulik's Huts";

expedition base for the study of the Tunguska meteorite - a monument to the history and culture of the Krasnoyarsk Territory.

According to the existing Regulations on Russian nature reserves, tourism is prohibited in them. In the Tunguska Nature Reserve, due to the uniqueness of the event, limited tourist activities are allowed as an exception for the purpose of environmental education population, acquaintance with the beautiful natural sites of the reserve, the site of the fall of the Tunguska meteorite. There are three environmental education routes. Two of them are by water, along the picturesque rivers Kimchu and Khushma, the third is on foot along the “Kulik trail” - the famous route of the discoverer of the site of the Tunguska meteorite disaster. A lot of explanatory work is carried out with tourists on routes.

2.8 National Park "Shushensky Bor"

National Park"Shushensky Bor" was founded in 1995. The national park is located in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, on the lands of the Shushensky district, at the junction of two large geomorphological systems - the Minusinsk foothill basin and mountain system Western Sayan, almost in the very center of the Asian continent. Territory national park consists of two separate areas with an area of 4.4 thousand hectares and 34.8 thousand hectares, all lands are owned by the national park.

The organization of a national park in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory was caused by the need to find a compromise between the protection unique nature region, human economic activity and recreational use of natural resources. "Shushensky Bor" was formed in order to preserve unique, essentially unchanged natural ecosystems, representing a wide range latitudinal zonality- from alpine meadows to forest-steppe and steppe - and having scientific, educational and recreational significance.

The northern part of the park is represented by a flat forest-meadow-steppe landscape. The forests here are dominated by pine. The southern part of the territory includes mountain taiga landscapes, where vertical zonality. In the foothills there is a belt of conifers and mixed forests, represented by aspen, pine, and sometimes cedar. Above is the belt of black taiga with a predominance of fir. Even higher is the belt of dark coniferous taiga. The tops of the ridges are occupied by subalpine meadows.

The ecosystems of the black taiga are of particular interest from a conservation point of view, since they are relict communities. The list of rare and endangered plant species in the Shushensky district includes 27 species, including vernal adonis, sibirica brunnera, Altai anemone, Pallas primrose, Maryin root peony, and male shieldweed.

The richness of the park’s fauna is associated with the diversity of natural conditions of the territory and complicated history formation of fauna.

2.9 Natural Park "Ergaki"

Ergaki is the name of a natural park located in the south of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. The park is named after the ridge of the same name, which by the 1990s had become very popular among tourists, artists, local population. In addition to the Ergaki ridge, the park covers partially or completely the Kulumys, Oysky, Aradansky, Metugul-Taiga, and Kedransky mountain ranges. Swimming pools are the most large rivers parks - Us, Kebezh, Oya, Taigish, Kazyrsuk.

Ergaki is a mountain node, a ridge in the Western Sayan. Located at the sources of the Bolshoi Kebezh rivers, Big Key, Taigish, Upper Buiba, Middle Buiba and Lower Buiba.

List of used literature

1. Baranov, A.A. Specially protected animals of the Yenisei Siberia. Birds and mammals: textbook. - method. allowance / A.A. Baranov. - Krasnoyarsk: Publishing house of KSPU named after V.P. Astafieva, 2004. - 264 p.

2. Baranov, A.A. Specially protected natural areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory: textbook. - method. Benefit / A.A. Baranov, S.V. Kozheko. - Krasnoyarsk: Publishing house of KSPU named after V.P. Astafieva, 2004. - 240 p.

3. Vladyshevsky, D.V. Ecology and us: textbook. allowance / D.V. Vladyshevsky. - Krasnoyarsk: State Publishing House. University, 1994. - 214 p.

4. Red Book of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. - Krasnoyarsk: State Publishing House. University, 2004. - 246 p.

5. Nature and ecology of the Krasnoyarsk Territory: school course program. - Krasnoyarsk, 2000.

6. Savchenko, A.P. Appendix to the Red Book of the Krasnoyarsk Territory. / A.P. Savchenko, V.N. Lopatin, A.N. Zyryanov, M.N. Smirnov and others - Krasnoyarsk: Publishing house. center of Krasnoyarsk State University, 2004. - 147 p.

Introduction

2.2 Sayano-Shushensky State Natural Biosphere Reserve

2.3 Taimyr State Natural Biosphere Reserve

2.4 Central Siberian State Natural Biosphere Reserve

2.5 Putorana Nature Reserve

2.6 Great Arctic State Nature Reserve

2.7 Tunguska Nature Reserve

2.8 National Park "Shushensky Bor"

2.9 Natural Park "Ergaki"

List of used literature

Introduction

Since 1600, about 150 species of animals have become extinct on our planet, more than half in the last 50 years. In the 20th century, it became obvious that it was necessary to take special measures to save the animal and plant world. There is no longer any need to prove to anyone how destructively modern man can influence living nature. Fewer and fewer untouched corners of nature remain. Every year the Red Book is replenished with endangered representatives of the animal and plant world.

A reserve is a form of protected area specific to the USSR/Russia, which has practically no analogues in the world; only in Russia a reserve is not only a protected area, but also a scientific institution. The formation and activities of state natural reserves are regulated by Section 2 of the Federal Law on Protected Natural Areas, according to which (Article 1, 2) “on the territory of state natural reserves, specially protected natural complexes and objects (land, water, subsoil, flora and fauna) are completely withdrawn from economic use world), having environmental, scientific, environmental and educational significance as examples of the natural environment, typical or rare landscapes, places for preserving the genetic fund of flora and fauna.

In this work, we will consider the main protected areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the features of their situation.

1. Specially protected natural areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

To protect wild animals, protected areas are created - nature reserves, sanctuaries, and national parks. Here animals are protected by law.

Nature reserves (reserves) are one of the most effective forms of preserving landscapes intact and are areas of land or water where all human activity is prohibited. In the reserve, all natural objects are subject to protection, ranging from rocks, reservoirs, soil and ending with representatives of the animal and plant world.

Nature reserves serve as unique standards of wild nature, and also allow us to present its unique phenomena or rare species of animals and plants in their original form.

Nature reserves play a huge role in saving nature, including rare animals. They also act as scientific centers for the study of nature. They develop methods for the conservation, restoration and rational use of valuable game animals (sable, beaver, deer, elk).

complex (landscape) designed for the preservation and restoration of natural complexes (natural landscapes);

paleontological, intended for the preservation of fossil objects;

hydrological (marsh, lake, river, sea), designed to preserve and restore valuable water bodies and ecological systems, and geological.

There are six reserves organized on the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, three of them are biosphere, i.e. work under a special United Nations program; these are the Sayano-Shushensky and Central Siberian and Taimyr nature reserves; State nature reserves also include: Stolby and Putoransky. The most modern reserve is the Great Arctic.

In total, seven nature reserves have been created in the Krasnoyarsk Territory (Table 1), as well as the Shushensky Bor National Park and the Ergaki Natural Park.

On the territory of the Krasnoyarsk Territory, 51 objects have the status of a natural monument of regional significance.

Table 1 - State natural reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

2. Nature reserves of the Krasnoyarsk Territory

2.1 State Nature Reserve "Stolby"

Currently, its area is 47,154 hectares.

22 species of fish, 130 species of birds and 45 species of mammals have been recorded on the territory of the reserve. The precious predator of the taiga is the sable. By the time the reserve was established, it was completely exterminated in these places, but in the 60s it again became a common inhabitant of the reserved taiga. The reserve is very rich in wild ungulates. Red deer and musk deer find exceptionally favorable conditions here. The bird kingdom in the reserve is represented by such birds as hazel grouse, wood grouse, three-toed woodpecker, nutcracker, deaf cuckoo, warbler, blackbirds, bluetail, Far Eastern and blue nightingales, starling, lesser and white-backed woodpeckers, white-capped bunting, lentils, and chaffinch. Among the fish in the reserve, whitefish, grayling, chebak, dace, spikefish, perch, pike, burbot, crucian carp and others live.

Introduction

2.5 Putorana Nature Reserve
2.7 Tunguska Nature Reserve
2.9 Natural Park "Ergaki"

Introduction

Since 1600, about 150 species of animals have become extinct on our planet, more than half in the last 50 years. In the 20th century, it became obvious that it was necessary to take special measures to save the animal and plant world. There is no longer any need to prove to anyone how destructively modern man can influence living nature. Fewer and fewer untouched corners of nature remain. Every year the Red Book is replenished with endangered representatives of the animal and plant world.

A reserve is a form of protected area specific to the USSR/Russia, which has practically no analogues in the world; only in Russia a reserve is not only a protected area, but also a scientific institution. The formation and activities of state natural reserves are regulated by Section 2 of the Federal Law on Protected Natural Areas, according to which (Article 1, 2) “on the territory of state natural reserves, specially protected natural complexes and objects (land, water, subsoil, flora and fauna) are completely withdrawn from economic use world), having environmental, scientific, environmental and educational significance as examples of the natural environment, typical or rare landscapes, places for preserving the genetic fund of flora and fauna.

In this work, we will consider the main protected areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the features of their situation.

1. Specially protected natural areas of the Krasnoyarsk Territory