The global ethnic crisis is the essence. Global crises: concept and philosophy of global problems of our time. Visible structure and causes of the crisis

In the 20th century, humanity faced a number of problems and crises that required solutions on a global scale.

These problems concerning the fate of the further development of human civilization are called global (from the Latin globus - globe).

For the first time, humanity became aware of itself as a single whole during the First World War. Since there were no borders or distances for fighting, millions of people were drawn into a military conflict on a global scale. At this time, the doctrine of the noosphere arose, whose authorship belongs to Vladimir Vernadsky (1863-1945). He called man the largest force on Earth, capable of changing the appearance of the planet and influencing its present and future.

Global crises of an alarming nature

An ever-increasing number global problems has led to the fact that humanity today faces two development paths:

• or it will continue to develop spontaneously, acting destructively on the surrounding world,
• or will purposefully restructure his existence in a fundamental way.

There are two types of crisis alarmist character(from French alarme - alarm):

1) a limited amount of resources, the presence of “economic borders” at the same level of growth of world civilization will ultimately lead to a disaster - a hunger for raw materials;

2) man’s unreasonable attitude towards nature, uncontrolled consumption and processing of natural resources (for example, consistent deforestation, increasing concentrations of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere and, as a consequence, rising air temperatures, etc.) will lead to total pollution and natural disasters.

Alarmist crises are only getting worse over time, facilitated by the rapid industrialization of humanity. Solving problems such as hunger, shortages fresh water, eliminating the gap between developing countries and developed countries leads to constant growth of industry and economy, and this requires more and more resources.

Types of global crises and reasons for their occurrence

The development of society leads to other types of global crises:

• the growth of scientific and technological progress is necessarily associated with risk man-made disasters, similar to the accident on Chernobyl nuclear power plant;

• Natural disasters (hurricanes hitting the United States in last years, explosion in Fukushima);

• social conflicts - wars, revolutions, terrorism and religious extremism - have a destructive impact on the economic, energy and industrial infrastructure;

• "a crisis internal development» arises due to the uneven distribution of energy resources on the Earth’s territory, while the prosperous sections of the population protect themselves from environmental problems arising as a result of resource processing, while other social groups are forced to deal with an increasingly deteriorating environmental situation.

Aurelio Peccei noted that global problems do not know social and political boundaries, they are the same for everyone.

Among the main reasons, scientists name:

1) The unity of the modern world, which was formed thanks to interpenetrating political and economic ties. Oddly enough, this was most clearly manifested during the world wars. Second World War, which began as a small conflict on the borders of Germany and Poland, soon spread throughout the world. The philosopher N. Berdyaev wrote that

in the military “world whirlwind at an accelerated pace of movement,” everything was mixed up, a person could be “torn to shreds,” and great cultural values ​​were destroyed.

2) Height industrial production planets. Compared to the beginning of the 20th century, the production index today has increased more than 50 times. Global GDP is about $13 trillion. According to scientists, by 2050 it will increase 10 times. Konstantin Tsiolkovsky (1857–1935) predicted back in the century before last that man would become the most powerful force on the planet. At the same time, man influences nature much more powerfully than the most violent natural elements and often cannot control the changes caused by his activities.

3) The global crisis is also caused by the uneven level of development of industry and culture in different countries. However, thanks to advanced information technology, such as television, satellite communications, the Internet, any information about discoveries and events becomes available in any corner of the globe. Meanwhile, people who have access to this information are at different stages of civilization: tribes living in tribal relations live a couple of hours away from Cape Canaveral or the Baikonur Cosmodrome, from where humanity explores space. Therefore, the problem of ownership is acute in the world. nuclear weapons and there is a threat of nuclear terrorism.

Ways to solve global crises

Some scientists suggest the death of humanity within the next century. However, looking back at history, we can draw less pessimistic conclusions. Humanity is capable of finding compromise solutions even in the most difficult situations. For example, we managed to avoid nuclear war between the USSR and the USA during the Caribbean crisis at the end of the 20th century.

In the 1960s and 1970s, many centers were created that united futurologists to study the philosophy of global problems. One of the most famous is the Club of Rome, which explores the relationship between all aspects of human life in two directions: economic development and human relationships.

In the report “The Limits to Growth” (1972), scientists J. Forrester and D. Meadows spoke about the need for immediate economic and environmental stabilization, global balance, and therefore humanity needs to reconsider the very structure of its needs.

In 1974, M. Mesarovic and E. Pestel published the report “Humanity at a Turning Point.” They believed that the world is not just a single whole. The world is like an organism in which each element has its own specific features. The industrial society, in which the economy was the determining factor of development, is a thing of the past. Therefore, humanity needs a qualitative leap in the development of civilization, and not a further increase in industrial power (quantitative development).

We offer a presentation on this topic:

One of the founders of the Club of Rome, Aurelio Peccei, argued that the growth of industrial potential and industrialization in reality is nothing more than a myth, behind which many global problems are hidden.

A. Peccei sees a way out not only in the development of a legal framework that strengthens responsibility for environmental crimes, the introduction of environmentally friendly production, the use of environmental clean sources energy. The main thing is the “internal transformation” of the person himself. A. Peccei came up with the idea of ​​“new humanism” - a harmonious balance between man and nature, the creation of new cultural values, which should be made the foundation of the worldview of the entire population of the Earth. This will lead to the cultural evolution of human civilization, the emergence of a “renewed man”

“New humanism” is characterized by three aspects:

• sense of globality;
• desire for justice;
• rejection of violence.

At the center of this concept of the philosophy of global problems is a holistic human personality and its inexhaustible possibilities. Humanity needs an “unprecedented cultural restructuring”, a transformation of the consciousness of everyone without exception.

According to A. Peccei, such a “human revolution” is the only real opportunity to overcome the sociocultural crisis of the modern world.

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Presentation on the topic: Global Ethnic Crisis

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General definition of ethno-conflict Ethno-conflict is a situation in which each party seeks to take a position that is incompatible and opposite to the interests of the other party, in which the ethnic identity of the parties is manifested in one way or another. Thus, an ethnic conflict is a special form of social or political conflict, which has certain features: divisions along ethnic lines are seen in conflicting groups; the parties seek support in an ethnically related or ethnically friendly environment; in certain types of ethnic conflicts, the ethnic factor tends to politicize; new participants they identify with one of the parties to the conflict based on a common ethnic identity, even if this position is not close to them; ethnic conflicts most often are not value-based and occur around certain objects and interests of groups.

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Conflict-generating factors Profession of the principle of identity of state and national borders Movement of ethnic groups towards self-determination Movement of ethnic groups towards the formation of super-ethnic groups Economic struggle for land, housing in cities, natural resources, etc. Uncontrolled demographic development in the countries of the “third world” Assimilation processes and depopulation of ethnic minorities “Aging” of nations in states with a developed market economyEcological factors Belief in the special relationship of the ethnic group “with the supreme deity”

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Russia and the global ethnic crisis 1An integral part of the global ethnic crisis is interethnic conflicts in post-Soviet territory. These are not international conflicts in the traditional sense of the concept, since they did not originate in the international sphere, but within single state. At the same time, strictly speaking, today they are no longer internal, because with the collapse of the USSR their actual internationalization occurred. More than 100 peoples lived in the USSR, striking in their diversity - languages ​​and religions, level of development and historical heritage, cultural orientation, numbers population and the size of the occupied territory. Until recently, these features were combined in a very bizarre way. Thus, Orthodoxy is also professed by Georgians who have ancient history, a unique alphabet, a unique culture, and the Chuvash - a quiet peasant people on the Volga, speaking the language of the Turkic group. In the Baltic states you can find zealous Catholic Lithuanians with a relatively high birth rate and Estonians close to the Finns, Lutherans with an extremely low birth rate, etc.

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Russia and the global ethnic crisis 2Many people of the older generation grew up in the belief that the peoples of the USSR had complete equality and sovereignty and that over the years Soviet power they reached an “unprecedented peak.” Unfortunately, this is not true. During the years of perestroika, it became clear that the country's national government structure needed improvement, legal status national autonomies turned out to be not entirely fair; the rights of peoples repressed during Stalin’s tyranny require restoration. Essentially, the issues of protecting the national identity of small peoples, as well as nationalities that do not have or live outside the borders of their national territorial entities, turned out to be unresolved. Interethnic strife also worsened on the territory of the Russian Federation itself (42). However, from the point of view national interests Russia, its territorial integrity and defense capability, border conflicts (Tajikistan, Nagorno-Karabakh, Georgia, etc.) are also important.

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Global ethnic crisis The importance of scientific understanding of modern national-ethnic processes is quite obvious and does not require special argumentation. Let us only note that in the growing stream of publications devoted to the problem of aggravation of interethnic (and interreligious) rivalry, works of a geographical nature are increasingly encountered, indicating that thousands of threads connect an ethnic group with a territory (and the theory of ethnogenesis, developed by L. N. Gumilyov, is based and which has excited the scientific community in recent years lies precisely in the geographical interpretation of interethnic relations).

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Ecology and ethnic strife These environmental conflicts are most often considered in the literature from an international, rather than interethnic, angle. But the concepts of “national interest” and “state interest,” as already noted, in the meaning of their application very often coincide. Most international environmental conflicts are essentially interethnic. Indeed, the claims of the Scandinavian states - Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland and Iceland to Germany and Great Britain, whose factories in the Ruhr, Birmingham and other places serve as sources acid rain, can also be viewed through the prism of interethnic relations, as well as the endless disputes between the United States and Canada over the transboundary movements of smoke clouds. The accident at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant was not only international, but also interethnic in nature, since the resulting radioactive fallout was found in the north of Europe (Norway and Sweden), in the far west (in Great Britain) and in the southwest (in France).

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According to the nature of the subject of terrorist activity, terrorism is divided into: Unorganized or individual (lone terrorism) - in this case, a terrorist attack (less often, a series of terrorist attacks) is carried out by one or two people who are not backed by any organization (Dmitry Karakozov, Vera Zasulich, Ravachol etc.); Unorganized or individual (lone wolf terrorism) - in this case, a terrorist attack (more rarely, a series of terrorist attacks) is carried out by one or two people who are not backed by any organization (Dmitry Karakozov, Vera Zasulich, Ravachol, etc.);

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Terrorist organizations whose activities are prohibited in Russia February 14, 2003 Supreme Court The Russian Federation recognized 15 organizations as terrorist, after which their activities on Russian territory were banned: “The Higher Military Majlisul Shura of the United Mujahideen Forces of the Caucasus” “The Congress of the Peoples of Ichkeria and Dagestan” (both created in Chechnya and headed by Shamil Basayev and Movladi Udugov) “Al-Qaeda "(Osama bin Laden, Afghanistan) "Asbat al-Ansar" (Lebanon) "Al-Jihad" (Egypt) "Al-Gamaa al-Islamiya" (Egypt) "Muslim Brotherhood" (Egypt) "Hizb ut-Tahrir al -Islami (Islamic Liberation Party) Lashkar-i-Taiba (Pakistan) Jamaat-i-Islami (Pakistan) Taliban (Afghanistan) Turkistan Islamic Party (formerly Islamic Movement of Uzbekistan) Jamiyat al -Islah al-Ijtimai" (Society for Social Reforms, Kuwait) "Jamiyat Ihya at-Turaz al-Islami" (Kuwait) "Al-Haramain" (Saudi Arabia).

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Al-Qaeda is ready for a new attack on the United States, the Taliban

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ETHNIC CONFLICTS IN THE MODERN WORLD

Conflicts associated with the aggravation of interethnic relations have become an indispensable attribute of the modern world. They flare up on all continents of our planet: in both developed and developing countries, in areas of distribution of any religious teachings, in areas with different levels wealth and education.

Numerous sources of ethnic conflicts - from global (Kurdish, Palestinian, Kosovo, Chechen) to local and specific (everyday contradictions between people of different nationalities within a city, town, village) - give rise to instability, which is increasingly difficult to contain within state borders. Confrontations between ethnic groups almost always involve, to one degree or another, neighboring ethnic groups, and often distant centers of power, including such large-scale geopolitical players as the USA, Russia, Great Britain, India, and China.

Concept conflict translated from Latin means "collision". Signs of conflict manifest themselves in a clash of forces, parties, and interests. The object of conflict can be either a fragment of material, socio-political or spiritual reality, or a territory, its subsoil, social status, distribution of power, language and cultural values. In the first case, it is formed social conflict, in the second - territorial. An ethnic conflict that takes place between ethnic groups - groups of people who have a common historical and cultural foundation and occupy a certain spatial area - is a territorial conflict.

The whole range of problems related to them is studied geographic conflictology - scientific direction, exploring the nature, essence, causes of conflicts, patterns of their occurrence and development based on interaction with spatial (geographical) factors. Geographic conflictology uses knowledge of philosophy, history, sociology, law, political science, psychology, ethnology, biology, economics, political geography and geopolitics, physical and social geography.

Any conflict is characterized by uneven development over time. Periods latent(hidden) its development is replaced by segments of open confrontation between the parties to the conflict; at this time it happens updating, when the activity of the warring parties sharply increases, the number of political actions increases many times over, and a transition to armed action occurs.

According to Russian researcher conflicts V.Avksentieva, The transition from the latent period to the actualized period usually begins with a statement by one of the parties about dissatisfaction with their position and the intention to change it. The announcement of dissatisfaction is the first phase of the actualized conflict. It is followed by a phase of refusal, that is, denial by at least one of the parties to the conflict of the very existence of the problem, a phase of escalating the conflict, a meeting phase (recognition of its existence by both parties, the beginning of consultations and negotiations) and a phase of conflict resolution. The last phases can only be recorded in conflicts that are fading and have reduced their destructive potential.

Like any other socio-political phenomenon, ethnic conflict develops according to certain laws and is initiated by specific factors among which we can highlight objective And subjective. The objective group includes those factors that exist relatively independently of public consciousness. The most striking example of this kind is natural factor.

Everything that contributes to the development of conflict is connected in single complex. The active manifestation of one or two factors without the support of the others is not capable of creating any serious ethnic conflict.

Plays an important and often decisive role in the processes of conflict emergence. ethno-confessional factor. The main component of any ethnic conflict is a crisis of ethnic self-awareness (political scientists and conflict experts call it an identity crisis). It manifests itself in changes in the ethnic, confessional (religious) and political self-identification of people, in the strengthening of the influence of nationalist groups and associations, and in the growth of their political activity.

Many states of the world are interested in creating a single supranational national identity, which, on the basis of a single language, common symbols and traditions, could consolidate all ethnic, religious and social groups of the country. In single-national (mono-ethnic) states such as Japan, Norway or Portugal, this problem has already been practically solved. The named countries have already late XIX V. are at a level of ethnic consolidation that has received the name “nation-state” in the West, that is, they have an almost complete coincidence of ethnic and state (civil) self-identification.

The term “national state” was first used at the end of the 18th century. in relation to France. The essence of this concept is that the entire population of the country is defined as a single nation, without ethnic differences within a single state. The slogan under which this process is taking place reads: “For every nation, a state. Each state has a national essence.” It should be noted, however, that this idea is far from being implemented everywhere. As many researchers rightly note, an ethnically homogeneous national state is an ideal concept, since in reality almost every state has more or less pronounced minorities and in the modern ethnically mixed world the task of building a textbook model nation state can be called utopian.

The life situation shows that today ethnic groups are artificially divided into two groups. A minority of them constitute an elite club, identified with the international community and all its institutions. Representatives of another, more numerous group of ethnic groups exist as ethnic minorities in multinational states ah and are limited in the ability to directly participate in activities international community. The existence of several international organizations of ethnic minorities, such as the Association of the Peoples of the North or the Organization of Unrepresented Nations and Peoples (it includes 52 members, including Abkhazia, Bashkortostan, Buryatia, Gagauzia, Kosovo, Iraqi Kurdistan, Taiwan) is perceived as little consolation for peoples unrepresented in the foreign policy arena.

Interethnic relations are most difficult in multinational (multi-ethnic) states. In some - centralized Some ethnic groups are so large that they are constantly at the center of socio-political life, dictating their interests, putting forward a standardized culture built on their national-cultural foundation, and trying to assimilate minorities. It is in such states that greatest potential for conflicts, since the dominant group makes claims to exclusive control of national institutions, which causes a response from national minorities.

This model of interethnic relations prevails in Iran, Indonesia, Myanmar and a number of other countries. In some of them, the desire to consolidate the entire population of the country into a single nation on the foundation of the dominant ethnic group calls into question the very existence of other ethnic groups (For example, in Turkey, the Kurds are officially called “mountain Turks”).

At dispersed In a type of multi-ethnic state, the population consists of a small number of ethnic groups, each of which is too weak or small in number to dominate. As a result, the only option acceptable to everyone is to achieve interethnic harmony (albeit, at times quite fragile and often violated). Such a system has formed, for example, in many African countries, where extremely heterogeneous ethnic composition- legacy of colonial borders (Nigeria, Tanzania, Guinea, Democratic Republic Congo, etc.).

Discrimination against national minorities can take various forms: restrictions or even bans national language and culture, economic pressure, resettlement from ethnic territory, reduction of quotas for representation in the administrative structures of the state, etc. In almost all countries of the East, the proportion of representatives of different ethnic groups in the government system does not correspond to the proportion of a given ethnic group among the entire population. As a rule, the numerically dominant ethnic groups (Persians in Iran, Punjabis in Pakistan, Sinhalese in Sri Lanka, Malays in Malaysia, Burmese in Myanmar, etc.) have disproportionately high representation at all levels of power, and the majority of other ethnic groups have disproportionately low representation .

The main demands of most national movements involved in ethnic conflicts boil down to three areas:

1) cultural revival (creation of broad cultural autonomy using the native language in local government and education);

2) economic independence (the right to manage natural resources and economic potential localized within the ethnic territory);

3) political self-government (the establishment of national self-government within the boundaries of an ethnic territory or part of it).

The range of demands of these movements is determined by the degree of development and complexity of the structure of the ethnic group, its internal social differentiation. Leaders of “simple” ethnic communities that retain vestiges of tribal relations usually make clear demands for independence and/or expulsion of all “outsiders” (for example, leaders national movement in Assam). Among larger and more developed ethnic groups, the range of demands put forward is much wider: they are dominated by demands for cultural and national-territorial autonomy, economic independence and political self-government, which is confirmed, for example, by the situation in Catalonia.

A number of ethnic groups demand expansion of rights up to the formation of their own statehood. However, if in reality we are guided by the principle of complete self-determination (up to separation) for each ethnic group, then this leads to the unoptimistic prospect of the gradual collapse of all multinational states of the world until every ethnic group on the planet (and there are 3-4 thousand of them) has of your state. According to the American scientist S. Cohen, within 25 - 30 years the number of states may increase by one and a half times. As a result, there will be more than 300 sovereign states on the world map.

The difference between the confessional form of conflict formation and the ethnic one is that it is not ethnic self-awareness that comes to the fore, but religious one. Often the opponents in a conflict even belong to the same ethnic group. For example, adherents of Sikhism are ethnically Punjabis. They are in conflict with Hindu Punjabis (in India) and Muslim Punjabis (in Pakistan).

Religion has a significant influence on the entire culture of an ethnic group. Sometimes religious differences play a decisive role in ethnogenesis. For example, Bosniaks, Serbs and Croats living in Bosnia and Herzegovina spoke the same language even before the ethnic cleansing of the first half of the 1990s. They lived in stripes within a single habitat. It is possible that the Punjabi ethnic group, which still maintains its unity, will soon split along religious lines. At least now, Sikh Punjabis speak Punjabi, Hindu Punjabis speak Hindi, and Muslim Punjabis speak Urdu.

Classic centers of ethnic conflicts with a clearly dominant role of the religious factor are Palestine, Punjab, Kashmir, and the Southern Philippines (areas inhabited by Moro Muslims). The religious component of the conflict is mixed with the ethnic one in Cyprus (Muslim Turkish Cypriots against Christian Greek Cypriots), in Sri Lanka (Hindu Tamils ​​against Buddhist Sinhalese), in Northern Ireland (Catholic Irish against immigrants from England and Scotland - Protestants) , in the Indian state of Nagaland (Naga Christians against the main population of India - Hindus), etc. There are, however, many hotbeds of conflict where the warring parties are co-religionists: Catalonia, Transnistria, Balochistan, etc.

Works closely with ethno-confessional socio-economic factor. In its pure form, it is not capable of leading to a serious ethnic conflict, otherwise any area that differs economically would be a hotbed of interethnic confrontation.

The dependence of the intensity of the conflict on the level of economic development cannot be determined unambiguously. There are pockets of ethnic conflicts in the world, both relatively economically developed (Catalonia, Quebec, Transnistria) and economically depressed (Chechnya, Kosovo, Kurdistan, Chiapas, Corsica).

The motivation for the dissatisfaction expressed by an ethnic group with their economic situation can be different. Ethnic groups living in relative prosperity and well-being often show dissatisfaction with the current practice unjustifiably high deductions from their region to the national budget. According to the leaders of these national movements, under the guise of declarations about the harmonious and balanced economic development of the country, the region is being robbed. Moreover, the more noticeable the economic disproportions between the most and least developed regions of the country, the larger sums are withdrawn from economically prosperous regions, which causes a sharp rejection of the “freeloading regions” by them.

Ethnic groups inhabiting economically backward areas express complaints that governing structures or international organizations do not take into account the deplorable situation in their economy, do not provide loans for its development, and do not see the needs of the ordinary population. Raising the level of economic demands put forward, which at times develops into direct economic blackmail, according to the calculations of the leaders of the conflicting ethnic group, can lead to a more profitable redistribution of budget funds, international assistance, fairer tax policy. Sometimes participants in the conflict rely on non-traditional economic sources, such as income from smuggling various types of goods, including weapons and drugs, taking hostages for ransom, and extortion from fellow tribesmen who have achieved success in business.

The socio-economic factor plays an important role in the formation and development of the Basque conflict node, and is clearly expressed in Indian Assam and Indonesian Irian Jaya.

In the processes of origin and evolution of ethnic conflicts, it is of no small importance natural factor. Basically, its effect is manifested in the form of natural boundaries, which often serve as barriers between neighboring ethnic groups, boundaries of interethnic clashes and wars. Mountain ranges can act as such natural boundaries, large rivers, sea straits, impassable areas of land (deserts, swamps, forests).

On the one hand, natural boundaries minimize contacts between warring ethnic groups, which reduces conflict in relationships; on the other hand, they contribute to the psychological alienation of ethnic groups living on opposite sides of the barrier. Natural boundaries were previously one of the main factors that laid down the direction of ethnic boundaries, thereby determining the ethnic map of the region. The natural accessibility of the territory determines the level of economic development. If the state does not have the level of prosperity of Switzerland, within which, by the way, there are a lot of diverse natural boundaries, then natural boundaries will lead to certain difficulties in contacts with some territories, which will negatively affect their economic development.

In comparison with other conflict-generating factors, natural boundaries are the least plastic and practically unchanged." In reality, it is only possible to slightly improve the connections between the opposite sides of the natural boundary (construction of mountain and sea tunnels, construction of bridges, creation of sea and air routes, transformation of deserts and tropical jungle etc.), however, it is hardly possible to completely eliminate differences in economic and geopolitical situations.

The role of geopolitical factor. The main form of its manifestation is geopolitical faults between extensive civilizational-historical and military-political massifs. Concepts of geopolitical faults of various directions and configurations have become Lately popular in the scientific community. The American model became the most famous S. Huntington. Fracture zones are characterized by political instability, confrontation between the strategic interests of the largest geopolitical forces, and conflicts often arise here.

A clear example of the action of this factor is the Balkan mega-conflict and its components - ethnic conflicts in Kosovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Western Macedonia, Montenegro. The uniqueness of the Balkan node lies in the fact that three geopolitical fault lines pass through it at once: between the Orthodox-Slavic and Islamic civilizations (currently the most conflict-prone), between the Orthodox-Slavic and European-Catholic civilizations, and between the European-Catholic and Islamic civilizations. Each of the three sides of the conflict node experiences strong interference external forces. The USA, Great Britain, Germany and other NATO countries support the Croats and Muslim peoples (Kosovo Albanians and Bosnians). The Orthodox Serbs actually found themselves isolated, since their traditional foreign policy patrons (including Russia) are less persistent and consistent in defending their interests in the international arena.

In every major ethnic conflict, the opposing sides observe collective interests, the development of which is possible only if there is organizing and managing entity. Such an entity can be a national elite, a more or less large public organization, armed groups, a political party, etc.

Such political organizations closely involved in the conflict exist in many countries around the world. This, for example. The Kurdish Workers' Party in Turkish Kurdistan, the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam in the Tamil north of Sri Lanka, the Kosovo Liberation Army, the Palestine Liberation Organization, etc.

In countries with developed parliamentary democracies, national movements operate openly, freely participating in elections at various levels. However, some of the most odious and extremist organizations, in relation to which their involvement in bloody crimes has been proven, are prohibited. Nevertheless, even in these cases, national groups have the opportunity to openly express their interests.

Nationalist public organizations reflect the interests and sentiments of peripheral elites seeking to expand their influence. Such ethnocratic elites are formed mainly in three ways. Firstly, the state-administrative nomenclature that existed under the previous regime can be transformed into a new national elite (examples:

most CIS countries, countries of the former Yugoslavia). Secondly, such an elite can be represented by a new nationalist intelligentsia (teachers, writers, journalists, etc.), who did not previously have power, but at a certain moment sensed the possibility of acquiring it (the Baltic countries, Georgia). Thirdly, the ethnocratic elite can be formed from a conglomerate of those fighting for national independence field commanders and mafia leaders, as happened in Chechnya, Somalia, Afghanistan, Tajikistan, Eritrea, Myanmar.

Sooner or later, a charismatic leader of the national movement appears among the ethnocratic elite - such, for example, as Ya. Arafat was for Palestine or A. Ocalan for Kurdistan, concentrating in his hands all the forces involved in achieving the intended goals. The leader represents the interests of his movement at various levels, leads negotiations with opposing side, is achieving international recognition.

The leader of the national movement is the potential head of the newly formed state. The role of such a person in a conflict is sometimes very great. In some countries, separatist movements take place not under the flags of one or another ethnic or religious group, but under the battle standards of one or another big name.

It is wrong, however, to absolutize the role of the leader in the process of a territory’s struggle for sovereignty. Without a wide circle of like-minded people, a clear hierarchical party structure, and the support of the national elite, the leader remains a lone rebel.

Among the factors contributing to the development of separatism, one cannot fail to mention historical factor. If the ethnic group making demands for self-determination or autonomy previously had its own statehood or self-governing institutions, then it has much more moral grounds to revive them. Largely for this reason, the Baltic republics former USSR throughout its existence, it was the area of ​​the most clearly defined nationalist processes. Similar problems may now face the Russian Federation, a number of whose subjects, for example Tatarstan, Tyva, Dagestan (the latter in the form of fragmented feudal estates), previously had their own statehood.

None of the factors of separatism is as decisive for the transition of a conflict from latent to actualized form as factor of public mobilization. Without the active participation of the population, any area of ​​manifestation of disintegration tendencies is unlikely to have grounds to become a hotbed of separatism. Population mobilization refers to the ability of certain political groups to take active action to achieve their economic, political and national interests. The higher the political self-awareness in a society, the higher its mobilization. The growth of mobilization also entails an increase in the political activity of the population, indicators of which are an increase in the number of demonstrations, rallies, strikes, pickets and other political actions. As a result, high mobilization of the population can lead to destabilization of political life and even outbreaks of violence.

The level of mobilization in different social groups is usually not the same. Particularly irreconcilable positions regarding ways to resolve the conflict - extremism - dominate among marginalized sections of the population. It is in them that the lack of culture and education is felt; First of all, these social groups are most susceptible to partial or complete unemployment.

As the conflict develops, the field of action of public mobilization expands. At the moment of its emergence, the most mobilized group becomes the national intelligentsia, which, by influencing broad layers of the population through means mass media increases the mobilization of the entire ethnocultural community. It is interesting that in such situations, the humanitarian intelligentsia, oriented towards ethnic revival, plays a particularly strong destabilizing role, while the technical intelligentsia most often acts as a stabilizing factor.

Great importance when studying sources of instability, he has the concept of a “threshold critical level of mobilization”, beyond which the open phase of the conflict follows. In general, this threshold is higher in more developed regions of the planet (Europe, America) and lower in less developed ones (Africa, Asia). Thus, national and cultural discrimination against Tamils ​​in Sri Lanka led to a major armed conflict, and similar actions carried out by the Estonian government against the Russian-speaking population did not generate a reaction even close in intensity.

The mobilization of a certain group of the population usually depends on the amount of resources under public control (mainly labor) and on political organization. The forms of group organization are varied and include: political parties, as well as other social structures: national-cultural movements, liberation fronts, etc. In any case, for each public group capable of increasing its mobilization, the following conditions must be met:

1) general identification of the group;

2) a common self-name, well known to both members and non-members of the group;

3) certain symbols of the group: emblems, slogans, songs, uniforms, national clothes, etc.;

4) the presence in the group of a certain circle of people whose authority is recognized by all members of the group;

5) the group’s own controlled space;

6) the presence of common property (money, weapons and other means of struggle);

7) exercise by the top of the group of control over the activities of all group members.

All existing centers of ethnic conflict in the world were formed as a result of the combination of the factors listed above.

Lesson 1 Global ethnic crisis

Lesson 1

Global ethnic crisis

Tasks:

1. Form an idea of ​​the ethnic crisis as a global problem for humanity.

2. Consider the anatomy of the ethnic crisis through the prism of geography.

3. Develop skills in working with textbook text: divide main information and secondary, reformulate in your own words, systematize.

4. Develop group work skills: exchanging information, developing a joint solution, presenting to the class.

5.Cultivate interest in the world around us and the events taking place in it.

How did this become possible: the enlightened 21st century,

multicultural world, global network Internet,

Al Jazeera, CNN, quarks, plasma, DNA mysteries

and space, but humanity has not become any more tolerant,

neither more humane nor smarter, and religion does not soften morals,

but becomes an additional line of division in society.

Valeria Novodvorskaya, journalist

"New Time", No. 6, 2006.

Activation of cognitive activity

Students are asked to recall previously learned material.

What is the modern world like?

What is he like? What trends are characteristic of it?

Trends:

1. “Narrowing of the world” - the possibility of faster movement in space, temporary “shortening” of distances due to the technical capabilities of modern transport.

2. Formation of sustainable economic ties between countries of the world at two levels: international and transnational. International relations are carried out between states at the level of heads of state, government and others government organizations. Transnational connections are carried out at the level of transnational corporations through their network subsidiaries and branches.

3.Deep development and penetration of communication systems into all spheres of human life.

Conclusion: These trends lead to the world becoming compact, accessible, and transparently viewable. The world is shrinking to a point.

Along with the trends of unification and integration, the world is experiencing processes of regionalization: the rise of nationalism and “sovereignization”. There is a tendency towards self-determination, self-identification of countries and peoples. There is a growth and deepening of national-ethnic problems.

New material

Give examples of “hot spots” on the planet.

Working with the “Hot Spots of the Planet” map.

The problem of the ethnic crisis is global in nature.

Confirm that the problem is truly global. (It is characterized by all three features: it arose as a result of the development of society, it prevents further development humanity and threatens the existence of the world community, it can only be solved by the efforts of all countries of the world.).

Prove that the problem of the ethnic crisis concerns every person.

(Terrorism has become one of the forms of manifestation of the global ethnic crisis. People of different nationalities, religions and life principles become victims of terrorist attacks.)

Organization of work in groups.

Work in groups.

Each group has 5 people.

Duration of work in groups is 15-17 minutes.

Each group receives a task.

1. Read the text of the textbook pp. 226-233. Distribute tasks between group members yourself:

Text “The principle of identity of state and national borders” and “The movement of nations towards self-determination and the desire for the formation of supernations”, pp. 226-227.

Text “Aging” of nations and destabilization of interethnic relations”, p.228-229.

Assimilation and depopulation of ethnic minorities”, p.229-230.

- “Ecology and ethnic strife”, “Other factors “provoking” outbreaks of nationalism”, pp. 230-232.

- “Tribalism - an old disease of Africa”, pp. 232-233.

2. As you read, highlight the main points in the text, establish relationships and patterns, and, if necessary, make notes in your notebook.

3. Prepare to present your work to the group.

4. Look at Figure 41 on p. 224. Answer the questions.

What reasons, in your opinion, most often provoke ethnic conflicts in the modern world? Try to systematize the causes of conflicts by region. Does the level of development of countries matter?

Is it possible to systematize forms of manifestation by region? Does the level of development of countries matter?

Generalization

Questions about the possibility of systematizing the factors and forms of manifestation of ethnic conflicts are brought up for discussion in the class. Options for systematization and arguments are heard.

Possible conclusions:

1. The factor is largely determined by the age of the population, which depends on demographic situation in the country, the ethnic mosaic of the territory, the latest political processes taking place in this territory.

2. In developed countries, the forms of manifestation of the ethnic crisis are predominantly “peaceful” in nature, while in developing countries there is armed confrontation. The question of why in Europe forms of expression develops from peaceful to armed is discussed. (This may be due to the high number of foreign citizens. Along with the migration of foreigners, forms of expression also “migrate.”

One of the systematization options

Homework:

Group 1.

Carefully read the text of topic 12 “Global ethnic crisis”. Compile as complete a dictionary of concepts and terms as possible. Use additional literature and the Internet.

Group 2.

Make a catalog of Internet resources on the “hot” spots of the planet. Write a short summary of the links. Organize your information. Choose the method of systematization yourself.

Group 3.

Create a bibliographic catalog information materials(articles, messages) on the topic “Global Ethnic Crisis”, confirming the existence of a problem in the world. Write a short annotation for each bibliographic reference.

Group 4.

Confirm that ethnic conflicts exist on Russian territory. Present information messages in the form of a table (define the form and content yourself).

Group 5.

Make a list of ways to resolve ethnic conflicts in the world. Evaluate their advantages and disadvantages. Present the results of your work in a form convenient for work.

Lesson 2

Global ethnic crisis. Presentation of the results of work in groups.

Tasks:

1. Expand knowledge on the topic using the results of the groups’ work.

2. Develop skills in working with oral information: perception, highlighting the main thing, recording.

Presentation of the results of the group's work

Message order:

1. Present the assignment to the class.

2. Actions to complete the task.

3. Results of the task.

Group presentation order:

1. Dictionary of concepts and terms.

2. Bibliographic list of media information.

3. Catalog of Internet resources.

The results of the work of groups to identify areas of ethnic tension in Russia are examined in more detail. Each group member gives a detailed report. Answers clarifying questions.

Particular attention is paid to ways of resolving ethnic conflicts, which are not systematized in the textbook. The results of the group's work are discussed.

Commenting on homework

Each student is asked to consider one of the ethnic conflicts in more detail and enter the information in a table.

Lesson 3

Russia and the global ethnic crisis

Tasks:

1. Expanding knowledge on the topic through working with additional information.

2. Development of skills in analyzing information, collating it and presenting it to the audience.

3. Bringing students to understand the problem of the ethnic crisis as personally significant.

Here is one of the darkest predictions for the future:

unless "whites" and "non-whites" learn to live side by side,

will stoop to mutual accusations and account balances,

will not understand the value of mutual understanding; if racial wars enter our lives, then the 21st century will become even more tragic than the past century we experienced. Although it would seem much more tragic.

Apollo Davidson, professor at Moscow State University

Presenting the results to the class individual work according to the advanced task.

The message "Islamization of the modern world."

Task: make notes in your notebook as the message progresses. Causes of Islamization of the world, centers, ways of spread, methods of solution. Does this problem concern Russia? What measures does the state need to take?

Organization of work in groups

Groups receive tasks

Group 1.

This group's assignment is not presented to the class,

Will be checked by the teacher at the end of the lesson.

Group 2.

Group 3.

Please review the information provided. Give arguments in favor of those who consider the problem far-fetched. Propose measures to preserve the Kaliningrad region as part of the Russian Federation and educate Kaliningrad residents as loyal citizens of the country.

Group 4.

Look at Figure 42 on page 234 of the textbook. Determine, using conventional signs, the severity of interethnic relations in the Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug Irkutsk region. To what extent do you think the upcoming referendum on the unification of two subjects - the Irkutsk region and the Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug - will help solve the problem of interethnic relations. Justify your point of view. Present the results of your work in a convenient form.

Group 5.

On April 16, 2006, a referendum will be held on the unification of two subjects - the Irkutsk region and the Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug. Study the information provided. Guess what the voting results will be. Is it possible in the future, if the voting results are positive, that there will be an aggravation of national problems? What measures need to be taken to maintain a stable situation. Present the results in a convenient form.

Groups present the results of their work.

Discussion of the results of the groups' work.

Reflection

Write an essay of 5-7 sentences on the topic “Could the 21st century become a century of nationalism and separatism for the world and Russia? What to do?". State your point of view and try to justify it.

Group 4

Look at Figure 42 on page 234 of the textbook.

Determine, using conventional signs, the severity of interethnic relations in the Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug of the Irkutsk Region.

To what extent do you think the upcoming referendum on the unification of two subjects - the Irkutsk region and the Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug - will help solve the problem of interethnic relations.

Justify your point of view. Present the results of your work in a convenient form.

For reference:

Subject information

Irkutsk region

National composition:

Russians – 88.5%

Buryats – 3.1%

National composition:

Buryats – 39.6%

Russians – 54.4%

Group 1.

You are offered an initial situation (country, group of countries, etc.) where an ethnic conflict may occur. Project factors that may cause conflict, suggest forms of manifestation and suggest methods of resolution. Write your answer in the form of a diagram (there may be several of them for one situation). Please provide real examples if possible. conflict situations, passing according to the schemes you proposed.

Situation 1. A developing country with a multi-ethnic population.

Situation 2. A developed country in the world in which the number of foreigners is rapidly growing.

Situation 3. A country formed as a result of the collapse of a larger power. It has a multinational population and is characterized by bilingualism.

Group 5

On April 16, 2006, a referendum will be held on the unification of two subjects - the Irkutsk region and the Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug.

Study the information provided.

Is it possible in the future, if the voting results are positive, that national problems will worsen? What measures need to be taken to maintain a stable situation.

Present the results in a convenient form.

Subject information

Irkutsk region

The population is 2 million 582 thousand people, including the Ust-Orda Buryat Autonomous Okrug.

National composition:

Russians – 88.5%

Buryats – 3.1%

Other nationalities – 8.4%

Of all the Buryats, 66.6% live in the territory of the Ust-Orda Buryat Okrug, the rest are located throughout the region.

The unemployment rate in the Irkutsk region is 15.1% (2002). The average per capita income per person is 1,682 rubles (2002). The poor make up 29.9%.

Ust-Ordynsky Buryat Autonomous Okrug

The population is 135 thousand people.

National composition:

Buryats – 39.6%

Russians – 54.4%

Other nationalities – 6.0%.

The unemployment rate in the Autonomous Okrug is 14.9%. The average per capita income per person is 473 rubles (2002). The poor make up 89.4%.

Group 2.

There is an opinion that the Kaliningrad region may become a territory of ethnic conflict.

Please review the information provided. Give arguments in favor of those who consider a conflict possible in the Kaliningrad region. Suggest what factor may become a conflict-generating factor. Suggest measures to prevent the situation from escalating.

Group 3.

There are polar points of view on the possibility of an ethnic conflict in the Kaliningrad region: some are in favor, others are against.

Please review the information provided. Give arguments in favor of those who consider the problem far-fetched. Propose measures to preserve the Kaliningrad region as part of the Russian Federation and educate Kaliningrad residents as loyal citizens of the country.

Introduction………………………………………………………………………………………3 1. Global problems of humanity.…………………………………………………… ……...5 1.1. The concept of globalization and global problems……………………………5 1.2. Classification of global problems of humanity…………………………7 2. Description of the global ethnic crisis…………………………….8 2.1. Definition of the global ethnic crisis…………………………......8 2.2. Factors of the global ethnic crisis………………………………….9 2.3. Russia and the global ethnic crisis……………………………………13 3. Ways to resolve the global ethnic crisis……………………………14 3.1. Sustainable development strategy……………………………………………..14 3.2. Approaches to sustainable development strategy………………………………..15 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………….. 20 List of sources used……………………………………………………….22 Appendix No. 1 Appendix No. 2

Introduction

Growing economic and technological interdependence of states, acceleration of internationalization processes social life, politics, cultures make the modern world holistic and, in a certain sense, indivisible. IN modern era There is a globalization of human problems. Their relevance is associated with a number of factors: acceleration of processes social development; increasing anthropogenic impact on nature; detection of exhaustibility of natural resources; extreme aggravation of the task of human survival; the pervasive influence of modern technology and media, etc. There is a need to realize the vital necessity of harmonizing the connections and relationships of man, technology and nature. Due to this special meaning acquires an understanding of the global problems of our time, their causes, relationships, and ways to solve them. The problem of the emergence of a global ethnic crisis requires special attention. On the scale of all humanity national question arises in the confrontation of two general trends: 1) the movement of nations towards self-determination and independence and 2) the desire to form large multi-ethnic communities, to form powerful supernations, where ethnic groups, different traditions and cultures would be organically united. Thus, the purpose of the work is to study the global ethnic crisis. The object of research is global problems of humanity, their interrelation and causes of occurrence. The subject of the study is the global ethnic crisis. Based on the purpose of the study, we can formulate the following tasks: 1. Carry out a theoretical analysis of sources on the chosen topic; 2. Trace the interconnection of all global problems of humanity; 3. Formulate the concept of a global ethnic crisis; 4. Identify the signs of a global ethnic crisis; 5. Study the causes of the problem; 6. Assess the degree of influence of the global ethnic crisis on the modern world; 7. Suggest ways to solve the problem. In this work, we propose to identify the influence of global problems on the formation of a global ethnic crisis and show its generalized, holistic and systemic structure. This is the novelty of our work. Research methods - study of literary sources and analysis of graphic material. The practical significance of the study lies in the possibility of using the results obtained in the development of seminars on global problems of humanity. The course work consists of an introduction, three chapters, a conclusion, a list of sources used and two appendices.

Conclusion

In a rapidly changing world, solving global problems of humanity and, as a consequence, overcoming the global ethnic crisis is of paramount importance. We can say with complete confidence that with the improvement of the environmental situation, the rise in living standards and the quality of education, the introduction of new technologies into all processes of human life, the prevention of wars and the stopping of existing armed conflicts, the population of the Earth will become much closer to emerging from the global ethnic crisis. Naturally, this is a very long and extremely painstaking process, in which all countries and states of our planet must be equally involved, since only by uniting the efforts of each nation individually can global problems be solved as a whole. No one, even the most developed country in the world, is able to single-handedly solve at least one problem that in one way or another affects the future existence of the entire population of our planet. Understanding the causes of global problems, their structure and individual characteristics, and most importantly, solutions is perhaps the only key to success, which will lie in harmonizing the relationship between human society and the environment, overcoming economic and social inequality between highly developed countries and countries lagging behind in a number of socio-economic indicators. I would like to add that, focusing on overcoming the global ethnic crisis, the population of every country on the globe, in pursuit of achieving a universal goal, should not forget about their own, sometimes original and unique, culture, which consists in unique features way of life, folklore and folk arts, the harmonious combination of which gives a special appearance to this ethnic group on the world population map. This is the only way - being involved in the global process of integrated solutions to global problems and, at the same time, not forgetting about preserving our historical features accumulated over many centuries, or even a thousand years of history, the state will be able to fully develop and meet all the norms and requirements that the modern world puts forward in relation to all countries without exception.

Bibliography

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