Psychology of feelings 

Paronyms are example sentences with them. Paronymous words: examples, meaning and use. Structural and semantic division of paronyms

When writing or pronouncing, people are often faced with a decision such as choosing one word or another. The fact is that modern educated person the use of words must not only be correct and appropriate, but also meet all standards and accurately emphasize everything that he wanted to convey to the interlocutor.

It's happening as follows: When people speak or write, they select a specific word from their vocabulary that in the best possible way helps to express the desired thought, corresponds to the genre of speech and speech situation.

Speech culture is one of main criteria for a person’s level of education. How smarter person- the more it is vocabulary. But if in some cases your active vocabulary is not enough, an explanatory dictionary will always come to the rescue.

The smarter a person is, the larger their vocabulary

Connections between words

Russian vocabulary is rich in words that form system relations. These include:

  • antonyms;
  • homonyms;
  • paronyms.

What are paronyms? This word comes from Greek and means words that are similar in spelling and sound, but different in meaning. For example, consonant with the word subscription is subscriber.

Important!Lexical norms require from a person correct use words that will exactly match their meaning. If you do not adhere to these rules, then serious errors occur when speaking, speech becomes ambiguous and incomprehensible to the interlocutor.

Such words are formed in different ways:

  • suffixal;
  • prefixal;
  • with different ending letters.

In order to better understand the meaning of words that sound similar, you should study examples.

What are paronyms

Examples

There are a great many words that make up pairs of paronyms. Depending on the method of formation, they are usually divided into three main groups. For example, for the word life-giving the companion will be a paronym tenacious. It is not difficult to see the difference in the meaning of these two words.

After all, “tenacious” is something capable of life, hardy, or something that lasts for a long time (tenacious animal, tenacious habits). And the word “life-giving” means something that can strengthen vitality(life-giving remedy, life-giving water). This paronymic pair refers to the adjective part of speech. As for the word “cash”, its consonant word is “availability”.

It is also quite simple to distinguish between them; you just need to familiarize yourself with the meaning. Presence is the presence of someone or something. For example, having a cat on the balcony. Cash means the amount of what is available during this period of time. An example is the phrase “cash”.

Where can I find such pairs?

This Words that are similar in spelling but different in meaning, but you can fully understand the content of this term only with the help of examples of words that together make up the so-called paronymic pair. But not everyone remembers very large number words and phrases, in other words, a large vocabulary.

This means that you should read, learn more, and constantly practice, because various tasks to improve the level of knowledge in the Russian language were invented not only for schoolchildren. But if you don’t have time to learn all the subtleties right now, and you need to choose a word right now, a dictionary of paronyms will come to the rescue, which contains many consonant lexemes with the meaning of each of them.

They will come in handy in some situations. But still, you will have to spend time searching for the right words, so it would be much better to keep them in memory and effortlessly use them when needed.

Mixing

The term "mixing" means replacement similar sounding words , which at the same time have completely different meanings. As a result of such confusion, various stylistic incidents occur; people use sentences with paronyms that are inappropriate in in this case. To understand what a mixture of paronyms is, you need to familiarize yourself with examples of unsuccessful use of words.

So, people often kneel instead of standing. Or the artist will create high-calorie images instead of colorful ones. Such mistakes, although in most cases cause a smile, but, despite this, they remain mistakes.

This is how many words and phrases are confused. This is especially true for schoolchildren of primary and middle age, whose vocabulary is not yet as rich as that of the adult population.

To prevent this from happening, the little student must always have a dictionary at hand that will help him understand the meaning of some unclear words and avoid making similar mistakes in the future.

Origin story

Initially, the term itself was coined and used by Aristotle in his writings. Paronymy is the name of the phenomenon of incomplete sound similarity of words with their partial or complete semantic difference. In the mid-twentieth century, Soviet linguistic experts used this term to designate words with the same root that belonged to the same part of speech. As an example, we can cite such paronymic pairs as:

  • payment - payment;
  • marshy - swampy;
  • main - capital.

But other scientists call this only words with the same root that have consonant prefixes and common place. In Russian modern type there are no more than a thousand paronymic pairs. But their role in speech cannot be neglected, because without a correct understanding of the meaning of words it will be impossible to avoid speech errors. Although such words are most often consonant, each of them has a different meaning.

That's why Under no circumstances should you replace one word from a pair with another. With such actions, the entire context loses its meaning and ceases to relate to one subject area. Similar words are often found both in fiction and scientific literature, and in everyday colloquial speech.

Attention! You should consolidate your knowledge of when to use the right word from a pair by solving simple exercises that can be found on various sites.

Exceptions to the rules

There are cases when similar words are synonyms. For example, “carry out” and “produce” are close in meaning and denote the performance of some action. But it is important to remember that this paronymic pair acquires such a feature only in some cases.

Everything else is words with completely different meanings. You need to be very careful about this when speaking or writing. All words that sound similar are similar in structure. It is this feature that is the reason for their semantic correlation. Words with a common root that are part of the same part of speech form so-called closed paronymic series.

In the process of comparing similar words special attention is given to the semantic difference. Paronymy has a systematic nature at the level and compatibility in lexical terms.

Pairs in English

In most cases, replacing a specific word with a similar one in English is considered on a case-by-case basis. Most often, this type of mistake is made by people who do not speak a foreign language very well. high level. There is even special name such errors - the “law of the sign”.

Due to simple inattention, people who are just starting to learn English may pronounce some words incorrectly, thereby losing the very meaning of the sentence. For example, cat, which translates as “cat,” can be pronounced as cap – “cap.” These speech errors are typical only for those who study foreign language, so words that sound similar V English cannot be classified.

Paronyms

Unified State Examination task 5 - paronyms

Conclusion

It is necessary to be able to recognize and distinguish words that are similar in sound and spelling. Only in this case can a person call himself literate, in other words, have linguistic competence. It is important to remember that using paronyms can create some difficulties, so you should be very careful. If you still have questions related to the correct choice of a particular word, you can check it using a dictionary.

“Put on”, “put on” - we confuse these two words so stupidly... I would like to add: and not only them. Yes, in the Russian language, rich and complex, there are a great many twin words, or, more precisely, twin words that are similar in appearance, but completely different inside. Let's not beat around the bush, but let's say it straight: we are talking about paronyms. What are paronyms? Examples of their use, or rather “collision” in speech, oral and written.... About this and more in this article.

In practice

We read the news: “A single competent authority that will investigate economic crimes.” It seems that everything is correct. And if so: “It was created in the country the only one competent authority that will investigate economic crimes"? Does the meaning change? How! The word “single”, which appears in this context as “common, possessing internal unity”, and the word “single” - “exclusive, only one” - these are two completely different lexical units - paronymous words, the interchange of which can change the same statement beyond recognition.

Or here's another case from life. IN kindergarten in the locker room there is a poster on the wall: “The autumn competition is announced fakes" Spelling error or not, it turned out to be a kind of game of paronyms. “Craft” is the result of creative work and “fake” is a fake, a counterfeit thing. What did this lead to? To a mistake, serious and funny at the same time. It turns out that children can not only make amazing things with their own hands, but have already learned how to skillfully forge them, and even compete in this “art.” This is what the question of what paronyms are looks like in practice. But even though “it’s dry, my friend, theory is everywhere, and the tree of life is lushly green,” theory is still needed...

What are “paronym words”

So, the theory... What are paronyms and what are they eaten with? IN literal translation With Greek language“paronym” means “close name” (onyma - name, para - near, nearby). In other words, these are lexemes that are close, similar “in face” - in pronunciation, in sound, in common root, in lexico-grammatical affiliation, but without any “ family ties" - partially or completely different in meaning. Let's look at a few examples: diplomatic (related to activities related to foreign international politics of one state or another) - diplomatic (skillfully, flexibly, subtly acting); draw (write, indicate, outline, define) - draw (make a diagram or drawing); become dull (become less sharp or become indifferent, unresponsive) - dull (make dull: “dull the knife”). That's what paronyms are. The examples speak for themselves. Paronyms that are close in meaning or, conversely, completely different: it is quite easy to get confused in their use. Therefore, if there is the slightest doubt about which of two similar words is better to use, do not be lazy and look in the dictionary. Which? This will be discussed further.

Problems of paronymy

There are different dictionaries. There is also a dictionary of paronyms. What is a paronym dictionary? There are not so many paronyms in modern Russian. The “Dictionary of Paronyms of the Russian Language” was first published in Tbilisi in 1971 under the editorship of N.P. Kolesnikov. It contains consonant pairs of words, similar in morphological composition, but having different meanings. Later, in 1984, another “Dictionary of Paronyms of the Russian Language” was published by O. V. Vishnyakova, in which she identified about a thousand paronymic rows. Whether this is a lot or a little is a relative concept, one thing is important: we must not underestimate their role and significance, otherwise we will not be able to avoid a mass of speech errors and information general meaning spoken or written to zero.

Towards the study of problems of paronymy in Russian linguistics in different years such scientists as N.P. Kolesnikov, A.A. Evgrafova, O.V. Vishnyakova, Yu. A. Belchikov and many others. But, despite the huge number scientific works, modern linguists have still not developed a common view on many issues. This also concerns the question of what paronyms are; the definition also affects the nature of paronymic phenomena, and the development of certain criteria for the inclusion of certain words in paronymic series. In this regard, the question invariably arises about the classification of paronyms, a kind of ordering of a considerable number of lexical units.

Structural and semantic division of paronyms

Let us immediately note that this classification is adhered to by such scientists as O. V. Vishnyakova, V. I. Krasnykh and V. N. Shtybin. According to it, paronyms are of four types:

  1. Full paronyms (earthly - earthly, spiritual - wind, undress - undress), i.e. these are words that have the same root, are similar in sound, with emphasis on the same syllable, but are not identical in meaning.
  2. Incomplete paronyms (comic - comical, dogmatic - dogmatic, dramatic - dramatic), i.e. these are single-root words, “in which the semantic delimitation of the volume of meanings is not completed completely, which causes their convergence,” or, in other words, words in one or other paronymic pairs remain synonymous in meaning.
  3. Partial paronyms (remains - remains, provide - present), i.e. words that are different in meaning, but have the same root and are similar in sound.
  4. Conditional paronyms (excavator - escalator, drill - trill, antinomy - antimony), i.e. words formed from different roots, but similar in sound, which leads to their erroneous use.

Functional-semantic division of paronyms

O.P. Antipina proposed her classification. It is she who, in her opinion, quite fully reflects such a layer of lexical units as paronyms, because paronymy is, first of all, a speech phenomenon. Based on how these words collide in speech, two groups of paronyms can be distinguished:

  1. Recurrent are paronymic words that are similar in sound and meaning, which leads to their erroneous confusion in speech. They, in turn, are divided into single-root and multi-root (artisan - handicraft).
  2. Occasional words are paronymic words, similar in sound, but completely different in meaning, which “are created and enter into paronymic relationships only in context.” They can also be single-rooted (removable - filming) and multi-rooted (envy - manage).

Morphological division of paronyms

In this classification, there are three types of paronyms:

  1. Suffixal are paronyms that are formed using suffixes such as -n/-liv, -ichesk/-ichn, -at/-ast, -esk/-n, -chat/-ochn and others (acquisitive - money-grubbing, gardening - gardening, enchanting - enchanting). By the way, most This group of paronyms are adjectives.
  2. Prefixes are paronyms formed by attaching prefixes that are phonetically consonant to the root of a word. by-/pro-, o-/from- (deed - misconduct, absorb - swallow).
  3. Roots are paronyms that have different roots and meanings, but are similar in sound. This group, as a rule, includes nouns (lizard - foot-and-mouth disease, dictation - dictate, ignoramus - ignoramus).

What are homonyms and paronyms

Paronyms have another name - “false homonyms”. Why false and why homonyms? Homonyms are words that have exactly the same spelling and sound, but different meanings: schedule (work plan) - schedule (artist), satin (a type of embroidery) - satin (flat surface); braid (tool) - braid (braided hair), etc. From the examples it is clear that, unlike homonyms, paronyms are similar in form, but not the same: artistic - artistic, stony - stone, mystical - mystical.

Translator's false friends

And in conclusion of the topic “What are paronyms” I would like to mention one more thing interesting phenomenon, which is called interlingual paronymy. In other words, a paronymic pair may contain lexical units from more than just one language. Words from different languages sometimes they accidentally coincide in pronunciation, but have different meanings. Such cases are not uncommon, and they are especially often observed between related languages: misto (Ukrainian) - a city, not a place; vrodlivy (Ukrainian) - beautiful, not ugly; sklep (Polish) - a store, not a crypt; nalog (Polish) - a bad habit, not a tax; mist (English) - fog, mist (German) - manure.

And another striking example. The Ukrainian poet V. Sosyura has a line “On the rose of trams.” So, once the Russian poet Mikhail Svetlov, when translating it into Russian, translated it as “The tram rang through the roses.” Well, it sounds beautiful, but meaningless, and, as K. Chukovsky noted, “the creative physiognomy of Sosyura” appeared to readers in a very unattractive way form. What failed the translator? There is only one answer - interlingual paronyms, or, as they are also called, “false friends of the translator.” The combination “on rose” is the prepositional case of Ukrainian word"rig" - angle, but not the word "rose".

We hope that the article on the topic “What are paronyms” helped to understand such an ambiguous issue, and you will continue to keep your eyes open for paronyms...

SMALL. 1. Small, small in size or value.

2. Shallow.

3. Shallowly sitting in water (special).

4. Based on private ownership of small means of production and employing hired labor on a small scale.

5. (transfer.) Low, vulgar, insignificant in its moral value.

PETTY- 1. Tends to attach importance to trifles, to find fault with trifles.

2. Based on trifles, insignificant facts.

3. transfer. Insignificant, base, vulgar, petty.

2.EXAMPLES OF WORD COMBINATIONS WITH PARONYM - SMALL

1)fine sand

2) small pearls

3) light rain

4) small font

5) small livestock

6) small fish

7) small cattle

8) small grains

9) small coin

10)small expenses

11)small business

12) minor repairs

13)small trot

14) shallow river

15) shallow lake

16) small plate

17)fine plowing

18)small owner

19)petty bourgeoisie

20) small commodity producer

21) petty official

22)small landowner

23) small soul

24) small worries

25)small interests

26) small ship

27) small boat

28) small basin

29)small details

30) small facial features

31)drink water in small sips

32) minor troubles

33) small concessions

3.EXAMPLES OF SENTENCES WITH PARONIM - SMALL

1) Politeness is the habit of making sacrifices small facilities. (T.Jefferson)

2) Good manners consist of small self-sacrifice. (R. Emerson)

3) Art gives wings and carries you far, far away! Who's tired of dirt? small penny interests, whoever is outraged, offended and indignant can find peace and satisfaction only in the beautiful. (A.P. Chekhov)

4) Near him small Karl Ivanovich minced in small steps. (A.I. Herzen)

5) Small bipod ( colloquial, outdated.) - an insignificant person, without any influence or authority.

6) It was striking that the little finger on his left hand was trembling small trembling.

7) He laughed small laughing, winking and smoothing his mustache.

8)small is an enterprise, a farm with small material and economic opportunities.

9) New orders may lead to bankruptcy small banks.

10) small An entrepreneur, banker, etc. is a person whose production or business is associated with small economic opportunities and costs.

11) The risk of non-repayment of loans is so great that banks today will probably refuse small entrepreneurs.

12) small they call something that does not require much expense or effort.

13) Small money refers to small denomination coins or bills.

14) They shoved into his pockets from all sides small money, rolls, lumps of sugar.

15) small They call something insignificant, insignificant, that is of little value.

16) small They call something base, insignificant, devoid of internal significance.

17) They do it for satisfaction small ambition.

18) If they say about a person that he small nature (little soul), then they mean his low spiritual qualities.

19) It’s difficult for me to come to terms with the idea that they are heroes, bright personalities, and I am small little soul.

20) If someone falls apart small demon in front of someone, it means he is trying to please him.

21) Five minutes I fall apart small a demon, in order to soften the bitterness of defeat for him at least a little before he leaves us.

22) Shallow bourgeoisie- a class of small property owners in towns and villages who live exclusively or mainly by their own labor.

23) To the countryside small The bourgeoisie includes the overwhelming majority of agricultural producers - small and medium-sized peasants and farmers.

24) Urban small The bourgeoisie is represented by artisans, small traders and other owners of small urban enterprises.

25) Small the bourgeoisie arose and developed along with the emergence and development of commodity production

26) With the development of capitalism small The bourgeoisie continues to remain a very significant part of the amateur population, but its economic role is constantly decreasing, as small-scale production is being replaced by large-scale production, due to the growing concentration and centralization of production and capital.

27) Altostratus clouds are gray-blue, oblong, they cover the entire sky. Of these it often goes small rain (“drizzle”)

28) Cumulus clouds appear to move quickly across the sky because they form at low altitudes. These small“Curly” clouds do not last long; they dissipate in about 15 minutes.

29) Lollipop - Russian name crystalline and melted sugar, as well as sweets made from it, usually tinted with food coloring bright colors. The name is given for transparency, ice-like. Small lollipops, imported from France in metal boxes and flavored with various aromatic essences, and therefore not similar in taste to Russian lollipops (tinted with caramel and usually flavored with ginger), began to be called after the place of production - the county of Montpensier - montpensier or monpasier.

30) Veksha (wiver, squirrel) - the most small metal payment unit of Ancient Rus'.

31) Sand - granular material naturally or artificially produced by disintegration rocks or minerals. In casting, the term refers to a physical mixture with an individual particle (grain) size of 0.06 to 2 mm (0.002 to 0.08 in) in diameter, including more small constituents such as silt and clay, which are often found in natural sand deposits.

32) System small farms at commodity production unable to deliver humanity from the poverty of the masses and their oppression. (V.I. Lenin)

4.EXAMPLES OF PHRASES WITH THE PARONYM - METTY

1) petty person

2) petty soul

3) petty observations

4) small details

5) petty squabbles

6) petty grievances

7) petty humiliations

8) petty interests

9) petty quibbles

10) minor problems

11) petty quarrel

12) petty denunciation

5.EXAMPLES OF SENTENCES WITH THE PARonym - PETTLE

1) The soul of the Poet could not bear the shame petty offense. (M.Yu. Lermontov. Death of the Poet)

2) - As if intoxicated with self-contempt, I deliberately subjected myself to all sorts of petty humiliation. (I.S. Turgenev. Hamlet of Shchigrovsky district)

3) He made some distinction between petty details and essentials. (N.G. Chernyshevsky. General course history of the Middle Ages. Op. M. Stasyulevich)

4) Difficulties and petty the problems were so numerous that at times it seemed that he would get stuck in them, like getting stuck in a swamp. (G. Nikolaeva. Harvest)

5) The engineer apparently became irritable, petty and in every trifle he already saw theft or assassination attempt. (A.P. Chekhov. New dacha)

6) At the same rehearsal I bought myself petty, but a merciless enemy, who then poisoned every day of my existence. (A.I. Kuprin. How I was an actor)

7) Facts too petty.

8) He is very petty.

9) Nitpicking - petty reproach.

10) Curiosity -1. Petty interest in all sorts of details, even insignificant ones. 2. The desire to learn, see something new, show interest in something

11) Vanity - 1. Something empty, insignificant, without value; vanity.

2. Petty worldly thoughts, interests, concerns.

12) Inspiration saved me

From petty vanities . (M.Yu. Lermontov. Like a falling star on the night of a flame)

13) Students were admitted to state support and provided with a hostel; a strict regime was introduced for them and petty regulation of behavior.

14) Slander - 1.Petty quarrel, petty intrigue, gossip, squabbles (colloquial).

2. A court case of this nature (obsolete).

15) Curiosity - the desire to learn, see something new; petty interest in any details.

16) Vasily Ivanovich Shuisky (Vasily IV; Vasily Ivanovich) - first a prince and governor, and from 1606 the Tsar of Moscow and All Rus'. Devoid of bright talents, more cunning than smart, envious and petty, stingy and deceitful, he could only advance in a troubled era.

Sources used

1.S.I.Ozhegov. Dictionary of the Russian language. M. “Russian language” 1990

2.E.D.Golovin. Distinguish the words: Difficult cases modern Russian word usage. Express reference book. - Kirov: Kirov regional printing house. 1997.

3.Yu.A.Belchikov, M.S.Panyusheva. Dictionary of paronyms of the Russian language. M.: AST Publishing House LLC; Astrel Publishing House LLC, 2004.

5.K.S.Gorbachevich. Dictionary of synonyms of the Russian language. - M.: Eksmo Publishing House, 2005.

Lexical norms (use of words).

This task tests your ability to distinguish between paronyms.

Paronyms- words that are similar in sound and spelling, but different in meaning.

Lexical norms The Russian language refers to the rules for using words and phrases in strict accordance with their meanings. Violation of lexical norms leads to the fact that statements become ambiguous, as well as serious speech errors. Compliance with the lexical norms of the Russian language presupposes the ability to choose the right word from a number of similar or identical in content, i.e., synonymous words, as well as the ability to distinguish between paronymous words.

Paronyms are:

prefixes;

suffixal;

distinguished by final letters.

Prefix paronyms.

In task A2 they occur quite rarely, so they are not so difficult to remember.

Distinguish!

U pay - Give, contribute (money) in compensation for something (most often we're talking about a large sum money) ABOUT pay - Pay for something
ABOUT kid someone On put it on yourself
Prev put - Present, communicate something to someone. To introduce someone, to give them the opportunity to get acquainted with something. Having found something worthy, to petition for something Predo put - To put something at the disposal of someone, for the use of someone. To give someone the opportunity to say, do something, or dispose of something.
IN shake off - Lift it up and shake it with force. Shake off - Shake, throw off, throw off.
By Verification - Reconciliation exactly. Roll call to check the available composition of people (special). About verification - Establishing the correctness of something, the correspondence of something to something.
About judge - To analyze, think about, thoroughly consider, expressing your thoughts about something or someone. ABOUT judge - Express disapproval of someone, recognize something as bad. To sentence someone to some kind of punishment, to pronounce a guilty verdict, to accuse.
Intolerant - someone who cannot be tolerated, unacceptable. Not taking into account other people's opinions, devoid of tolerance. Not With tolerable - Exceeding patience, difficult to bear.
ABOUT squeak - Error in writing something. by absent-mindedness. From squeak - A formal answer that does not affect the essence of the matter.

Suffix paronyms.

Rule.

Most paronyms are associated with the difference between the same root adjective and participle.

Remember!

Suffixes –USH-/-YUSH-, -ASH-/-YUSH- refer to participle suffixes and indicate the producer of the action.

COLORFUL. Features bright colors.

DYING. Serving for coloring something, containing paint (special).

Differing in ending letters.

Base- Foundation, basis. support for something; strong point. Warehouse, storage or supply point. Basis– The set of historically determined production relations that form economic structure society and determining the nature of the superstructure.
Subscriber– The owner of the subscription (person or institution). Subscription– The right to use something for a period of time certain period, as well as a document certifying this right.
Ignorant- Rude, ill-mannered, impolite person. Ignorant– Poorly educated person, ignorant; a person ignorant of any field of knowledge, layman.
Destination– The person to whom the postal item is addressed (person or institution). Addressee– The one who sends the postal or telegraphic item (person or institution)
Diplomat– An official engaged in diplomatic activities and work in the field of foreign relations. Diploma holder– A person awarded a diploma for successful performance at a competition, festival, etc. A student preparing a final or diploma thesis.

Remember!

This chapter does not present all the examples that are possible in task A2. More often than not, you will have to look in a dictionary to determine the meaning of words.

Algorithm of actions.

1. Determine what part of speech the paronymous words are.

2. Read the sentences carefully. Maybe you will find something in common in the words that are combined with paronyms.

3. Think about what word they can be formed from. Perhaps the difference lies in the fundamentals!

4. Look at what part of the word the words differ in: prefix, suffix, etc.

5. If possible, remember the differences in meaning.

Remember! If you suddenly come across words like subscriber – subscription, this algorithm will not work.

Analysis of the task.

In which sentence should the word HOSTILE be used instead of the word HOSTILE?

1) Animals and plants sometimes act as HOSTILE forces in fairy tales.

2) He found himself in a world HOSTILE to him.

3) The tank division managed to break the HOSTILE enemy defenses.

4) They were not prepared for such a HOSTILE reception from the local residents.

Hostile And hostile belong to paronyms - adjectives. Let's try to figure out what word(s) they are formed from.

Hostile – enmity(hostility, mutual hatred, hostile relationship) + suffix - ebn-. Meaning - expressing a hostile attitude.

Hostile – enemy(a person fighting for other, opposing interests, opponent) + suffix – esk-. Meaning - belonging to the enemy.

This means that paronyms are formed from different words, therefore, the difference should be sought based not so much on the suffixes, but on the basis of the words.

In options No. 2, 3, 4, the context expresses the attitude: in hostile world, hostile defense, hostile reception. And in option No. 1, according to the context, affiliation should be indicated: instead of hostile forces need to talk enemy forces.

Thus, correct option number 1.

Practice.

1. In which sentence should we use DIPLOMANT instead of the word DIPLOMAT?

1) Leonid Ivanovich was considered a real DIPLOMAT in communicating with people around him.

2) Success foreign policy state largely depends on the experience and talent of DIPLOMATS.

3) You sound like a DIPLOMAT, but things are not going well.

4) DIPLOMATS of the Moscow Ballet Competition took part in the final concert.

Hello, dear readers of the blog site. There are so-called “false brothers” in the Russian language.

These are words that are the same or similar in sound, but have fundamentally different meanings. Officially they are called paronyms.

The term is Greek - like many others, which are responsible for the beauty of language, be it allegory (?) or metaphor (?) and so on. Literally translated, it consists of two halves: “para” (next to, next to, equally) and “onyma” (name), that is, one can say, “ same name».

What are paronyms with examples

Paronyms are words that sound similar, but differ in meaning and meaning.

Most often we are talking about words with the same root, but which have different prefixes and suffixes (this phenomenon is called paronymy). And depending on this, the meaning changes radically (or only slightly).

  1. BE WISE and WISE. In the first case it means gaining intelligence, becoming more intellectually developed, and in the second we are talking about overly abstruse ideas. There are even different shades here, positive “to be wise” and negative “to be wise.”
  2. GENERAL and GENERAL. In the first case we are talking about a specific military rank, for example, a general’s order or a general’s uniform, and in the second - the words “main, thorough”, for example, master plan or general staff.
  3. SUBSCRIPTION and SUBSCRIBER. In the first case, we are talking about the right to use something or a document implying this right. For example, a concert or library subscription. But the second word is the person who owns this very subscription. For example, a telephone network subscriber, subscriber account card).

From these examples we can also conclude that any part of a sentence can be paronyms. In the first case it is a verb, in the second it is a modifier, in the third it is a noun.

There are also paronyms that are not the same root (this phenomenon is called paronomasia). To many people, such words, out of ignorance, seem close in meaning or coincident. As an example, the name of a popular TV program and others:

  1. LET'S GO AND EAT- these are two verbs, but formed from different words. The first is derived from “to go”, and the second from “to eat”.
  2. POLIS AND POLUS- the first word means a specific document, and the second means a point on the map or anywhere.
  3. CLARINET AND CORNET- the first thing is musical instrument, and the second is an outdated military rank.

The most problematic paronyms

There are a number of similar words that we often use in everyday life. But at the same time, many continue to confuse their meanings, and, accordingly, say something that is not what they intended. Or they look bad in the eyes of other, more educated interlocutors.

DRESS – WEAR

Probably the most “painful” paronym. You just need to remember once and for all - they dress someone else, but they put them on themselves. Or in another way - they always dress an animate face, but put on an inanimate one. For example, “the grandmother dressed her grandson” and “the lady put on a hat.”

IMMIGRATION – EMIGRATION

Entering another country and leaving your own. For example, “he immigrated to England” and “he emigrated from Russia.”

ADDRESSEE – ADDRESSER

Both words are associated with postal items. Only the addressee is the one who receives. And the addressee is who sends.

HYGIENIC – HYGIENIC

Again, the words are similar in meaning and relate to hygiene. But hygienic is about rules and means, for example, hygiene cream or hygienic working conditions. And hygienic - about some item that meets the rules of hygiene (hygienic shoes).

DIPLOMAT – DIPLOMANT

In the first case, we are talking about an Embassy employee or a type of suitcase. But diploma holders are people who participated in some event and received a diploma for it.

GUARANTEED AND GUARANTEED

Guaranteed is something approved that is beyond doubt, that you can always count on (guaranteed income, guaranteed result). And a warranty document contains a guarantee (letter, contract, service).

SELECTIVE and ELECTIVE

The first word implies a part of something, most often you hear “spot check”. The second thing is always connected with elections and voting.

ECONOMICAL, ECONOMICAL AND ECONOMICAL

The essence of the three words is the same - they mean the ability to spend less and save money. Only economical is about inanimate objects. For example, an economical kettle, that is, consuming less energy. But thrifty refers to people (thrifty housewife). And finally, the word “economic” characterizes global processes(economic crisis).

Dictionary of paronyms with the meaning of words

As I said above, there are also paronyms in the Russian language that sound similar to each other. But at the same time they have nothing more in common - different root, different meaning. For example:

  1. EXCAVATOR AND ESCALATOR
  2. VIRAZH AND STAINED GLASS

Often such words can be found, of course, in poetry. Where rhyme is used. For example, in Pushkin’s “Eugene Onegin”:

Putting on a wide bolivar, Onegin goes to the boulevard.

On the Unified State Exam, it is important to be able to distinguish between all these paronyms and understand their meaning. Therefore, on a separate page I present it, which will be very useful in preparation.

And, of course, a video on this topic will not be superfluous:

That's all you need to know about paronyms. I hope it was interesting and useful.

Good luck to you! To see you soon on the pages of the blog site

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