Problems of socialization of personality. Problems of socialization of the individual in modern society

Report on the topic:

"Problems of socialization of personality in modern society".

1. The problem of personality socialization, despite its wide representation in the scientific literature, remains relevant to this day. The processes taking place in any spheres of public life have an impact on the individual, his living space, internal state. As S.L. Rubinshtein, personality is "... not only this or that state, but also a process during which internal conditions change, and with their change, the possibilities of influencing the individual by changing external conditions also change." In this regard, the mechanisms, content, conditions of socialization of the individual, undergoing significant changes, cause equally intense changes in the personality being formed.

Modern man is constantly under the influence of many factors: both man-made and those of social origin, which cause the deterioration of his health. The physical health of a person is inextricably linked with mental health. The latter, in turn, is associated with a person's need for self-realization, i.e. provides that sphere of life which we call social. A person realizes himself in society only if he has a sufficient level of mental energy that determines his performance, and at the same time sufficient plasticity, harmony of the psyche, which allows him to adapt to society, to be adequate to its requirements. Mental health is a prerequisite for successful socialization of the individual.

Statistics show that there are currently only 35% of people free from any mental disorders. The stratum of people with premorbid conditions in the population reaches a considerable size: according to various authors - from 22 to 89%. However, half of the carriers of mental symptoms independently adapt to the environment.

The success of socialization is assessed by three main indicators:

a) a person reacts to another person as an equal to himself;

b) a person recognizes the existence of norms in relations between people;

c) the person recognizes necessary measure loneliness and relative dependence on other people, that is, there is a certain harmony between the parameters “lonely” and “dependent”.

The criterion for successful socialization is the ability of a person to live in the conditions of modern social norms, in the system "I - others". However, it is becoming increasingly rare to meet people who meet these requirements. Increasingly, we are faced with manifestations of difficult socialization, especially among the younger generation. As the results of recent studies show, there are no fewer children with behavioral disorders, deviations in personal development, despite the existence of an extensive network of psychological services.

Thus, the problem of aggression among adolescents retains its practical significance. Undoubtedly, aggression is inherent in any person. The absence of it leads to passivity, statements, conformity. However, its excessive development begins to determine the whole appearance of the personality: it can become conflicting, incapable of conscious cooperation, which means that it makes it difficult for the person to comfortably exist among the people around him. Another problem that causes public concern is the violation of social norms and rules by adolescents, their unwillingness to obey them. This in itself is a manifestation of a violation of the process of socialization. There are more and more children belonging to the group of deviant teenagers. Also, the problem of modern society is the increase in cases of suicide among the child population. The scale of the problem is much wider than it seems at first glance. After all, statistics usually include realized attempts to die, but an even larger number of people with a tendency to suicidal behavior remains unaccounted for.

All this allows us to conclude that modern children have a low ability to adapt, which makes it difficult for them to master the social space in adequate ways. As a rule, unresolved difficulties of one age entail the appearance of others, which leads to the formation of a whole symptom complex, fixing itself in personal characteristics. Speaking about the importance of forming a socially active personality of the younger generation, we, however, actually face the difficulties of their adaptation to changing conditions.

Hence the origins of such a social problem as the experience of loneliness among young people. If a few decades ago the problem of loneliness was considered a problem of an elderly person, today its age threshold has sharply decreased. A certain percentage of single people is also observed among students. It should be noted that lonely people have minimal social contacts, their personal connections with other people, as a rule, are either limited or completely absent.

As the extreme poles of socialization, we see personal helplessness and personal maturity of the subject. Undoubtedly, the goal of society should be the formation of a mature personality with such qualities as independence, responsibility, activity, independence. These characteristics are most often inherent in an adult, but their foundation is laid already in childhood. Therefore, all the efforts of teachers, society as a whole should be directed to the formation of these qualities. According to D.A. Ziering, personal helplessness develops in the process of ontogenesis under the influence of various factors, including the system of relationships with others. The presence of a person at one or another point of the continuum "personal helplessness - personal maturity" is an indicator of his socialization, and in general subjectivity.

Socialization is a continuous and multifaceted process that continues throughout a person's life. However, it proceeds most intensively in childhood and adolescence, when all the basic value orientations are laid down, the basic social norms and deviations are assimilated, and the motivation for social behavior is formed. The process of human socialization, its formation and development, becoming as a person takes place in interaction with the environment, which has a decisive influence on this process through a variety of social factors. The society plays an important role in the socialization of a teenager. The adolescent masters this immediate social environment gradually. If at birth a child develops mainly in the family, in the future he masters more and more new environments - preschool institutions, groups of friends, discos, etc. With age, the "territory" of the social environment mastered by the child expands more and more. At the same time, the teenager, as it were, is constantly looking for and finding the environment that is most comfortable for him, where the teenager is better understood, treated with respect, etc. For the process of socialization, it is important what attitudes are formed by this or that environment in which the teenager is located, what kind of social experience he can accumulate in this environment - positive or negative. Adolescence, especially from the age of 13-15, is the age of the formation of moral convictions, the principles by which a teenager begins to be guided in his behavior. At this age, there is an interest in worldview issues, such as the emergence of life on Earth, the origin of man, the meaning of life. The formation of a teenager's correct attitude to reality, stable beliefs must be given paramount importance, because. it is at this age that the foundations of conscious, principled behavior in society are laid, which will make themselves felt in the future. The moral beliefs of a teenager are formed under the influence of the surrounding reality. They can be erroneous, incorrect, distorted. This takes place in those cases when they are formed under the influence of random circumstances, the bad influence of the street, unseemly deeds. In close connection with the formation of the moral convictions of young people, their moral ideals are formed. In this they differ significantly from younger students. Studies have shown that ideals in adolescents manifest themselves in two main forms. For a teenager of a younger age, the ideal is the image of a particular person, in whom he sees the embodiment of qualities highly valued by him. With age at young man there is a noticeable “movement” from images of close people to images of people with whom he does not directly communicate. Older teenagers begin to make higher demands on their ideal. In this regard, they begin to realize that those around them, even those they love and respect very much, are mostly ordinary people, good and worthy of respect, but they are not the ideal embodiment of the human personality. Therefore, at the age of 13-14, the search for an ideal outside of close family relationships acquires special development. In the development of young people's cognition of the surrounding reality, there comes a moment when a person, his inner world, becomes the object of cognition. Exactly at adolescence there is a focus on the knowledge and assessment of the moral and psychological qualities of others. Along with the growth of such interest in other people, adolescents begin to form and develop self-awareness, the need for awareness and evaluation of their personal qualities. The formation of self-awareness is one of highlights in adolescent personality development. The fact of the formation and growth of self-consciousness leaves an imprint on the entire mental life of a teenager, on the nature of his educational and labor activity on the formation of his attitude to reality. The need for self-consciousness arises from the needs of life and activity. Under the influence of growing demands from others, a teenager needs to evaluate his abilities, to realize what features of his personality help them, on the contrary, prevent them from being up to the mark of the requirements placed on him. The judgments of others play an important role in the development of a young person's self-awareness. In a teenager, the desire for self-education appears and acquires a rather noticeable meaning - the desire to consciously influence oneself, to form such personality traits that he considers as positive, and to overcome his negative traits, to fight his shortcomings. In adolescence, character traits begin to take shape and are fixed. One of the most characteristic features adolescent, associated with the growth of his self-awareness, is the desire to show his "adulthood". The young man defends his views and judgments, ensuring that adults take into account his opinion. He considers himself old enough, wants to have the same rights with them. Overestimating the possibility of their age-related abilities, adolescents come to the conclusion that they are no different from adults. Hence their desire for independence and a certain “independence”, hence their morbid pride and resentment, a sharp reaction to the attempts of adults who underestimate their rights and interests. It should be noted that adolescence is characterized by increased excitability, some dissatisfaction of character, relatively frequent, quick and abrupt mood swings.31

Age features characteristic of adolescence:

1. The need for energy discharge;

2. The need for self-education; active search ideal;

3. Lack of emotional adaptation;

4. Susceptibility to emotional contagion;

5. Criticality;

6. Uncompromising;

7. The need for autonomy;

8. Aversion to guardianship;

9. The importance of independence as such;

10. Sharp fluctuations in the nature and level of self-esteem;

11. Interest in personality traits;

12.Need to be;

13. The need to mean something;

14. Need for popularity;

15. Hypertrophy of the need for information

Adolescents have a desire to study their "I", to understand what they are capable of. During this period, they strive to assert themselves, especially in the eyes of their peers, to get away from everything childish. Less and less focused on the family and turn to her. But on the other hand, the role and importance of reference groups increases, new images for imitation appear. Adolescents who have lost their bearings, who do not have support among adults, try to find an ideal or a role model32. Thus, they adjoin one or another informal organization. A feature of informal associations is the voluntariness of joining them and a steady interest in a specific goal, idea. The second feature of these groups is rivalry, which is based on the need for self-affirmation. A young man strives to do something better than others, to get ahead of even the people closest to him in some way. This leads to the fact that within the youth groups are heterogeneous, consisting of a large number microgroups united on the basis of likes and dislikes. Essential Function youth movement - “stimulating the germination of the social fabric on the outskirts of the social organism.”33 Many of the informals are very extraordinary, talented people. They spend days and nights on the street without knowing why. No one organizes these young people, no one forces them to come here. They flock themselves - all very different, and at the same time subtly similar in some way. Many of them, young and full of energy, often want to howl at night from longing and loneliness. Many of them are devoid of faith, whatever it may be, and therefore they are tormented by their own uselessness. And, trying to understand themselves, they go in search of the meaning of life and adventures in informal youth associations. It is generally accepted that the main thing for adolescents in informal groups is the opportunity to relax and spend their free time. From a sociological point of view, this is wrong: "baldness" is one of the last places in the list of what attracts young people to informal associations - only a little more than 7% say this. About 5% find an opportunity to communicate with like-minded people in an informal environment. For 11%, the most important thing is the conditions for the development of their abilities that arise in informal groupings.

2. Sociological research on the problem of socialization of the individual

.1 Questionnaire on the sociological research

Today, Russian society is facing new threats and challenges that place high demands on the intellectual and adaptive abilities of a person, as well as on institutions that contribute to the socialization of the individual. One of the main threats - the conservation of backwardness in Russian society - is largely due to the low information culture and inefficient processes of socialization of the individual.

This problem is very relevant in Russia, where there is a high uneven integration of social strata into the information space; numerous social groups of Russians today do not have the opportunity and motivation to form an information culture. The lack of interest in the knowledge and possibilities of information and communication technologies (or the limitation of this interest only to recreational opportunities) reduces intellectual, Creative skills of a person and, as a result, his economic and social activity, limits mobility, opportunities for education and many other services. In the context of a growing information overload and the mobility of all social structures, such groups cannot form adequate, successful models of behavior and become more and more socially unprotected.

Thus, there is a contradiction between the needs of Russian society to integrate into the global information space and the lack of information-educated citizens, which gives rise to digital poverty and creates socialization problems.

The problems of socialization in modern Russian society are associated with three circumstances: 1) a change (destruction) in the value system, as a result of which the older generation cannot always prepare young people for life in new conditions; 2) a radical and very rapid change in the social structure of society; the inability of many new social groups to ensure the reproduction of their ranks; 3) weakening of the system of formal and informal social control as a factor of socialization. To one of the most obvious features modern socialization refers to its duration compared to previous periods.

A paradoxical situation is being created in modern society - on the one hand, our society is increasingly faced with tasks (both professional and everyday), the successful solution of which is beyond the power of an individual person and requires cooperation of efforts from groups of people. Such cooperation implies the possession of knowledge, skills and abilities of interpersonal interaction. As a result, in the modern domestic labor market, specialists are becoming more and more in demand, the basis of whose activity is precisely interaction with other people - psychologists, lawyers, managers. On the other hand, the achievements of science and technology are aimed at making a person as independent and independent as possible in all spheres of life, and sometimes even isolating him from society (for example, the spread of personal computers, personal stereo players, home theaters, etc.). Situations that used to involve dark communication with other people are losing their relevance; all more people choose professions of the type "man-machine" or "man - sign system".

This trend in society has a negative impact on the process of socialization of modern man. The assimilation of social experience does not end with the completion of the stage of purposeful instillation in a person of generally accepted rules of norms at school and other educational institutions, this process spontaneously continues throughout life. Since the process of socialization is inextricably linked with the individualization of the individual, its formation and development, it can be said that modern society to some extent hinders the development and, moreover, self-development of the individual.

In modern conditions, due to the complexity of professional orientation, which often leads to the wrong choice of profession or the wrong choice of profession, we get not only an inferior specialist, but also a person dissatisfied with life, who finds it difficult to find his place in life.

It should be singled out separately and pay special attention to the main component of socialization - the formation of a worldview. The transformation of society and the image of the World, as well as the types of personality produced by it, their relationship to social reality, to nature, to each other, gives rise to the need for new worldview orientations that would provide more advanced forms of social life. In the era of the scientific and technological revolution, two tendencies are manifested here: on the one hand, the formation of a worldview is facilitated, and, on the other hand, it is difficult. A world view is the unity of two things. One moment is knowledge, information about reality, and the other moment is a position, attitude towards the environment, humanity, this society, oneself. Today, information is given easily, and the formation of a position is a complex process.

The problem of socialization of the individual, the specifics of professional development, and the issues of personnel training are constantly in the focus of attention of many researchers.

At present, the problems of the formation and development of the personality of a professional, as well as issues of professional socialization, are being actively studied by A.K. Markova, E.A. Klimov, O.G. Noskova, N.A. Perinskaya, S.V. Novikov, O.V. Romashov, V.D. Shadrikov.

The changes that have taken place in the last 10 years in all spheres of the political, economic and social life of Russian society have given rise to numerous problems. One of the most relevant is the critical reflection on changes in social and spiritual life, the determination of trends in further development, the choice of the structure and content of social education as a controlled institution for the socialization of children.

Modern society requires from a person not only a polytechnic knowledge, a high cultural level, deep specialization in certain areas of science and technology, solid knowledge, skills and abilities in educational activities, but also the ability to live and coexist in society. The main parameters of a child’s personal development today can be considered his orientation towards universal human values, humanism, intelligence, creativity, activity, self-esteem, independence in judgments. It is on these skills and qualities that the success of a person and society as a whole in overcoming the contradictory conditions of social life largely depends.

Humans have an innate natural desire for knowledge. Therefore, the process of awakening and developing the cognitive activity of a person from an early age is of paramount importance when the mind and soul are especially receptive and energetic. Up to 25 years - the stage of professional socialization of the individual. At this time, a person designs his own future. As for the ratio of theoretical fundamental knowledge and practical experience, there is always a time lag between them throughout the entire active life of a person, in any field of activity. They constantly correct each other - either knowledge requires practical implementation, or experience needs theoretical nourishment. Perhaps the most gratifying, encouraging development in modern Russia is a kind of boom in education. Young people are no longer limited to one higher specialized education, but quite consciously strive to supplement it with the latest knowledge and technologies. Today, the intellect, professionalism, creative, innovative potential of the individual are again in demand. This is a challenge of the time, at the same time an unconditional guarantee of a worthy development of society. Sometimes the successful dynamic development of a person is largely determined by physical health, mental stability and a developed intellect.

Throughout its history, society has changed its attitude towards people with developmental disabilities. It has gone from hatred and aggression to tolerance, partnership and integration of people with developmental disabilities.

According to N. N. Malofeev, five periods can be distinguished in the evolution of the attitude of society and the state towards persons with developmental disabilities

The first period - from aggression and intolerance to the realization of the need to take care of people with developmental disabilities. turning point transition to given period in Western Europe, the first precedent of state care for the disabled is the opening in Bavaria of the first shelter for the blind in 1198. In Russia, the appearance of the first monastic shelters falls on 1706-1715. , which is associated with the reforms of Peter I.

The second period - from the realization of the need to care for persons with developmental disabilities to the realization of the possibility of training at least some of them.

The third period is from the awareness of the possibility of learning to the realization of the expediency of teaching three categories of children: those with hearing, visual, and mentally retarded children.

The fourth period is from the awareness of the need to educate a part of abnormal children to the understanding of the need to educate all abnormal children.

The fifth period is from isolation to integration. The integration of disabled people into society is the leading trend in this period of evolution in Western Europe, based on their full civil equality. The period is characterized in western European countries ah perestroika in the 80-90s. organizational foundations of special education, a reduction in the number of special schools and a sharp increase in the number of special classes in general education schools.

Social problems of a different order are associated with regional conditions with the presence or absence of special schools, special rehabilitation centers, defectologists in places of residence of families where there is a disabled child.

Since special educational institutions are extremely unevenly distributed throughout the country, disabled children are often forced to receive education and upbringing in special boarding schools. Getting into such a school, children with disabilities find themselves isolated from the family, from normally developing peers from society as a whole. Abnormal children, as it were, become isolated in a special society, do not acquire the appropriate social experience in time. The closeness of special educational institutions cannot but affect the development of the child's personality and his readiness for independent living.

Although the new, changed living conditions make it possible to pose the problem of obtaining modern prestigious professions for disabled people; in addition, to provide vocational training in those types of work that are needed in the region, in the presence of several special schools and a large number graduates organize employment centers for the disabled.

Social policy in Russia, focused on the disabled, adults and children, is built today on the basis of the medical model of disability. Based on this model, disability is considered as an ailment, disease, pathology. Such a model, wittingly or unwittingly, weakens the social position of a child with a disability, weakens his social significance, isolating him from a normal healthy children's community, exacerbates his unequal social status, dooming him to the recognition of his inequality, non-competitiveness in comparison with other children.

The main problem of the child with handicapped lies in its connection with the world, but in the limitation of mobility, the poverty of contacts with peers and adults, in the limited communication with nature, access to cultural values, and sometimes even to elementary education. This problem is not only a subjective factor, which is social, physical and mental health, but also the result of social policy and the prevailing public consciousness, which sanction the existence of an inaccessible for a disabled person. architectural environment, public transport, lack of special social services.

Thus, the problems of socialization of children with disabilities sometimes have a pronounced regional character.

The problem of socialization of the individual (and not only the emerging “personality, i.e., a young person) seems to be very acute also because, due to a sharp drop in the birth rate in most European countries and in particular in Russia, a phenomenon called “population aging” takes place. Adults and especially the elderly every year constitute an increasingly significant quantitative part of the population of many countries. This significantly increases the importance of the problem of socialization of adults, makes politicians, philosophers and scientists who study personality and society take a fresh look at the place and role of older people in society, requires new research both at the theoretical and practical levels.

Similar conditions for the formation of personality determine in many individuals common, similar views on the world and its values, common life goals and objectives, norms of behavior, tastes, habits, likes and dislikes, character traits, features of intelligence, etc. Of course, each of the personalities is original and unique in its own way, but at the same time it has such a combination, an ensemble of social qualities that allow us to classify it as a well-defined social type - a product of a complex interweaving of historical, cultural and socio-economic conditions of people's life. Since sociology does not deal with the individual, but with the mass, it always seeks to find repeating features in the variety, to reveal in the individual the essential, typical, naturally arising in certain social conditions. A generalized expression of the totality of recurring personality traits is fixed in the concept of " social type personality".

For a long time, Russian sociology has been dominated by the tendency to fix actually one social type of personality, allegedly characteristic of the conditions of a mature socialist society and developing in the direction of the ideal communist type of personality. All the variety of consciousness and behavior of people, members of society, as a rule, was reduced to the degree of development of the historical type, to various conditions and manifestations of the typical in this regard.

V.A. Yadov emphasizes the need to identify the basic type characteristic of a particular society, and the modal (real) type that prevails at one stage or another of its development. The modal personality type is not constructed by the researcher arbitrarily, speculatively. It is discovered and described only with the help of sociological research. In addition to the modal type, sociologists distinguish the so-called basic type, i.e. a system of social qualities that best meet the objective conditions of the current stage of development of society. In addition, we can talk about the ideal type of personality, i.e. about those traits, personality traits that people would like to see in their contemporaries, in general in every person, but which, under the given conditions, are not feasible.

During periods of sharp breakdown in social relations, radical and large-scale transformations of economic, socio-political structures and forms of life in society, the problem of the discrepancy between modal and basic types becomes extremely aggravated. Thus, many of the social qualities of people that have taken root in our society and have become ubiquitous are not compatible with the economic and political reforms being carried out in the country. The Soviet person, who has adapted to life within the framework of the so-called command-administrative system, in the conditions of totalitarian political relations, must go through the most difficult painful process of revising many ideals and beliefs, reassessing many values, acquiring many other knowledge, skills, abilities, social character traits.

The problem of socialization of the individual in general and political and economic, in particular, is relevant for any society and because of the change (sometimes quite frequent) of governments, heads of state with their doctrines, programs, development concepts. A new grouping comes to power with a new course and begins to "socialize" various segments of the population in its own way, and people have to adapt to the new realities of social life.

Of course, the problem of the socialization of the individual today is open and very relevant, but, nevertheless, in our society, although this issue is being resolved, it is being solved very poorly. Modern social associations simply cannot influence the younger generation, which is just entering the first stage of socialization, to the full extent, in the right way. After all, not everything always goes as the “ideal model” for solving a particular issue tells us.

Introduction

One of the fundamental problems of the sciences dealing with the study of personality is the study of the process of socialization, i.e. the study of a wide range of issues related to how and thanks to what a person becomes an active social subject.

The concept of "socialization" is wider than the traditional concepts of "education" and "upbringing". Education involves the transfer of a certain amount of knowledge. Education is understood as a system of purposeful, consciously planned actions, the purpose of which is the formation of certain personal qualities and behavioral skills in a child. Socialization includes both education and upbringing, and, moreover, the whole set of spontaneous, unplanned influences that influence the formation of the individual, the process of assimilation of individuals into social groups.

The object of the study is the population of the Orenburg region.

The subject of the research is the problems of socialization of the population of the Orenburg region.

The purpose of the study is to study and analyze the problems of socialization of the personality of the population of the Orenburg region.

Research objectives:

.Consider the theoretical aspect of the socialization of the individual in the modern world;

.Conduct a sociological study on the problem of socialization of the individual;

.Formulate conclusions and practical recommendations.

1 Theoretical aspect of the socialization of the individual in the modern world.

.1 Personal socialization

Personality socialization is the process of personality formation in certain social conditions, the process of assimilation of social experience by a person, during which a person transforms social experience into his own values and orientations, selectively introduces into his system of behavior those norms and patterns of behavior that are accepted in society or a group. Norms of behavior, norms of morality, beliefs of a person are determined by those norms that are accepted in society.

There are the following stages of socialization:

1. Primary socialization, or stage of adaptation (from birth to adolescence, the child learns social experience uncritically, adapts, adapts, imitates).

. Individualization stage(there is a desire to distinguish oneself from others, a critical attitude to social norms of behavior). In adolescence, the stage of individualization, self-determination "World and I" is characterized as an intermediate socialization, as it is still unstable in the outlook and character of a teenager.

Adolescence (18 - 25 years) is characterized as a stable-conceptual socialization, when stable personality traits are developed.

. Integration stage(there is a desire to find one's place in society, to "fit" into society). Integration goes well if the properties of a person are accepted by the group, society. If not accepted, the following outcomes are possible:

· maintaining one's dissimilarity and the emergence of aggressive interactions (relationships) with people and society;

· self-change, the desire to "become like everyone else" - external conciliation, adaptation.

. labor stagesocialization covers the entire period of a person's maturity, the entire period of his labor activity, when a person not only assimilates social experience, but also reproduces it by actively influencing the environment through his activity.

. After laborthe stage of socialization considers old age as an age that makes a significant contribution to the reproduction of social experience, to the process of passing it on to new generations.

Socialization is the process of personality formation.

Individual → Personality - through the process of socialization, which includes the development of:

· culture of human relations and social experience;

· social norms;

· social roles;

· activities;

· forms of communication.

Socialization mechanisms:

· identification;

· imitation - reproduction of the experience of others, their movements, manners, actions, speech;

· sex-role typification - the acquisition of behavior characteristic of people of the same sex;

· social facilitation - strengthening the energy of a person, facilitating his activities in the presence of other people;

· social inhibition - inhibition of behavior and activity under the influence of other people;

· social influence - the behavior of one person becomes similar to the behavior of another person. Forms social influence: suggestibility - an involuntary susceptibility of a person to influence, conformism - a conscious compliance of a person with the opinion of a group (it develops under the influence of social pressure).

.2 Problems of socialization of the individual in modern society

The problem of personality socialization, despite its wide representation in the scientific literature, remains relevant to this day. The processes taking place in any spheres of public life have an impact on the individual, his living space, internal state. As S.L. Rubinshtein, personality is "... not only this or that state, but also a process during which internal conditions change, and with their change, the possibilities of influencing the individual by changing external conditions also change." In this regard, the mechanisms, content, conditions of socialization of the individual, undergoing significant changes, cause equally intense changes in the personality being formed.

The success of socialization is assessed by three main indicators:

a) a person reacts to another person as an equal to himself;

b) a person recognizes the existence of norms in relations between people;

c) a person recognizes the necessary measure of loneliness and relative dependence on other people, that is, there is a certain harmony between the parameters “lonely” and “dependent”.

Thus, the problem of aggression among adolescents retains its practical significance. Undoubtedly, aggression is inherent in any person. The absence of it leads to passivity, statements, conformity. However, its excessive development begins to determine the whole appearance of the personality: it can become conflicting, incapable of conscious cooperation, which means that it makes it difficult for the person to comfortably exist among the people around him.
Another problem that causes public concern is the violation of social norms and rules by adolescents, their unwillingness to obey them. This in itself is a manifestation of a violation of the process of socialization. There are more and more children belonging to the group of deviant teenagers.
Also, the problem of modern society is the increase in cases of suicide among the child population. The scale of the problem is much wider than it seems at first glance. After all, statistics usually include realized attempts to die, but an even larger number of people with a tendency to suicidal behavior remains unaccounted for.

2. Sociological research on the problem of socialization of the individual

.1 Questionnaire

Dear respondent!

I, Oksana Skachkova, a 1st year student of the Faculty of Management of the State Institute of Modern Minds, am conducting a sociological study on the topic: “Problems of Personality Socialization”.

This sociological study is carried out with the aim of studying, analyzing and identifying the problems of personality socialization.

I ask you to take part in the survey of the topic under study, in order to identify your opinion on the state of the problems of socialization of the individual in modern Russian society, since this study is relevant.

You are offered a list of questions with answer options, from which you need to choose one close to you.

The questionnaire is anonymous.

Thank you in advance for your cooperation!

Questionnaire

1. Enter your age._______

Who can influence your opinion?

C) Just me.

Your hobbies?

A) a computer

What was the main thing when choosing your profession?

B) payment for this profession;

C) the demand for this profession;

D) find it difficult to answer.

How do you behave in a conflict situation?

A) keep silent to end the conflict;

B) I will conflict;

C) I will try to smooth out the conflict;

D) find it difficult to answer.

How do you feel about work?

A) positively;

B) negatively;

C) find it difficult to answer.

State your life values.

A) family, love, care;

B) work, career, money;

C) friends, hobbies, fun;

D) focus on personal growth.

Is the experience of your parents valuable to you?

C) find it difficult to answer.

Do you have many friends, acquaintances?

A) Yes, I do not suffer from loneliness;

C) There is one.

Do you love your loved ones?

C) find it difficult to answer.

.2 Analysis of the conducted survey

After the survey on the topic "Problems of socialization of the individual", we can formulate the main conclusions:

.The age of the respondents is from 18 to 35 years.

.When asked who would be able to influence the opinion of the respondents, the majority of the answers were “Family”. This means that the family means a lot in life for the respondents. Everyone listens more to relatives than to friends or public opinion.

.The main hobby of the respondents is the computer. Unfortunately, in this age, gadgets occupy an integral place in the life of every person. And sometimes they even replace communication with living people. For example, gamers are those people who devote almost all their free time to computer games. This is bad for their psyche and health.

.When choosing a profession, for the majority of respondents it is wages (87% chose this answer option). Consequently, at this time, when choosing a profession, a person is motivated not by interest in this profession, but by how much he can earn.

.To remain silent in order to end the conflict is the main choice of the respondents. This is due to several reasons. Firstly, people generally do not welcome conflicts and try their best to avoid them. And secondly, it is much easier to remain silent than to answer the person who started the conflict and make him even more angry.

.To the question "How do you feel about work?" the majority of the respondents answered “yes”. This answer can be explained by the fact that each of us believes that “you can’t even pull the fish out of the pond without difficulty.” Every person who wants to earn money goes to work. He works there and gets paid for his work. But there were also those who gave a negative answer. I think these people don't like their job, they don't like what they do.

.The main values of the respondents are: family and love (53%, 18 people), in second place is self-improvement (33%, 11 people).

.The majority of respondents note that the experience of their parents is important to them. This means that parents and children are good relations. After all, parents want the best for their children, and in the meantime, children look at their parents and try not to make their mistakes. This interaction makes the family a necessary link in an integrated approach to educational work, an indispensable factor in the mental, labor, moral and physical education of people.

.Absolutely all respondents have many acquaintances and friends. This fact suggests that today's people do not suffer from loneliness.

.As well as to the question about friends and acquaintances, all respondents answered that they love their loved ones. After all, it is the most precious thing we have. Our relatives and friends, who also love us, will always be able to support and help. This answer suggests that in the 21st century, love for a neighbor has not lost its strength.

The process of socialization of the individual at present, proceeds under the influence of various factors: technologization, globalization, information processes, convergence of communicative spaces have significantly affected the content of all aspects of human life.

In order to solve the problems of socialization of the population of the Orenburg region, each person must understand that gadgets cannot replace "live" communication. We need to spend more time with family and friends, communicate, share, not be closed. It is also useful to read books and know what is happening in the region, in the country and in the world. After all, this is self-development.

In turn, the state should take measures to solve the problems associated with the choice of professions. As the study showed, the majority answered that wages are the main factor. And this means that many people work at jobs they don’t like. This leads to a deterioration in the state (both moral and physical) of the employee, and hence to a deterioration in productivity.

Bibliographic list

socialization personality society orientation

1.Volkov Yu.G. Sociology: textbook / Yu.G. Volkov. - M.: Nauka Spektr, 2008. - 384 p.

2.G.M. Andreeva Social psychology: A textbook for higher educational institutions - 5th ed., Rev. and additional - M.: Aspect Press, 2002

.Kravchenko A.I., Sociology. Tutorial. - M., 2005.

.Kasyanov V.V. Sociology for economists / V.V. Kasyanov. - Rostov - on - Don.: Phoenix, 2004. - 288 p.

5.Lavrinenko V.N. Sociology. M.: Culture and sport, UNITI, 1998.

6.Stolyarenko L.D. Fundamentals of psychology. Rostov n/a: Phoenix, 2003.

7.Sociology: a textbook for universities / ed. prof. V.N. Lavrinenko. - M.: UNITI - DANA, 2006. - 448 p.

8.Yadov V.A. Sociological approach to the study of personality // Man in the system of sciences. M., 1989. S. 455-462

Parmenov Anatoly Alexandrovich 2010

A. A. Parmenov

ON THE PROBLEMS OF THE FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF A PERSON IN AN UNSTABLE SOCIETY

Annotation. The problems of the formation and formation of personality in modern society, the content of its activities are considered. The factors contributing to the development of personality, the formation of moral qualities are analyzed. The motives orienting the direction of its activity are studied. Key words: personality, alienation, humanism, ideal, morality, development, society, orientation, goal.

abstract. The problems of genesis and formation of personality in modern society and the content of its activity are examined. The factors assisting in personality development and formation of its qualities are analyzed. The motives orientating the direction of its activity are studied.

Keywords: personality, estrangement, humanism, ideal, morality, development, society, direction, aim.

The modern stage of the life of our society makes special demands on a person, his personal qualities. It is quite obvious that the future of the country depends on the person himself, his internal resources, worldview, level of education and culture.

The need for further research into personality problems, the development of philosophical, pedagogical aspects of its formation and development is dictated by the needs of practice, the growing role of each person in public life, and previously unknown questions of a moral and psychological nature that have arisen before society. Among them: "What are the ideals of a modern young man?" “From what positions should we approach the issues of moral education?” “How to build an education system and connect it with the education of a person?” and etc.

Without a deep analysis of these issues, an understanding of the prospects for their implementation, it is difficult to determine the path of personal development, the content and nature of its activities.

Most researchers consider personality in two aspects: the first is the influence of external influences on the formation and development of personality; the second is an internal manifestation, internal sources of its development. Personality, on the one hand, can be characterized as a socialized individual, considered from the side of the most significant socially significant properties. On the other hand, as a self-organizing particle of society, main function which is the realization of an individual mode of social existence.

L. S. Vygotsky wrote that personality arises as a result of cultural and social development.

S. L. Rubinshtein emphasized: “Only a person is a person who relates in a certain way to the environment ... a person who has his own position in life.” He also paid attention to the individual properties, qualities of a person that determine his development.

J. Sartre defined a person as a being that aspires to the future and realizes that it projects itself into the future.

N. A. Berdyaev wrote: “Man is a small universe, a microcosm ... absolute being opens in man, outside man it is only relative.”

Philosophical, psychological, and pedagogical literature presents many theories and concepts relating to the problem of personality, its development in ontogeny, socialization, the formation of self-awareness, etc. In our opinion, a one-sided approach to any theory, the absolutization of a separate side in the study of personality as some researchers do. For example, in the book Aggression, the Austrian scientist K. Lorenz proves that aggression is an innate attraction, and not a response to a situation. He believed that if a person does not have aggressiveness, he is not an individual.

There are extremist "theories" according to which the nature of each human race is different: there are superior and inferior races. One of the latest "theories" of this kind is presented by American sociologists.

N. Murray and R. Herstein in The Bend of the Bell (1995). They claim that between whites and blacks there is a gap of fifteen IQ points (IQ). Hence, conclusions are drawn about the revision of social programs to help the Negro population. The book caused a lively discussion, and it turned out that it was prepared by order of a racist organization. It does not refute the explanation of poverty and crime by unequal social conditions and lack of education.

E. Fromm wrote: “Trying to avoid the mistakes of biological and metaphysical concepts, we should be wary of an equally serious mistake - sociological relativism, which represents a person as nothing more than a puppet controlled by strings of social obligations. Human rights to freedom and happiness are inherent in his inherent qualities: the desire to live, develop, realize the potentialities that have developed in him in the process of historical evolution.

The process of becoming a personality is a complex process, full of contradictions. Personality develops in society, among people. But to live among people means to be guided by certain principles, rules of communication with them, to correlate your personal "I" with public interests. However, often the goals chosen by young people and the ways of their implementation do not correspond to public interest, moral standards.

Behaviors may vary. For example, some young people, faced with any difficulties, follow the line of least resistance, try to adapt, mindlessly follow general opinions, fashion trends, i.e. choose the conformist path. Others seek to impose their own norms of behavior and values. Youth groups that do not meet generally recognized moral standards organize activities whose activities are contrary not only to moral standards, but also to the norms of the law.

A personality is a certain social type in which the most essential features of an era, social structure, and nation are expressed. But at the same time, the individual also has relative independence, specific qualities in relation to society as a whole. The peculiarity of personality development is that the impact on it of external factors

refracted in activity - professional, social, scientific, etc. It is in the process of human activity that his personal qualities are formed. The content, scale, intensity of activity determine its place, role in social hierarchy, and the possibility of achieving a particular goal.

The true wealth of a person is determined by such a person’s life activity, when, on the one hand, society provides him with the maximum satisfaction of material and spiritual abilities, and on the other hand, the person himself, creating the conditions for this, most fully realizes his potential. That is, there must be a harmony of interests of the individual and society. There is no such harmony in modern society in our country. There are many socio-economic contradictions that need to be resolved. Full development of the personality is possible under the following conditions:

Improvement of property relations;

The optimal composition of officials in the structure of state power and its effective work;

Fight against poverty, fair distribution of wealth;

Professionalization of management in all spheres of human life;

The real transfer of property into the hands of the entire population of the country and the creation of a "middle class" that will balance the political, economic and moral processes.

Of course, compliance with these conditions is a lengthy process. It is important that every citizen sees that the state is doing everything possible to solve these problems. Personal development is impossible without overcoming various forms alienation from society. Alienation can be "removed" only in a society where individual rights are exercised: the right to work, education and medical care; the right to freedom of thought, conscience, belief; the right to freely participate in rallies, etc.

The solution of these problems will contribute to leveling, optimizing interpersonal, intergroup relations, improving forms of communication, and improving the social climate in society as a whole. “We must take care,” wrote the famous philosopher E. V. Ilyenkov, “in order to build such a system of relationships between people (real, social relationships) that will make it possible to turn every living person into a person.”

The formation of a person's personality begins in the first years of his life. A. N. Leontiev emphasized that this is the period of development of personal mechanisms of behavior. It is in the first years of a child's life that the foundations of his personal qualities are formed. He learns forms of behavior, thanks to which he becomes the subject of social reality in the future.

Around the age of six, self-awareness begins to form in the form of an adequate assessment of one's own personal qualities. This is increasingly evident in communication with peers and adults. It is important to consider the following aspects of personal development at this age:

Development of consciousness and self-awareness;

Emotional-sensory regulation of behavior;

The nature of relationships with people.

Consciousness - highest level mental reflection. It is characterized by activity, intentionality, and the ability to reflect. On os-

new consciousness is formed self-consciousness, thanks to which the individual begins to evaluate himself as a person. Evaluation, self-esteem in the structure of self-consciousness occupy a special place. Through the assessment of his actions from the side, the subject realizes the importance, the social significance of his own activity.

To the question "Why does a person exist?" Hegel and Fichte answered: "Because it possesses precisely self-consciousness." Actually the concept of "I" characterizes a person with self-consciousness.

K. K. Platonov divided personality into “minimum” and “maximum”. He wrote: “The minimum personality is determined by the child's awareness of his “I”, actively opposing the “Not-I”. When the child says for the first time: “I myself!” - he is already a person and opposes his "I" to other "Not-I". And he attributed the "maximum of personality" to the age of 15-17 years, when the subject enters the system of social relations, asserts himself in the group.

In our opinion, the point of view of K. K. Platonov about the two stages of personality development, that the personality begins with the second leap in development, is justified. It is difficult to imagine a person immediately in the finished social form, the process of its formation is long.

Adolescence is the age of active "infection" with ideas and goals. In search of the meaning of their existence, young people reflect on their life purpose, on the meaning of life. In the search for the meaning of life, a worldview is developed, the system of values expands, a moral core is formed that helps a young person cope with the first life problems, which is especially important in our difficult time.

What are the ideals of today's youth? Are they needed at all? What is the sense of life? The author asked these and other questions to second-year students of PSU, students of the training and production plant in Penza.

To the question "Does a person need an ideal?" different responses were received.

Most of the students believe that the ideal is not needed. At the same time, many are afraid of losing their individuality (as they believe) if they follow ideals.

Individuality is originality, a set of qualities and distinctive properties that express the essence of an individual. This is something unique. The guys are afraid of losing their originality and uniqueness. They often associate the preservation of individuality with the preservation of their independence and independence, which are of particular importance in the system of moral values of adolescence.

However, despite the problems and difficulties faced by young people in our society, many still have a natural desire for the ideal, as evidenced by their judgments. Maybe some of them are ready to partially give up their independence for the sake of a “big” goal?

In recent decades, a painful breakdown of established ideals has taken place in our country in the minds of people. The value orientations of young people are also changing. It is possible that young people are more acutely faced with the question of choosing a life path, of the meaning of life, than that of previous generations.

It was interesting to learn the opinions of PSU students and students of the Criminal Procedure Code about the meaning of life. They were given a questionnaire compiled by the sociologist V. E. Chudnovsky. In total, about a hundred people were interviewed. From the first part of the survey

the question was taken: “What, in your opinion, is more in life - meaning or nonsense?”. To this question, the majority (about 80%) answered that it was nonsense. The answers of boys and girls were distributed approximately equally.

The critical attitude of a large number of respondents to reality cannot be explained only by the maximalism inherent in their age. This is a reflection in their minds of both social and, to a large extent, moral aspects of our existence. The peculiarity of morality is that its requirements are based on the power of public opinion, it contains a number of general provisions that bind people. In the spiritual world of the individual, they are reflected in the leading moral categories: good and evil, justice and injustice, greed and altruism, etc. The main content of these moral ideas determines the assessment by schoolchildren and students of social life and their behavior in the family, school, university, and in ways of spending leisure time.

At the same time, the awareness of certain problems in the sphere of moral relations that do not correspond to the natural essence of a person can contribute to the search, choice by young men and women of models, ideals, according to which they plan to follow and build their behavior. Of course, this choice may be erroneous, but the very desire to overcome negative phenomena is an essential impetus for choosing the right moral standards. This is better than passive contemplation.

In this regard, let us cite the statement of S. L. Rubinshtein about the ways of human existence: “There are two main ways of human existence and, accordingly, two attitudes towards life. The first is a life that does not go beyond the immediate ties in which a person lives: first, father and mother, then girlfriends, teachers, then husband, children, and so on. Here a person is completely inside life, all his attitude is an attitude to individual phenomena, but not to life as a whole. The second mode of existence is associated with the emergence of reflection. It seems to suspend, interrupt this continuous process of life and mentally takes it beyond its limits. A person, as it were, takes a position outside it - this is a decisive turning point. Consciousness appears here as. a way out of complete preoccupation with the immediate process of life in order to develop an appropriate attitude towards it, to take a position above it. The behavior of the subject in any situation also depends on such a final, generalized attitude to life.

It is the “second mode of existence”, when a person reflexively begins to cognize life processes, phenomena, to give them a moral assessment, as it were, regardless of “inclusion in life” from the outside, testifies to his personal self-determination, the desire to overcome the “nonsense” of life.

In adolescence, an avalanche of life impressions begins to intensively pass through the filter of one's own consciousness, which is still fragile, poor in the experience of perceiving the world, but striving for an individual understanding of the world, for introspection. Hence the tension inner life young man. He begins to notice the contradictions of reality, which are many in society, creates his ideal models, thinks about his place in society. He still cannot fully understand these contradictions, therefore his craving for self-affirmation often takes spontaneous forms.

The difficulty of youthful reflection on the meaning of life lies in the correct combination of what A. S. Makarenko called the near and far perspective. Expanding the time perspective in depth (covering longer periods of time)

sharpness of time) and in breadth (inclusion of one's personal future in the circle of social changes) is a necessary psychological prerequisite for setting perspective problems. The realization of long-term goals in this sense is a movement towards an ideal, towards a person who has such qualities as honesty, decency, masculinity, etc. In its integral form, this personality forms a unity of consciousness and activity of moral, ethical, aesthetic and other qualities that are interconnected. The long-term goals of personality development, its moral education are organically combined with the need to prepare the younger generation for an independent life, the ability to adapt in society.

The problem of the meaning of life, the achievement of a goal is not only an ideological problem, but also quite a practical one. The solution to this problem is contained not only within a person, but also in the surrounding world, where his abilities and active potentials are revealed. The content and nature of the activity may or may not correspond to moral, social norms. There are two options:

A person accepts social norms, patterns and behaves in accordance with these norms;

A person rejects social norms, rules and acts at his own discretion.

These are the usual options. In practice, everything is more complicated, since the norm and behavior are a particularly complex relationship in life practice.

The norm as a conscious necessity is the first option. The second is the norm, outwardly accepted, but not recognized. The subject can act in violation of moral norms, laws (as far as possible), but does this by presenting himself as a respectable citizen. The third option is an activity that does not meet the norms of morality and even the norms of the law, in order to achieve purely personal interests, one's own "success". That is, in this case, knowledge of norms and knowledge of behavior do not coincide. A person knows these rules, norms, but violates them. The reason is that certain norms, requirements are, in his understanding, an obstacle to achieving the goal and lose their personal meaning for him.

If a person believes that “all means are good” to achieve the goal, and in the process of his activity violates the laws (as far as possible), moral norms, the interests of other people, infringes on their rights, then this is tantamount to treating other people as a means, as instrument to achieve purely personal interests. If this type of activity is fixed in the public consciousness, is taken as a rule, a norm in relations between people, then the boundaries between such universal concepts as "good" and "evil", "truth" and "falsehood" will be erased. This can lead to degradation of moral values, personality deformation. Therefore, one of the most important tasks facing society is the formation of a person who is able not only to make a decision, but also to be responsible for his choice. It is important that a person wants to act in accordance with humanistic norms, universal principles. This is the most important stage in the consolidation of moral principles. Many well-known scientists paid attention to this: A. N. Leontiev, E. V. Ilyenkov, L. I. Bozhovich and others.

L. I. Bozhovich singled out two main criteria that characterize a person as a person. First: a person can be considered personally-

That is, if there is a hierarchy in his motives in one certain sense, namely, if he is able to overcome his own impulses for the sake of something else. The second criterion: the ability to consciously manage one's own behavior. It is carried out on the basis of conscious motives and principles and involves the conscious subordination of motives.

The problem of modern society is how a personality can be formed that meets these criteria, if, for example, a young man's motives do not correspond to those values, those moral standards that have been formed over many years. Will he "overcome his own impulses for the sake of something else", if in the public consciousness egoism, individualism, etc. are of paramount importance. Individualism, a sense of ownership become dominant in the moral world. Contrasting the personal with the public is becoming more and more the norm of public consciousness, an orientation towards public values fades into the background.

“We live in an age of ever-widening sense of loss of meaning. In such an age, education should be aimed not only at transmitting knowledge, but also at sharpening the conscience. education more than ever becomes the education of responsibility," he wrote in the 20th century. Austrian scientist V. Frankl. The problem of responsibility is especially relevant at the present time. The purpose of education today is the formation of a personality capable of not only making decisions, but also being responsible for their choice.

The development of a personality, the formation of its views, moral norms, is connected not only with the immediate environment, i.e. with the "microenvironment", but also with the impact of the social environment as a whole. State institutions, public organizations directly influence a person, the formation of his views and beliefs. The mass media (media) have a particularly great influence on the consciousness of people, their worldview. The perception and interpretation of the most important events taking place in the country and the world, presented in the media, is firmly deposited in the minds of people, especially young people, acquires a stable character and is often accepted as the truth without serious reflection. In fact, the media act as an active subject of social political life Having the opportunity to directly address the population, bypassing such social institutions as the family, school, party, etc., a person becomes a simple consumer of information, often not trying to fully understand its content, meaning.

The media have a huge impact on human emotions, especially young people. Emotional impact in some situations can become the dominant factor determining the behavior of the individual and her attitude to something. Such an attitude expresses not only a logical assessment of a phenomenon as a whole, but also its acceptance by the world of human feelings. Often, only emotions, becoming the only tool for establishing the value of phenomena, events and relegating the objective, true side of these events to the background, can cause an inadequate assessment of the realities of social life by a person and manifest themselves in his practical activities.

Children who often watch programs where there are many scenes of violence, cruelty, tend to come to terms with these negative phenomena, considering this the norm, and consider them as an integral, integral part of society. In the minds of children, an incorrect, deformed understanding of

human norms and moral values. In the future, this may negatively affect his personal development.

In shaping a personality that is better able to adapt to current conditions, it is important to consider the following principles:

Creation of favorable conditions for personal development;

To give the amount of knowledge and learn how to use it (at school, university);

Development of needs for individual self-realization;

Creating a favorable emotional atmosphere for gaining respect among peers (at school, university), among colleagues in the workforce;

Formation of a sense of self-worth, education of self-esteem in each person.

Following these principles and norms would make it possible to successfully solve many problems of the upbringing and development of the individual.

A personality always manifests and realizes itself through a complex multi-level system of social relations, and the study of the socio-psychological mechanisms of the impact of these relations on a personality, their philosophical analysis, makes it possible to identify the essential aspects of its development.

Bibliography

1. Vygotsky, L. S. The history of the development of higher mental functions/ L. S. Vygotsky. - M., 1983. - T. 3.

2. Rubinshtein, S. L. Fundamentals of general psychology / S. L. Rubinshtein. - M., 1946.

3. Sartre, J. Existentialism is humanism / J. Sartre // Twilight of the Gods. - M., 1989.

4. Berdyaev, N. A. The meaning of creativity / N. A. Berdyaev. - M., 1989.

5. Fromm, E. Character and social progress / E. Fromm // Psychology of personality. - M., 1982.

6. Ilyenkov, E. V. What is a personality? / E. V. Ilyenkov // Where does the personality begin? - M., 1984.

7. Rubinshtein, S. L. Problems of general psychology / S. L. Rubinshtein. - M., 1973.

8. Bozhovich, L. I. Psychological analysis conditions for the formation and structure of a harmonic personality / L. I. Bozhovich. - M., 1981.

9. Frankl, V. In search of meaning / V. Frankl. - M., 1990.

Parmenov Anatoly Alexandrovich

Candidate of Philosophy, Associate Professor, Department of Philosophy, Penza State University

Parmenov Anatoly Alexandrovich Candidate of philosophy, associate professor, sub-department of philosophy. Penza state university

Email: [email protected]

UDC 130.1 Parmenov, A. A.

On the problems of the formation and development of personality in an unstable society / A. A. Parmenov // Izvestia of higher educational institutions. Volga region. Humanitarian sciences. - 2010. - No. 4 (16). - S. 70-77.

Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation

federal state budgetary educational institution higher professional education

Kovrov State Technological Academy

them. V.A. Degtyareva

Department of Humanities

Philosophy essay

Personality problems in modern society. The value of freedom.

executor:

student of group EB-112

Zheleznov Ilya

Supervisor:

Professor of the Department of Humanities

Zueva N.B.

Kovrov

INTRODUCTION……………………………………………………………………………………………………………3

1) The concept of personality, its structure……………………………………………………………………….4

2) Problems of the individual in modern society………………………………………………7

3 The value of freedom…………………………………………………………………………………………………9

CONCLUSION…………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13

LIST OF USED SOURCES………………………………………………………14

INTRODUCTION

Of all the problems that people have faced in the course of human history, perhaps the most intricate is the mystery of human nature itself. In what directions searches were not conducted, how many different concepts were put forward, but a clear and precise answer still eludes us. The essential difficulty is that there are so many differences between us. People differ not only in their appearance. But also by actions, often extremely complex and unpredictable. Among the people on our planet you will not meet two exactly alike. These vast differences make it difficult, if not impossible, to find the common thread that unites the members of the human race.

Astrology, theology, philosophy, literature and the social sciences are just some of the currents that attempt to understand the complexity of human behavior and the very essence of man. Some of these paths have turned out to be dead ends, while others are on the verge of their heyday. Today the problem is acute. More than ever, since most of the serious ailments of mankind are rapid population growth, global warming, environmental pollution, nuclear waste, terrorism. Drug addiction, racial prejudice, poverty - is a consequence of human behavior. It is likely that the quality of life in the future, and perhaps the very existence of civilization, will depend on how far we advance in understanding ourselves and others.

Let's look at a couple of articles:

1) Everett Shostrom- a well-known American psychologist and psychotherapist, wrote in an article about his work "The Man-Manipulator" in 2004 that a modern person, as a rule, is a manipulator to some extent, i.e. a person who, in pursuit of the satisfaction of his desires, hides his own real feelings behind a wide variety of types of behavior. He contrasts the manipulator man with an actualized, self-confident and living person. full life aimed at achieving not momentary desires, but serious life goals.

2) A modern view of the problem of personality is recorded in Vadim Zeland's book "Reality Transurfing" - 2006. This book talks about the difficult position of the individual in modern society, the way to preserve oneself as an individual, the path of developing personal choice and decisions on how not to become part of the crowd. A person, according to Zeland's theory, is a sponge that absorbs all the information that is in abundance in our time, all the opinions imposed on him by the media and other people, but a person has the right to decide for himself whether to accept this water (information) and squeeze out everything unnecessary, leave everything the most important thing for oneself, thus the personality is formed.

3) Socialization of modern personality takes place in new socio-cultural and technological conditions. The intensive and uncontrolled development of modern technologies for meeting needs leads to the problem of excessively facilitating living conditions. Distortions and disharmony of the process of socialization, making it difficult and even completely blocking harmonious development personalities are growing with the acceleration of the introduction of technical and social innovations into people's daily lives. The “unbearable lightness of being”, provided by modern technologies for satisfying needs, is potentially fraught with negative consequences for the whole process of cultural and historical development. As psychologists A.Sh.Tkhostov and KH.Surnov note in their study, “... of course, a person is the subject and protagonist of progress; its main agent and driving force. But on the other hand, a person constantly runs the risk of becoming a victim of such progress, which turns into regression at the individual psychological level. The car leads to obesity, and too early use of the calculator does not give the opportunity to form the skills of arithmetic operations. The desire for maximum relief with the help of technical and organizational means of absolutely all aspects of life as the main goal of progress is fraught with a big psychological and social problem.

deformation of the socialization process;

the problem of self-identity;

information overload of society;

lack of communication;

problem deviant behavior.

This, in turn, determines the relevance of this topic, since modern society, accelerated to the limit, requires even greater socialization of the individual, which in turn is impossible without self-identity.

The purpose of the work is to characterize the sociology of personality and the problems that arise in the process of its socialization.

The main tasks are:

Material preparation;
Consider the problems associated with the formation of personality;
Reveal the sociological concept of personality and its structure.

The object of the study is a personality in modern society

The subject of the research is the factors influencing the formation and development of personality.

Chapter I. The concept of personality, its structure.

The problem of a person, personality is one of the fundamental interdisciplinary problems. Since ancient times, it has occupied the minds of representatives of various sciences. Huge theoretical and empirical material has been accumulated, but even today this problem remains the most complex, the most unknown. After all, it is not in vain that it is said that a person contains the whole world. Each person is connected by thousands of threads, visible and invisible, with the external environment, with society, outside of which he cannot form as a person. It is precisely this - the interaction of the individual and society - that sociology considers, and the relationship "society-individual" is the basic sociological relationship.

Let's turn to the concept of "personality". Personality, individual, man - these close, but not identical concepts are the object of various sciences: biology and philosophy, anthropology and sociology, psychology and pedagogy. Man is considered as a species representing the highest stage of the evolution of life on Earth, as a complex system in which the biological and social are connected, that is, as a biosocial being. Each individual, concrete person is an individual, he is unique; hence, when they talk about individuality, they emphasize precisely this originality, uniqueness. The peculiarity of the sociological approach to a person is characterized by the fact that he is studied, first of all, as a social being, a representative of a social community, a carrier of social qualities characteristic of it. When studying the processes of interaction between a person and the social environment, a person is considered not only as an object of external influences, but mainly as social subject, an active participant in public life, having his own needs, interests, aspirations, as well as the ability and opportunity to have his own impact on the social environment. As you can see, sociologists are interested in the social aspects of human life, the patterns of his communication and interaction with other people, groups and society as a whole. However, the interests of sociologists are not limited to the social properties of a person. In their research, they also take into account the influence of biological, psychological and other properties. What is the meaning of the concept of "personality"? A number of questions immediately arise: is every individual a person, what are the criteria that give grounds to consider an individual as a person, are they related to age, consciousness, moral qualities, etc. The most common definitions of a person, as a rule, include the presence of stable qualities and properties in an individual who is seen as a responsible and conscious subject. But this again gives rise to questions: “Is an irresponsible or insufficiently conscious subject a person?”, “Can a two-year-old child be considered a person?”. An individual is a person when, in interaction with society through specific social communities, groups, institutions, he realizes socially significant properties, social ties. Thus, the broadest “working” definition of personality can be formulated as follows: personality is an individual included in social connections and relationships. This definition is open and mobile, it includes the measure of assimilation of social experience, the fullness of social ties and relationships. A child brought up in a society of people is already included in social ties and relationships that expand and deepen every day. At the same time, it is known that a human child, brought up in a pack of animals, never becomes a person. Or, for example, in the case of a severe mental illness, a break occurs, the collapse of social ties, the individual loses his personality. Undoubtedly, recognizing for everyone the right to be a person, at the same time they speak of an outstanding, bright personality, or ordinary and mediocre, moral or immoral, etc.

Sociological analysis of personality involves the definition of its structure. There are many approaches to its consideration. The concept of 3. Freud is known, who singled out three elements in the personality structure: It (Id), I (Ego), Super-I (Super-Ego). It is our subconscious, the invisible part of the iceberg dominated by unconscious instincts. According to Freud, there are two fundamental needs: libidinal and aggressive. I am consciousness connected with the unconscious, which from time to time breaks into it. The ego seeks to realize the unconscious in a form acceptable to society. The super-ego is a moral "censor", including a set of moral norms and principles, an internal controller. Therefore, our consciousness is in constant conflict between the unconscious instincts penetrating into it, on the one hand, and the moral prohibitions dictated by the Super-I, on the other. The mechanism for resolving these conflicts is the sublimation (repression) of the id. Freud's ideas have long been considered anti-scientific in our country. Of course, not everything can be agreed with him, in particular, he exaggerates the role of the sexual instinct. At the same time, Freud's indisputable merit lies in the fact that he substantiated the idea of a multifaceted personality structure, human behavior, which combines biological and social, where there is so much unknown and, probably, completely unknowable.

So, personality is the most complex object, since it, being, as it were, on the verge of two vast worlds- biological and social, absorbs all their diversity and multidimensionality. Society as a social system, social groups and institutions do not have such a degree of complexity, because they are purely social formations. Of interest is the personality structure proposed by modern domestic authors, which includes three components: memory, culture and activity. Memory includes knowledge and operational information; culture — social norms and values; activity - the practical implementation of the needs, interests, desires of the individual. The structure of culture and all its levels are reflected in the structure of personality. Let us pay special attention to the ratio of modern and traditional culture in the structure of personality. In extreme crisis situations that directly affect the "higher" cultural layer (modern culture), the traditional layer dating back to ancient times can be sharply activated. This is observed in Russian society, when, in the conditions of loosening and a sharp breakdown of the ideological and moral norms and values of the Soviet period, there is not just a revival, but a rapid growth of interest not only in religion, but also in magic, superstitions, astrology, etc. » The removal of layers of culture takes place in some mental illnesses. Finally, when analyzing the structure of personality, one cannot avoid the question of the relationship between the individual and social principles. In this regard, the personality is a "living contradiction" (N. Berdyaev). On the one hand, each person is unique and inimitable, irreplaceable and priceless. As an individuality, a person strives for freedom, self-realization, for defending his “I”, his “self”, individualism is immanently inherent in it. On the other hand, as a social being, a person organically includes collectivism, or universalism. This provision has methodological significance. The debate that every person is by nature an individualist or a collectivist has not subsided since ancient times. There are plenty of defenders of both the first and second positions. And this is not just a theoretical discussion. These positions have access directly to the practice of education. For many years we have stubbornly cultivated collectivism as the most important quality of the individual, anathematizing individualism; on the other side of the ocean, the emphasis is on individualism. What is the result? Taken to the extreme, collectivism leads to a leveling of the individual, to leveling, but the other extreme is no better.

Obviously, the way out is to maintain the optimal balance of properties immanently inherent in the personality. The development and flourishing of individuality, the freedom of the individual, but not at the expense of others, not to the detriment of society.

Chapter II. Problems of personality in modern society

In the course of its formation and existence, a person in modern society faces a number of difficulties that prevent her from forming a stable worldview, gaining psychological comfort and the ability to engage in full-fledged social activity. These difficulties, in my opinion, are: deformation of the process of socialization; the problem of self-identity; information overload of society; lack of communication, the problem of deviant behavior.

The socialization of the modern personality takes place in new socio-cultural and technological conditions. The intensive and uncontrolled development of modern technologies for meeting needs leads to the problem of excessively facilitating living conditions. Distortions and disharmony of the process of socialization, which impede and even completely block the harmonious development of the individual, increase with the acceleration of the introduction of technical and social innovations into people's daily lives. The "unbearable lightness of being" provided by modern technologies for satisfying needs is potentially fraught with negative consequences for the entire process of cultural and historical development. As psychologists A.Sh.Tkhostov and K.G.Surnov note in their study, “... of course, a person is the subject and protagonist of progress; its main agent and driving force. But on the other hand, a person constantly runs the risk of becoming a victim of such progress, which turns into regression at the individual psychological level. The car leads to obesity, and too early use of the calculator does not give the opportunity to form the skills of arithmetic operations. The desire for maximum relief with the help of technical and organizational means of absolutely all aspects of life as the main goal of progress is fraught with great psychological and social danger. The ease with which a person satisfies his needs does not allow him to show purposeful efforts towards self-improvement, which ultimately leads to underdevelopment and degradation of the personality. Another problem of the modern personality, generated by the special conditions of formation and existence, is the problem of self-identity. The need for self-determination, self-identity has always been an important human need. E. Fromm believed that this need is rooted in the very nature of man. A person is torn out of nature, endowed with reason and ideas, and because of this, he must form an idea about himself, must be able to say and feel: "I am I." “A person feels the need for correlation, rootedness and self-identity.

The modern era is called the era of individualism. Indeed, in our time, more than ever, a person has the opportunity to independently choose a life path, and this choice depends less and less on traditional social institutions and ideologies, and more and more on individual goals and preferences. However, individualism is usually understood as an attempt to fill the void with many different combinations of hobbies, "lifestyle", individual consumption and "image". All modern people consider themselves individualists who have their own opinion and do not want to be like others. However, behind this, as a rule, there are neither any convictions, nor a clear idea about the world around us and oneself. In the past, the whole set of signs given to the world by the appearance and behavior of a person was dictated by the true social position, profession and conditions of his life. A modern person is accustomed to and accustomed to the idea that every detail of his appearance first of all says something about him to those around him, and only secondly is he really needed for something. We believe that this is due to the urban lifestyle, because it is in the street crowd that it is important to stand out in order to be noticed.

The "personality" in whose interests modern man acts is the social "I"; this "personality" consists essentially of the role assumed by the individual, and is really only a subjective disguise for his objective social function. As E. Fromm notes, "modern egoism is greed, which comes from the frustration of a true personality and is aimed at affirming a social personality."

As a result of false forms of self-identification in society, the concepts of “personality” and “individuality” are being replaced (being a person often means being different from others, standing out in some way, that is, having a bright personality), as well as “individuality” and “image” (individual originality). a person comes down to his manner of “presenting himself”, to the style of clothing, unusual accessories, etc.). The Russian philosopher E.V. Ilyenkov wrote about this substitution of concepts: assigned to it, ritualized and protected by all the power of social mechanisms, involuntarily begins to look for a way out for itself in trifles, in meaningless (for another, for everyone) quirks, in oddities. In other words, individuality here becomes just a mask, behind which lies a set of extremely common clichés, stereotypes, impersonal algorithms of behavior and speech, deeds and words. The next important problem of the social existence of a modern person is the information overload of the surrounding world. Researchers of the influence of the information flow on the human brain know that the resulting overload can not only cause significant harm, but also completely disrupt the functioning of the brain. Therefore, information loads require the development effective means control and regulation, and more stringent than during physical exertion, since nature, not yet faced with such a powerful level of information pressure, has not developed effective protection mechanisms. In this regard, the study of altered states of consciousness in Internet addicts requires special attention. As A.Sh. Tkhostov notes, "... on the Internet, a highly motivated user may be under the influence of a very intense flow of super-significant (and often absolutely useless) information for him", which he needs to have time to fix, process, without missing tens and hundreds of new ones, every second opening opportunities. The brain, overexcited by overstimulation, cannot cope with this task. A person becomes a translator of information processes, and his own subjectivity - spirituality, the ability to choose, free self-determination and self-realization - is relegated to the periphery of public life and turns out to be "open" in relation to the informationally organized social environment. In this regard, only the knowledge and properties of such instrumental subjectivity, which create new structures, directions and technological connections in this information environment, are in demand. This also gives rise to the transformation of the personality itself, since subjectivity, built into the technical informatization of knowledge, is the basis for the deformation of a modern person who is losing moral standards self-awareness and behaviour. Deprived of rootedness in real culture, these norms themselves become conditional. Rationality modern type acts as a way of technical-instrumental behavior of a person who seeks to take root in an unstable world and strengthen his own position, at least make it safe.

Another urgent problem of the modern personality is the lack of communication. According to S. Moscovici, in the conditions of industrial production, the creation of cities, the collapse and degradation of the traditional family and the traditional stratified model of society in which a person was assigned a rightful place, there is an irreversible degradation of normal communication methods. The emerging communication deficit is compensated by the development of the press and other modern communication technologies that give rise to a specific phenomenon of the crowd: an unstructured public formation connected only by communication networks. However, this compensation is initially defective, its lightness contains a certain inferiority. So, for example, Internet communication is much simpler than real human communication, therefore it is effortless, more secure, it can be started and interrupted at any time, it allows you to maintain anonymity and it is accessible. However, being technologically mediated, this communication is of an inferior nature, because the interlocutors remain for each other rather abstract characters than living people. The biggest disadvantage of this kind of surrogate communication is that it does not provide a stable identity.

A society organized with the help of a communicative network, according to S. Moscovici, is a crowd with a blurred identity, increased suggestibility, loss of rationality. However, communication in real life also may not always be complete. Most modern social groups and communities are unstable and, as a rule, small formations that arise randomly and also spontaneously disintegrate. These "social ephemeris"4 are mainly created in the field of leisure, entertainment, as if in contrast to the formal associations that exist during work (for example, nightclub visitors, hotel residents, a circle of friends, etc.). At the same time, the ease with which people enter into these communities, as well as the absence of formal restrictions in them, does not mean that the human personality here can be completely freed and revealed. The spontaneity of relationships and the instability of connections impose no less restriction on purely personal, "spiritual" communication between people, and the entire process of communication often comes down to the exchange of "duty" phrases or jokes. Within the framework of “social ephemeris”, communication, as a rule, is superficial and practically comes down to the level of reflexes, that is, more or less the same type of reactions to the same type of interlocutor’s remarks. In other words, only a certain outer shell participates in the conversation, but not the whole person. As a result, a person's personality closes in on itself and loses its "depth". The living, direct connection between people is also lost. The devastating consequences of this kind of isolation were described by N.Ya. Berdyaev, who notes that "egocentric self-isolation and self-centeredness, the inability to get out of oneself is the original sin." Thus, the conditions for the formation and existence of a modern personality lead to the emergence of a fragmented, closed, alienated personality from society and from itself, which is reflected in a number of postmodern concepts that proclaim the idea of splitting the human "I". In the philosophy of postmodernism, the very phenomenon of "I" is assessed as culturally articulated, associated with a certain tradition, and therefore historically transient.

The concepts of "man", "subject", "personality" from this position are only consequences of changes in the basic attitudes of knowledge. “If these attitudes disappear just as they arose, if some event (the possibility of which we can only foresee, not yet knowing either its form or appearance) destroys them, as it collapsed at the end of the 17th century. the soil of classical thinking, then - one can be sure of this - a person will be erased like a face painted on the coastal sand. As for the postmodernist philosophy's own version of the articulation of the subject, it is characterized by a radical decentration of both the individual and any forms of the collective "I". The rules of the episteme, acting as a regulator in relation to the activity of consciousness, but not realized by the latter reflexively, act as a factor of decentration and depersonalization of the subject. From the point of view of postmodernism, the very use of the term “subject” is nothing more than a tribute to the classical philosophical tradition: as Foucault writes, the so-called analysis of the subject is in fact an analysis of “the conditions under which it is possible for an individual to perform the function of a subject. And it would be necessary to clarify in what field the subject is the subject and the subject of what: discourse, desire, economic process etc. There is no absolute subject. Thus, the programmatic presumption of “human death” is formulated, which is fundamental for the philosophical paradigm of postmodernity. The rejection of the concept of "subject" is largely associated with the recognition in the philosophy of postmodernism of the randomness of the phenomenon of "I". The presumption put forward in classical psychoanalysis of the subordination of unconscious desires to the cultural norms of the "Super-I" was reformulated by J. Lacan into the thesis that desire is given by the material forms of language8. The subject as a link between the “real”, “imaginary” and “symbolic”, is characterized by J. Lacan as “decentred”, because his thought and existence turn out to be non-identical to each other, being mediated by the reality of language alien to them. The unconscious thus appears as a language, and desire as a text. The rational subject of the Cartesian type, as well as the lusty subject of the Freudian type, are replaced by a "decentred" instrument of presentation of cultural meanings ("signifiers") of language. As a consequence, the “death of a person” is postulated, dissolved in the deterministic influence of language structures and discursive practices on individual consciousness.

As for the so-called social roles, which presuppose the certainty of their subject-performer, these versions of self-identification are nothing more than masks, the presence of which does not at all guarantee the presence of a “I” hidden behind them, claiming the status of identity, “since this identity, however, rather weak, which we are trying to insure and hide under a mask, is in itself only a parody: it is inhabited by plurality, innumerable souls argue in it; systems intersect and command each other... And in each of these souls, history will reveal not a forgotten and always ready to be reborn identity, but a complex system of elements, numerous in turn, different, over which no force of synthesis has power»

Thus, postmodernism proclaims the "death of the subject itself", the final "end of the autonomous ... monad, or ego, or individual", subjected to fundamental "decentration". The theories of postmodernism reflect the state of the modern personality, fragmented, influenced diverse and contradictory information flows, and therefore does not have a clear self-identity. Postmodernism correctly captures the state of modern society and the individual, but incorrectly declares this state to be normal, since the current state of affairs is a danger both to the individual and to society as a whole. Self-identification of a person with random "markers" causes constant discomfort, a feeling of dissatisfaction and insecurity. This, in turn, increases the general degree of public discontent, which translates into large-scale undirected aggression, shaking the institutions of the social system and throwing society back to the level of a textbook "war of all against all." The crisis of self-identity implies the impossibility of a person gaining "attachment" to the environment, his own coordinates of existence and the subjective experience of this process as a lack of integrity, comfort of the cultural environment. In addition, this crisis expressed itself in the attitude of modern man to the future and his own prospects. A person can only solve immediate problems, but not build a general life strategy.

All this happens because the personality does not have a system of worldview coordinates, which should determine the content of the personality, give consistency to its manifestations, determine the general strategy of behavior, and also provide filtering of incoming information, its critical assessment.

Deviant behavior, understood as a violation of social norms, has become widespread in recent years and has put this problem at the center of attention of sociologists, social psychologists, doctors, and law enforcement officers.

There are several concepts explaining the causes of deviant behavior. So, according to the concept of disorientation proposed by the French sociologist Emile Durkheim, social crises are the breeding ground for deviations, when there is a mismatch between accepted norms and human life experience and a state of anomie sets in - the absence of norms. American sociologist Robert Merton believed that the cause of deviations is not the absence of norms, but the inability to follow them.

To explain the causes, conditions and factors that determine this social phenomenon has become an urgent task. Its consideration involves the search for answers to a number of fundamental questions, including questions about the essence of the category "norm" (social norm) and deviations from it. In a stable functioning and sustainable society, the answer to this question is more or less clear. A social norm is a necessary and relatively stable element of social practice that acts as an instrument of social regulation and control. The social norm finds its embodiment (support) in laws, traditions, customs, i.e. in everything that has become a habit, firmly established in everyday life, in the way of life of the majority of the population, is supported by public opinion, plays the role of a “natural regulator” of social and interpersonal relations. But in a reformed society, where some norms have been destroyed and others have not been created even at the level of theory, the problem of the formation, interpretation and application of the norm becomes an extremely difficult matter.

So after the collapse of the Soviet Union in Russia there is a surge in drug addiction, crime, alcoholism, etc. Let's consider the problem of drug addiction in more detail. The causes of drug addiction are the following motives that are typical for young people: dissatisfaction with life, satisfaction of curiosity about the action of a narcotic substance; symbolism of belonging to a certain social group; expression of one's own independence, and sometimes hostility towards others; knowledge of a pleasurable new, exciting or dangerous experience; achieving "clear thinking" or "creative inspiration"; achieving a feeling of complete relaxation; escape from something oppressive.

Studies have shown that the first direct acquaintance of most adolescents with drugs occurs at the age of 15 years (and only 37% - later); before 10 years - 19%; from 10 to 12 years old - 26%; from 13 to 14 years old - 18%. Without accurate data, we can still assume that drug addiction is getting younger every year, which is associated with the process of acceleration and the acceleration of the rate of entry of a teenager into adulthood.

As for the awareness of schoolchildren about narcotic substances, the situation here is twofold: on the one hand, 99% of respondents answered positively to the question of whether they know what drugs are, but on the other hand, practice shows that this knowledge is not always objective and are often defined by myths about drugs and drug addiction in society. But it is one thing to talk about drug addiction in general, and quite another to face it face to face. What is the possible reaction to the news that your close friend uses drugs? 63% of the respondents said that they would try to somehow influence in order to help a needy person get out of the hole into which he himself climbed; 25%

will not change their attitude and 12% will break off relations (that is, we have 37% of either passive contemplatives, or people who do not want to take care of their neighbor, which, in fact, is practically the same thing). Perhaps this is due to the fact that one of the many myths formed in our minds is triggered: people who become drug addicts are weak, offended by fate and unable to control their actions. It should be noted once again that drug addiction among young people, perceived today as "the number one problem," is only a consequence, a reflection of deep internal contradictions, both mental and social. Many attempts to correct the situation today are reduced to the fact that the struggle is often directed against the drugs themselves and their use (that is, against the effect, not the cause). Naturally, widespread propaganda healthy lifestyle life, raising awareness of the objective consequences of taking drugs, organizing and conducting other preventive measures - all this is significant (and effective only if a person can refuse to take drugs, switching to something else, no less dangerous in social terms), but it is somewhat similar to the behavior of the drug addict himself: the solution to the problem is expected from a one-time injection, which, indeed, creates the illusion of resolution, but only for a while. Recognizing the importance of preventive work, it should be said that it will become really effective only when, along with the prevention of drug addiction, work is carried out to prevent psychotraumatic situations that arise mainly in the process of a child's communication in the family - with parents, at school - with classmates and teachers. Accordingly, prevention work should be carried out not only with specific people, but also with representatives of their social environment.

Chapter III . The value of freedom

Freedom is one of the main philosophical categories that characterize the essence of man and his existence.

Freedom is considered in relation to necessity, arbitrariness and anarchy, with equality and justice.

The concept of freedom was born in Christianity as an expression of the idea of the equality of people before God and the possibility for a person of free choice on the path to God.

Free will is a concept that means the possibility of unhindered internal self-determination of a person in the fulfillment of certain goals and tasks of the individual. Will is a conscious and free aspiration of a person to achieve his goal, which for him is of a certain value. A volitional act expressing duty has the character of a spiritual phenomenon rooted in the structure of a person's personality. Will is opposed to impulsive aspirations and drives, the vital needs of man. The concept of will refers to a mature person who is fully aware of his actions and deeds.

To understand the essence of the phenomenon of individual freedom, it is necessary to understand the contradictions of voluntarism and fatalism, to determine the boundaries of necessity, without which the realization of freedom is unthinkable.

Voluntarism is the recognition of the primacy of the will over other manifestations of a person's spiritual life, including thinking. The roots of voluntarism are contained in Christian dogma, the teachings of Kant, Fichte, Schopenhauer, Nietzsche. Will is considered a blind, unreasonable principle of the world, dictating its laws to man. To act in the spirit of voluntarism means not to take into account the objective conditions of being, the laws of nature and society.

Fatalism initially predetermines the entire course of a person's life, his actions, explaining this either by fate, or by the will of God, or by rigid determinism (Hobbes, Spinoza, Laplace). Fatalism leaves no room for free choice, no alternatives. Rigid necessity and the resulting predictability of the main stages of a person's life are characteristic of astrology and other occult teachings, both past and present, various social utopias and anti-utopias.

The European tradition often uses the term "freedom" as an analogue of "will" and, opposing the concepts of necessity, violence and slavery, associates it with responsibility.

The most profound solution to the problem of freedom and responsibility can be found in the works of Russian religious thinkers - F.M. Dostoevsky, N.A. Berdyaeva, M.M. Bakhtin, for whom freedom is a measure of the dignity of an individual, and responsibility is a measure of humanity, a criterion of higher moral principles. Considering the ratio of freedom and responsibility as the main direction of the development of society, Russian philosophy does not think of them outside the ethical dimension. The ethics of a free act (M.M. Bakhtin) is associated with the concepts of conscience, duty, honor, dignity of a particular person. Then a person is a person who acts, the way of his existence is a responsible act.

ON THE. Berdyaev in his philosophy of freedom identifies three types of freedom:

freedom is existential (baseless, primordial - ontological. It is rooted in the being of the world).
rational freedom (realized necessity is social. It manifests itself in society).
mystical freedom (creativity is spiritual. It manifests itself in the Spirit. Only here can a person fully realize himself).

E. Fromm expresses his own concept of freedom in the book "Escape from Freedom".

He distinguishes two types of freedom:

"Freedom from..." He calls it negative, as it is a person's attempt to run away from responsibility.

Fromm says that a modern person, having received freedom, is burdened by it, since freedom entails the need for choice and responsibility for one's actions. Therefore, a person seeks to transfer his freedom, and, along with it, responsibility, to someone else (whether it be a church, state power, a political party, public opinion). All this leads only to loneliness and alienation of a person, and gets its realization in authoritarianism (sadism and masochism as an attempt to realize oneself through power over another or subordination to another one's will); conformity (loss of one's own individuality) or destruction (violence, cruelty, destruction of oneself and others);

"Freedom for..." This kind of freedom is positive, because it leads to self-creation, self-realization of the personality through spontaneous activity (creativity, love).

Models of the relationship between the individual and society. There are several models of the relationship between the individual and society regarding freedom and its attributes.

Most often, this is a struggle for freedom, when a person enters into an open and often irreconcilable conflict with society, achieving his goals at any cost.

This is an escape from the world, the so-called escapist behavior, when a person, unable to find freedom among people, flees to his “world” in order to have a way of free self-realization there.

This is an adaptation to the world, when a person, sacrificing to some extent his desire to gain freedom, goes into voluntary submission in order to gain a new level of freedom in a modified form.

It is also possible that the interests of the individual and society coincide in gaining freedom, which finds a certain expression in the forms of developed democracy. Thus, freedom is the most complex and deeply contradictory phenomenon of human life and society. This is the problem of correlating freedom and equality without suppression and egalitarianism. Its solution is connected with orientation to one or another system of cultural values and norms. The concepts of personality, freedom, values enrich the idea of a person, allow you to correctly understand the structure of society as a phenomenon generated in the process of human life.

If we talk about the specifics of understanding the freedom and responsibility of a person at the turn of the 20th - 21st centuries, it should be emphasized that the world is entering a period of civilizational change, when many traditional ways of being a person will need significant correction. Futurologists predict an increase in the phenomena of instability of many physical and biological processes, an increase in the phenomenon of unpredictability of social and psychological phenomena. Under these conditions, being a person is an imperative for the development of a person and humanity, which implies the highest degree of responsibility, which extends from a narrow circle of the closest environment of a person to planetary and cosmic tasks.

Modern humanity, according to H. Ortega y Gasset, is in a severe crisis, moreover, it faces a terrible danger of self-destruction. Ortega devoted his most famous work, the essay "The Revolt of the Masses", to the comprehension of this tragic situation. The essay, written in 1930, was extremely popular, many of his ideas deeply penetrated the culture of the 20th century, and the issues raised remain relevant today.

A historical crisis, he argues, occurs when the "world" or belief system of past generations loses its significance for new generations living within the same civilization, that is, a society organized in a certain way and cultural life. The person appears to be without peace. Such a state is typical today for the entire European civilization, which has gone far beyond Europe and has become synonymous with modern civilization in general. The cause of such a crisis is the uprising of the masses. In our time, Ortega argues, society is dominated by the "man of the masses." Belonging to the masses is a purely psychological sign. The mass man is the average, ordinary man. He does not feel any special gift or difference in himself, he is “exactly the same” as everyone else (without individuality), and he is not upset by this, he is content to feel the same as everyone else. He is indulgent to himself, does not try to correct or improve himself - he is self-satisfied; lives effortlessly "goes with the flow" He is not capable of creativity and gravitates toward a life of inertia, which is doomed to eternal repetition, marking time. In thinking, as a rule, he is content with a set of ready-made ideas - this is enough for him.

This "simple" person in society is opposed by another psychological type of personality - "a person of the elite", a chosen minority. "The Chosen One" does not mean "important" who considers himself superior to others and despises them. This is, first of all, a person who is very demanding of himself, even if he personally is not able to meet these high requirements. He is strict with himself, his life is subject to self-discipline and service to the highest (principle, authority), it is a tense, active life, ready for new, higher achievements. A "noble" person is characterized by dissatisfaction, uncertainty in his perfection; even if he is blinded by vanity, he needs confirmation of this in someone else's opinion. The degree of talent and originality of such people is different, but they are all capable of creativity, having accepted the "rules of the game" of their cultural system, voluntarily obeying them.

Discusses the contradiction between the human desire for a free existence and the desire of society as a system to establish order. The freedom of human individuals is noted by G. Spencer in his definition of social reality. Existentialists believe that human existence goes beyond the material and social world. A. Camus: "Man is the only creature that does not want to be what it is." The equivalence of human existence to freedom is confirmed by the fact that both of these concepts can be defined only apophatically, that is, by listing what they are not. How is it possible to induce human individuals to observe social order? On the other hand, in a person everything is social - it is formed by society, even its biological features. For example, the behavior of infants differs depending on the social environment in which they live. The very phenomenon of childhood manifests itself only in a developed society. For example, in the Middle Ages, children were treated like small adults - they were dressed in the same clothes as adults, there was no production of toys.

Georg Simmel: "The very development of society increases the freedom of man." With the growth of the scale of society, its differentiation, a person feels more and more free from every connection with a specific social circle, simply because such social circles with the development of society become more and more. Talcott Parsons: “Why is the role of family, community, religion diminishing? Because alternative associations have appeared: political, cultural, entertainment circles.” On the other hand, the person feels more and more lonely. M. Heidegger: “Loneliness is a negative mode of sociality”, that is, isolation from society. At the same time, with the growth of isolation, the longing for society grows.

Thus, if we take the philosophical aspect of the problem, then freedom is associated with necessity and possibility. It is not the will that chooses based only on the desires of a person that is free, but the will that chooses based on reason, in accordance with objective necessity. The measure of individual freedom is determined by the specific situation, the presence of a range of opportunities in it, as well as the level of development of the individual, the level of culture, understanding of one's goals and the measure of one's responsibility.

Freedom is associated with the responsibility of the individual to himself, to other people, to the collective, to society. The freedom of the individual is single complex with the rights of other members of society. It is impossible to separate political and legal rights - freedom of speech, conscience, beliefs, etc. from socio-economic rights - to work, rest, education, medical care etc. Human rights are usually fixed in the constitution of the state. The highest value of a person rule of law his rights and freedoms are proclaimed, and a person has the right to actively fight for them, in case of their violation.

Thus, a feature of spiritual values is that they have a non-utilitarian and non-instrumental character: they do not serve for anything else, on the contrary, everything else is subordinate, acquires meaning only in the context of higher values, in connection with their approval. A feature of the highest values is also the fact that they constitute the core of the culture of a certain people, the fundamental relations and needs of people: universal (peace, the life of mankind), communication values (friendship, love, trust, family), social values (freedom, justice, right , dignity, Honor, Glory, etc.), aesthetic values (beautiful, sublime). Higher values are realized in an infinite number of situations of choice. The concept of values is inseparable from the spiritual world of the individual. If mind and knowledge are the most important components of consciousness, without which purposeful human activity is impossible, then spirituality, being formed on this basis, refers to those values that are associated with the meaning of human life, one way or another deciding the question of choosing one's life path, goals and meaning. their activities and the means to achieve them.

CONCLUSION

Conclusion of the problem of personality in modern society:

So, the crisis of identity, the decline in the ability to process information and predict, as well as the self-isolation of modern man indicate the lack of integrity of his personality, which causes disharmony of its psychological, social and cultural aspects. Summing up, we can say that objectively a modern personality has a need for integrity, however, firstly, the sociocultural environment does not contribute to its formation, and secondly, this need, as a rule, is not recognized by the personality itself. Being unconscious, it can find various distorted manifestations.

Thus, the search for integrity can take the form of a passion for Eastern spiritual practices, conversion to religious fundamentalism, attendance at various trainings and seminars on self-development, etc. However, all these methods give only a temporary and unstable effect, since a person continues to be inside a fragmented and aggressive socio-cultural environment, or (in the case of religious fundamentalism) lead to opposition between the individual and society.

Conclusion of the value of the individual:

Different cultures place different emphasis on freedom. So, for example, in modern Western European culture, liberalism puts the concept of freedom at the forefront. And vice versa - in many Eastern cultures, a traditionally rational and purely practical attitude to this concept, or even complete absence attention to the issue of freedom, which does not exist as an independent value. Also, freedom as an independent value is often assessed in cultures as something at least dangerous, and even downright harmful. Such an assessment can be based on the assumption that real freedom can only be achieved with the self-sufficiency of the individual, while in practice all people live in communities.

The conclusion is also obvious that the more attention is paid to social benefits, the less value has the freedom of the individual. And this point of view is often shared by the individual himself, as a bearer of culture. That is, such a restriction is non-violent in nature, but is based on the mutually beneficial coexistence of people.

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