Terms

Deviation signs. Deviant behavior "The nature of deviant behavior

1) Deviant behavior of a person is behavior that does not correspond to generally accepted or officially established social norms.

2) Deviant behavior and the person who displays it cause a negative assessment from other people (social sanctions).

3) Deviant behavior causes real damage to the person himself or to the people around him. Thus, deviant behavior is destructive or self-destructive.

4) Deviant behavior can be characterized as persistently repeated (repeated or prolonged).

5) Deviant behavior must be consistent with the general orientation of the individual.

6) Deviant behavior is considered within the medical norm.

7) Deviant behavior is accompanied by phenomena of social maladaptation.

8) Deviant behavior has a pronounced individual and age-gender identity.

The term "deviant behavior" can be applied to children at least 5 years old.

Thus, deviant behavior of a person is behavior that does not correspond to generally accepted or officially established social norms. These are actions that do not comply with existing laws, rules, traditions and social attitudes. When defining deviant behavior as behavior that deviates from the norm, it should be remembered that social norms change. This, in turn, makes deviant behavior historically transitory. As an example, one can cite a different attitude towards smoking, depending on the era and country. Consequently, deviant behavior is not a violation of any, but only the most important for a given society in given time social norms.

Deviant behavior and the person who displays it cause a negative assessment from other people. Negative assessment may take the form of social condemnation or social sanctions, including criminal punishment. First of all, sanctions perform the function of preventing undesirable behavior. But, on the other hand, they can lead to such a negative phenomenon as stigmatization of a person - labeling her. For example, the difficulties of readaptation of a person who has served a sentence and returned to "normal" life are well known. Man's attempts to start new life often broken by the distrust and rejection of those around them. Gradually, the deviant label (drug addict, criminal, suicide, etc.) forms a deviant identity (self-awareness).

Thus, a bad reputation reinforces dangerous isolation, discourages positive change, and encourages relapse into deviant behavior.

Types and forms of deviation.

Deviation is divided into negative and positive.

Positive deviation is such deviant behavior, which, although perceived by many as unusual, does not cause disapproval. It can be heroic deeds, self-sacrifice, super hard work.

Negative deviation, in contrast, represents those behavioral deviations that cause most people to react with disapproval and / or condemnation. This includes terrorism, vandalism, theft, etc. Sociologists are looking for the causes of negative deviation in various directions in the imperfection of human nature and various vices of people (selfishness, envy, hedonism (getting pleasure is the goal of all life); in their biological and psychological features(mental defects, psychopathy); in the social conditions of life (upbringing, human environment, poverty).

Distinguish between primary and secondary deviation.

Primary deviation is actually non-normative behavior that has various reasons("rebellion" of the individual; the desire for self-realization, which for some reason is not carried out within the framework of "normative" behavior, etc.). Secondary deviation is a confirmation (whether voluntary or involuntary) of the label with which society marked the behavior that took place earlier.

In addition, deviant behavior is distinguished in a broad and narrow sense. In a broad sense, deviant behavior is the behavior of any person who has gone astray or deviated from the social norm.

In a narrow sense, deviant behavior means such deviations that do not entail criminal punishment, in other words, are not illegal.

Social deviations of an aggressive orientation are manifested in actions directed against a person (insults, hooliganism, beatings and such serious crimes as rape and murder).

Deviations of the socially passive orientation are expressed in the desire to avoid active public life, in evading their civic duties and duty, in unwillingness to decide both personal and social problems. Such deviations include avoidance of work or study, vagrancy, use of alcohol, drugs and toxic substances. An extreme manifestation of a socially passive position is suicide (suicide).

Thus, deviant behavior, differing both in content and target orientation, and in the degree of public danger, can manifest itself in various social deviations, from moral violations and minor offenses to serious crimes.

To the main forms of deviant behavior in modern conditions include crime, alcoholism, drug addiction, prostitution, suicide. Each form of deviation has its own specifics.

Depending, firstly, on the degree of harm done to the interests of the individual, social group, society as a whole, and, secondly, on the type of violated norms, the following main forms of deviant behavior can be distinguished:

1. Destructive behavior. Hoarding, conformism (lack of one's own position, unprincipled and uncritical adherence to any model that has the greatest power of pressure (opinion of the majority, recognized authority, tradition and an objective view), masochism that harms only the personality itself and does not correspond to generally accepted social and moral standards - hoarding, conformism.

2. Antisocial behavior that harms the individual and social communities (family, company of friends, neighbors) and manifests itself in alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide.

3. Illegal behavior, which is a violation of both moral and legal norms and is expressed in robberies, murders and other crimes.

Deviant behavior can be expressed in the form:

A) an act (hit a person, give a slap in the face)

B) human activities (constant prostitution, extortion)

C) a person's lifestyle (criminal lifestyle, vagrancy)

Scientists classify social deviations in deviant behavior as follows:

1) 3/4 social deviations of selfish orientation: offenses, misdemeanors associated with the desire to obtain material, monetary, property benefits (theft, theft, fraud)

2) 3/4 aggressive orientation: actions directed against a person (insult, hooliganism, beatings, murders, rapes)

3) 3/4 of the socially passive type: the desire to get away from an active lifestyle, evade civic duties, unwillingness to solve personal and social problems (avoidance of work, study, vagrancy, alcoholism, drug addiction, substance abuse, suicide).

Deviants are also subdivided: - into non-socialized - aggressive loners; - socialized - united in groups of juvenile delinquents; - situational offenders - committing crimes depending on the situation.

Let us briefly characterize the content of each of these forms of deviant behavior. We also note that, having its own content, one way or another, each form (type) of deviant behavior has a connection with other forms, intersects with them.

Violence means the use by one or another subject of various forms of coercion (up to armed action) against other subjects (classes, social and other groups, individuals) in order to acquire or maintain economic and political dominance, gain rights and privileges, achieve other goals.

The forms of manifestation of violence are varied.

1) Physical abuse is the intentional infliction of physical harm on the victim.

2) Mental violence can be defined as a long-term or constant mental impact of a rapist (aggressor, other subject) on the victim, leading to psychological breakdowns, the formation of pathological character traits in the victim or hindering the development of personality.

3) Sexual violence is interpreted as involving the victim in sexual activities (without her consent) in order to obtain satisfaction or benefits from the perpetrator.

4) Emotional violence is closely related to mental and means coercion, causing emotional distress.

There are several types of violence.

1. Sadism (described by the French writer de Sade) is violence directed at someone. It is expressed, firstly, in sexual perversion, in which, in order to achieve satisfaction, a person causes pain and suffering to a partner. Secondly, sadism means the desire for cruelty, the enjoyment of other people's suffering.

2. Another type of violence is masochism as violence directed at oneself. It appears in two forms:

1) sexual perversion (described by the Austrian novelist L. Sacher-Masoch), in which satisfaction is achieved only if the partner causes physical pain;

2) self-flagellation, self-infliction of suffering. Suicide is considered as an extreme form of a person's manifestation of violence against himself.

Violence is one of the forms of manifestation of aggression. It is such behavior, the purpose of which is to cause damage, harm to another person, group, in an effort to humiliate, destroy, force someone to do something.

There are two main types of aggression:

1) reactive, manifested in the form of anger, hatred, hostility (expressive, impulsive and affective aggression);

2) instrumental, that is, purposeful and pre-planned.

The willingness of the subject to aggressive behavior is called aggressiveness.

Aggression is one of the destructive forms of development of both social and intrapersonal conflicts.

Addiction

Drug addiction is understood as a painful attraction, addiction to the systematic use of drugs, leading to severe impairment of mental and physical functions. A detailed definition of drug addiction is given by a commission of experts World Organization Health (WHO). According to this definition, drug addiction is “mental, and sometimes also the physical state resulting from the interaction between a living organism and a drug, characterized by behavioral patterns and other reactions that always include the need for constant or periodically renewed use of this drug in order to experience its mental effect or avoid the discomfort associated with its absence.

substance abuse

Substance abuse is a disease caused by the consumption of toxic substances, that is, the use of tranquilizer tablets, caffeine obtained from strong tea - chifir, inhalation of aromatic substances household appliances. In a state of intoxication, in addition to euphoria, visual hallucinations occur.

As a result of the use of drugs, toxic substances, a person develops mental and physical dependence, that is, a desire to satisfy the need for a drug at all costs, because without it, anxiety, fear, affective tension, internal anxiety, a feeling of fatigue, weakness, dizziness develop, aching pains in the bones and joints, palpitations, chills or, conversely, fever in the body, sweating. All these concepts can be combined in one concept "abstinence syndrome".

Withdrawal is a condition that occurs as a result of a sudden cessation of the intake (introduction) of substances that cause substance abuse, or after the introduction of their antagonists. It is characterized by mental, vegetative-somatic and neurological disorders. The course of withdrawal depends on the type of substance, the dose and duration of its use.

Drunkenness and alcoholism

Drunkenness and alcoholism as types of deviant behavior are closely related, but they also have differences.

Drunkenness is interpreted as immoderate consumption of alcohol, which, along with a threat to the health of the individual, violates its social adaptation.

Alcoholism is characterized by a pathological craving for alcohol, accompanied by social and moral degradation of the individual. Alcohol dependence develops gradually and is determined by complex changes that take place in the body of the drinking person and become irreversible: alcohol becomes necessary to maintain metabolic processes.

There are three types of alcoholism:

1) household alcoholism is characterized by addiction to alcohol, however drinking man still able to control the amount of alcohol, even temporarily stop its use in situations inappropriate for drinking;

2) in chronic alcoholism, the possibilities characteristic of domestic alcoholism are lost. Tolerance (tolerance) reaches its maximum, the passion for alcohol takes on a pathological character;

3) complicated alcoholism differs from previous forms in that those who drink along with alcohol use barbiturates or drugs.

Alcohol consumption in Russia is more than 2 times higher than the critical indicator set by WHO, beyond which alcoholism is already real threat for the health of the whole nation. In Russia, each person, including babies, consumes about 17 liters of alcohol per year (the critical value in world practice is 8 liters). Alcoholism is on the rise recent times average age initiation to alcohol decreased from 13-14 years. As of 2011, almost 254 thousand people are registered with the police. chronic alcoholics and more than 212 thousand family brawlers motivated by drunkenness”

Prostitution

Prostitution means the practice of sexual intercourse outside of marriage, carried out for remuneration (in one form or another), which serves as the main or significant additional source of funds for the chosen (slave) way of life. The following are the most important signs of prostitution:

3/4 occupation - satisfaction of the sexual needs of clients;

3/4 the nature of the classes - systematic sexual relations with different persons without sensual attraction and aimed at satisfying the client's sexual passion in any form;

3/4 motive for classes - a pre-agreed reward in the form of money or material assets, which are the main or additional sources of existence of a prostitute.

The main types of prostitution: male and female, adult and children.

There are more than a dozen types of prostitutes. Among them: station, the bulk of them are juvenile prostitutes, refugees from families of alcoholics and drug addicts; carriage prostitutes; automotive, working directly in the client's car; shoulder - women, periodically brightening up the harsh camping life of truck drivers; air, seasonal, traveling to warm time year on the resorts "to earn extra money"; sedentary; migrant women; organized "ladies" working on call, with security; elite - refined dancers of striptease bars, fashion models, fashion models, maids of expensive hotels; export prostitutes working in nightclubs, striptease bars, the purpose of which is to entertain single guests.

Pathological and non-pathological deviations due to sexual diseases

There are two types of deviant behavior on the basis of sexual diseases: pathological and non-pathological deviations:

1) pathological ones appear in the form of all kinds of sexual perversions, which are the subject of research in medicine and psychiatry.

2) non-pathological deviations mean deviations within the normal range and serve as the subject of socio-psychological research, since they include deviations from social and moral standards in the sexual behavior of a healthy person. There are several groups of sexual deviations:

3/4 deviations in relation to the object of sexual satisfaction - bestiality (in other words - bestiality, sadomia). This is a kind of sexual perversion in which the sexual desire is directed to animals;

3/4 deviations in the ways of realizing sexual passion - sadism;

3/4 atypical deviations in the form of sexual passion for persons of the same sex or close relatives - homosexuality, lesbianism, incest;

3/4 deviations associated with a violation of sexual identity - transsexualism;

3/4 deviations associated with a change in the stereotype of gender-role behavior - masculinization, feminization (development in males or females of secondary sexual characteristics of the opposite sex, in women - mustaches, beards, rough voice; in men - a thin voice, mammary glands, etc.).

Numerous forms of sexual deviations are known. Hypermasculine behavior is manifested in exaggerated masculinity, deliberate rudeness and cynicism. In adolescents, it is often accompanied by aggressiveness and particular cruelty. The main features of such behavior are a dismissive, boorish attitude towards a woman and sadistic inclinations in contacts with sexual partners.

Sadism, as noted earlier, is a form of sexual deviation, which manifests itself in obtaining sexual satisfaction or inciting passion by causing pain to the object of sexual intercourse, torturing him, beating him. In the form of masochism, sexual deviation means obtaining sexual satisfaction, passion as a result of self-torture or attraction for this sexual partner.

Obtaining sexual satisfaction from contemplation or contact with the things of the women's toilet is called fetishism. Dressing up in clothes of the opposite sex is considered to be its variety, which leads to an increase in libido (sexual desire, desire, aspiration). In general, this phenomenon is called transvestism. Often, dressing up is also used to emphasize one's belonging to the other sex.

Self-admiration, sexual attraction to one's own body is called narcissism.

Exhibitionism as a form of sexual perversion means the desire to expose one's own body, especially the genitals, in front of the opposite sex.

Pedophilia manifests itself in sexual activity with children, in forcing them to do so in various ways.

Scopophilia means the secret spying on sexual intercourse.

Gerontophilia is a sexual attraction to people of senile age.

The indicated forms of sexual deviations may manifest themselves in individual people not in their pure form, but in combination with other forms of perversion.

Offenses

Offenses are one of the forms of antisocial behavior directed against the interests of society as a whole or the personal interests of citizens.

From the point of view of jurisprudence, the behavior of citizens can be lawful and unlawful. Misconduct, or offenses, means such legal factors that are contrary to the rule of law. They violate the established order in the country.

All offenses are divided into crimes and misdemeanors.

Crime is the most dangerous form of deviant human behavior, expressing conflict in the form of antagonism between individual, group and public interests. This is a socially dangerous act, provided for by criminal law, guilty (with intent or negligence) committed by a sane person who has reached the age of criminal responsibility.

Distinguish different forms crime:

3/4 on the grounds of public danger and criminal law prohibition - nationwide and general criminality (violent, mercenary-violent, including robberies and robberies);

3/4 according to the forms of guilt - intentional and reckless crimes;

3/4 by subjects - crime of minors and adults, men and women, primary and recurrent.

A misdemeanor is also an unlawful and guilty act, but it does not pose a great public danger. Offenses in the form of a misdemeanor are manifested in a defiant demeanor, foul language, pugnacity, petty theft, drunkenness, and vagrancy.

Misdemeanors are regulated by the norms of various branches of law: administrative, civil, labor.

Crime is one of the most actual problems modern Russian society.

Suicide (suicide)

Suicide (suicide) is the intentional deprivation of one's life, one of the forms of deviant behavior. There are completed suicide, suicidal attempts (attempts) and intentions (ideas).

Suicide is understood as two different order phenomena:

1) individual behavioral act;

2) a relatively massive, statically stable social phenomenon, which consists in the fact that a certain number of people (for example, members of a sect) voluntarily die.

The deprivation of life by a person who is not aware of the meaning of his actions or their consequences is not recognized as suicide. These persons include the insane and children under the age of 5 years. When such actions are committed, death from an accident is recorded.

There are several types of suicides. Among them:

3/4 selfish suicide as a result of insufficient integration of society, weakening of ties between the individual and society;

3/4 altruistic, done for the real or imaginary benefit of other people;

3/4 anomic, taking place in a crisis society, which is in a state of anomie, when the old norms do not work, and the new ones are absent or not learned by people, when there is a conflict of norms. All this is expressed in the alienation of a person from society, in apathy, disappointment in life;

3/4 expiatory suicide as self-accusation, self-punishment; cursing, expressed in cursing someone, in protest against something or someone;

3/4 desgellation as a result of disappointment, dissatisfaction with one's own social status: demonstrative suicide as a desire to show the reality of suicidal intentions, to draw attention to oneself, to arouse sympathy;

3/4 affective, done as a result of strong experience and suffering;

3/4 true suicide is a deliberate, strengthened desire to commit suicide.

Suicide is a complex phenomenon that has philosophical, moral, social, cultural, medical and psychological aspects.

According to some data, about 100,000 suicides occur in Russia every year, including those of children. Behind last decade the number of suicides among young people has increased by 3 times. The main causes of suicide: unrequited love, conflicts with parents and peers, fear of the future, loneliness. Every year, one in twelfth teenagers aged 15-19 tries to commit suicide. In terms of the absolute number of teenage suicides, Russia ranks first. By 2011, the suicide rate was 21 per 100,000 inhabitants.

Theories of deviant behavior.

Despite the fact that certain limits and rules of behavior are established in society, it is natural for a person to violate them. Everyone has their own unique thinking, which leaves an imprint on communication with others. Sometimes this becomes the cause of such a phenomenon as deviant behavior. Examples of such out-of-the-box thinking quite numerous, and, fortunately, not always negative.

Concept definition

Deviation from generally accepted social norms is defined as deviant behavior. There are numerous examples of this phenomenon. At the same time, experts from various areas define deviant behavior in their own way:

From the point of view of sociology, we can say that this is a phenomenon that poses a real threat to the survival of a person in society. Wherein we are talking both about the deviant and about his environment. In addition, there is a violation of the processes of assimilation of information, reproduction of generally accepted values, as well as self-development and self-realization.
From a medical point of view, the disorder interpersonal interactions and behavioral deviations are caused by the presence of neuropsychiatric pathologies of varying severity.
From the point of view of psychology, deviant behavior is an antisocial way of resolving conflict situations. At the same time, there is a desire to harm one's own and public well-being.

Main reasons

Unfortunately, psychologists still cannot accurately determine the range of reasons that provoke deviant behavior. The examples only provide an indicative list. It looks like this:

inconsistency between the goals set and the available means that can be used to achieve them;
a decrease in the level of society's expectations from a particular individual, which gradually leads to marginalization;
addiction to alcohol and drugs, deterioration of the genetic fund and other social pathologies;
mental illness of a different nature;
the lack of a clear motivation that would make it possible to accurately determine adequate actions for a particular situation;
social inequality and injustice that encourage aggression;
armed conflicts, man-made disasters and natural disasters that disturb the human psyche.

Characteristics of the deviant

Increasingly, in society, one can encounter such a phenomenon as deviant behavior. Examples allow you to select a number common features that are common to all people with this problem. So, deviants can be characterized as follows:

cause a sharp negative reaction and condemnation from the society;
may cause physical or material damage to themselves or others;
abnormal behavior is constantly repeated or has a permanent character;
there is social maladaptation;
behavioral deviations are fully consistent with the individual characteristics of the individual;
there is a desire to express their personal characteristics.

Examples of deviant behavior in society

Despite the fact that theoretical definitions clearly describe behavioral features, they do not always fully reflect the essence of the phenomenon. However, looking around you will be surprised how often deviant behavior occurs in society. Real life examples are as follows:

People without a fixed place of residence. Due to the circumstances, their behavior differs significantly from the general accepted norms.
Begging for alms can cause pity or a negative reaction from others. In any case, in a society where the vast majority provides themselves with material means through labor activity, such behavior is perceived inadequately.
Prostitutes cause condemnation from the point of view of moral principles.
Drug addicts and alcoholics are recognized as deviants not only because of their dependence on the use of certain substances. In a state of intoxication, they can pose a real physical threat to others.
Oddly enough, monks, from the point of view of society, are also considered deviants. Most people do not understand the desire to give up all public goods and opportunities.
Geniuses are also treated with caution, despite the fact that scientific and technological progress has firmly entered the modern life. Nevertheless, the attitude towards people with a high level of intelligence cannot be called negative.
Murderers, maniacs and other criminals are condemned not only by society. The legislation provides for severe punishment for them.

Considering deviant behavior, examples from life can be given for a very long time. So, for example, someone can include here people of art, parasites, informals, and so on. In any case, if desired, a person can rid himself of such a characteristic (regardless of whether it is acquired or congenital).

Examples of positive deviant behavior

Positive deviant behavior is actions aimed at changing obsolete values and norms that hinder further social development. It can manifest itself in creativity, political activity or just a personal protest. Despite the fact that on initial stage society may have a negative attitude towards such phenomena, examples of positive deviant behavior prove the effectiveness of this model:

G. Perelman is a brilliant mathematician who became famous for proving the Poincaré theorem (other scientists have been struggling with this for over 100 years). As a result, he has been nominated for several prestigious awards. But Perelman categorically refused all awards, which is bad form in scientific circles. Nevertheless, such behavior did not bring any harm to society. In addition, Perelman considered it unnecessary to belittle the contribution of other mathematicians and generally transfer science to a commercial plane.

The next example is also quite interesting, but there is no evidence of its veracity. So, the author's method of psychiatrist D. Rogers was recognized as a mockery of patients, for which he was sentenced to death. It was about bringing the patient to the extreme form of hysteria, after which he recovered and continued to live a normal life. Only 50 years after the execution, the doctor's deviant behavior was recognized as effective.
Some examples of positive deviant behavior have had a significant impact on our lives today. So, in the late 60s, computers were the size of a living room or even a school gym. A real revolution in this area was made Steve Jobs and Bill Gates. What many considered madness, they brought to life. Today, almost everyone has a compact and functional computer.

Negative deviant behavior

Harm to the individual and others is caused by negative deviant behavior. Examples are crime, prostitution, alcoholism, drug addiction, and many other illegal and immoral acts. Quite often, people who commit such acts fall into the hands of law enforcement or forced treatment by psychotherapists. In addition, society itself creates a background of contempt for negative deviants.

Examples of situations of deviant behavior

Without even thinking about it, every day we encounter situations of deviant behavior. An example might be:

Physically healthy young man enters public transport and takes up free space. There is nothing reprehensible in this, but at the next stop an elderly man enters. Not wanting to give up his seat, the young man begins to pretend that he is asleep and does not notice the old man. In most cases, this deviation is due not only to personal qualities, but also to improper upbringing.
The student constantly violates discipline in the classroom, interfering with the teacher and his peers. Unfortunately, such a manifestation of deviant behavior often causes a sharp reaction on the part of teachers, which gives rise to even greater resistance. As a rule, the lack of discipline of schoolchildren is a direct reflection of the psycho-emotional state and problems in the family.
Social inequality, financial difficulties, in theory, should encourage people to be active in order to overcome this situation. However, not everyone has the will power to do so. Some people start drinking alcohol or narcotic substances to get away from reality, which inevitably causes public condemnation.
People strive for the blessings of life, but everyone has different ways of obtaining them. So, for example, many, not feeling the desire or strength to earn money on their own, resort to theft.

Literary examples

If you are interested in examples of deviant behavior, you can learn a lot of interesting things from the literature. Here are the most striking of them:

Raskolnikov from the work "Crime and Punishment" by Dostoevsky demonstrates an example of deviant behavior. for the sake of material gain he decides to kill.
Chatsky's behavior in the play "Woe from Wit" by Griboyedov. This character is sometimes quick-tempered and absolutely tactless. He acts as a denouncer of other people's vices, as well as a strict judge of moral principles.
In "Anna Karenina" by Tolstoy main character can also be cited as an example of deviant behavior. adultery, extramarital affairs, and suicide are the clearest signs.
In Makarenko's Pedagogical Poem, almost all the pupils of the orphanage personify deviant behavior in one way or another. This work is interesting primarily because the talented teacher managed to correct the situation.
The hero of the work "Gobsek" by Balzac is quite interesting example deviant behaviour. The greedy usurer has a pathological tendency to accumulate. As a result, a huge amount of wealth is found in his closet, as well as food that has simply gone bad.

Examples from history

Being interested in such a question as examples of deviant behavior, you can find quite a lot of interesting situations in history:

One of the clearest examples of deviant behavior is the burning of the Temple of Artemis. local resident Ephesus by Herostratus. During the torture, the man had to confess that he did this in order to glorify his name, so that descendants would talk about him. Herostratus was not only sentenced to death, but also forbidden to mention him. Nevertheless, the historian Theopompus considered it necessary to tell about the crime of Herostratus, and therefore his goal was achieved.
Adolf Hitler's behavior is also considered deviant. A particular danger was that he had pronounced leadership qualities and had power. The sad result is known to all.
Another example of deviant behavior is the 1917 revolution. Then V. I. Lenin and his comrades-in-arms decided to oppose the power of the tsar. The result was the formation of a fundamentally new state.
There is ample evidence of how the deviant behavior of soldiers during the Great Patriotic War contributed to the victory in battles. So, the fighters often sacrificed themselves, throwing themselves under the tracks of tanks with grenades. Thus they paved the way for their army. This is one of the many examples of deviant behavior that has been called a feat as a result.

Children's deviant behavior

Unfortunately, deviant behavior of children is not uncommon. Examples that are most common are verbal aggression ( foul language, rudeness and rudeness), as well as physical attack (hitting, biting or pushing). This phenomenon has specific reasons, the main of which are the following:

Genetic predisposition to aggression, which is transmitted from immediate family. It is worth paying special attention to diseases associated with hearing and vision impairments, mental and physical retardation, and mental disorders.
Influence on the child's psyche of external stimuli. This may be due to a tense situation in the family, conflicts with peers, prejudice on the part of teachers.
Physiological defects (speech or bodily) often cause ridicule and negativity from others, and especially children. This causes the child to feel inferior, which becomes one of the main causes of aggression.

To prevent and correct deviant behavior in children, the following measures can be taken:

the task of adults is to arouse in the child a keen interest in communicating with peers, as well as teachers, psychologists and other adults who can help in solving the problem;
the formation of knowledge about the culture of behavior in society and the skills of live communication with others;
assistance in developing an adequate assessment of one's own personality, as well as teaching self-control techniques that will stop attacks of aggression;
reading alone or together fiction, which contains positive examples correct social behavior;
organization of situational games, during which children will independently simulate ways out of conflicts;
rejection of the usual censures and prohibitions in favor of a constructive dialogue, which is aimed at explaining to the child why deviant behavior is unacceptable.

Deviant behavior of teenagers

A burning problem is the deviant behavior of adolescents, examples of which, unfortunately, are numerous. The first manifestations can be seen somewhere in 12-13 years. This is the most dangerous age, when the child still has a childish perception of the world, but at the same time an irresistible desire to show himself to be an adult has appeared. Even if the children behave normally, it is extremely important not to miss this period. An alarming signal can be a change in preferences in music and clothing, as well as the first manifestations of rudeness. If you do not take educational measures in time, this can lead to the following consequences:

running away from home and vagrancy;
smoking, as well as the use of alcohol and drugs;
theft;
association in "bad" companies;
criminal activity;
passion for extremist ideas;
early sexual life;
life-threatening hobbies.

Examples of negative and positive deviant behavior of adolescents are known. If everything is clear with the first, then many perceive the second as a normal manifestation. It may be an excessive effort in study or physical development. Despite the fact that these actions have a positive connotation, it is important to ensure that the child does not withdraw into himself, so that hobbies do not replace communication with peers.

Conclusion

An example of deviant behavior is alcoholism, vagrancy, banditry and many other phenomena that society is actively fighting against. As a rule, the reason lies in the problems of childhood, social injustice, as well as congenital mental disorders. But you should understand that deviation is not always bad. For example, the development of scientific and technological progress is largely due to people with positive deviations.

Bibliographic description:

Nesterov A.K. Concept, causes and [Electronic resource] // Educational encyclopedia website

Social control of deviant behavior is a necessary element of any society, from a small local group to society as a whole. Consider the concept, causes and concepts of deviant behavior.

The control of deviant behavior is the foundation on which the entire social organization of society is based, without which its existence is impossible.

The development of the branch of sociological science, whose tasks include the study of deviant behavior, makes it possible to judge the objective existence of deviant behavior in society.

Deviant or deviant behavior is characteristic of certain carriers who are in a state of conscious conflict with social norms of behavior or have entered into such a conflict spontaneously, as opposed to the existing requirements for behavior in a particular society. Deviant behavior is a manifestation of deviations in the mind of a person, which usually do not arise unexpectedly, but are formed over time, gradually turning into certain trends in the behavior of such a person.

The concept of deviant behavior

Deviant behavior is a special form of human behavior that does not correspond to the officially established or actually established norms, rules, regulations or standards in a given society.

Characteristics of deviant behavior

Deviant behavior	Characteristic
Primary deviation	From the point of view of the internal essence of deviant behavior, it is possible to single out the primary deviation, in which a number of deviations do not cause the approval of others, but are not condemned by them, and a person with deviant behavior does not consider himself a violator of social rules. Primary deviation is characterized by correlation with minor misconduct and immoral behavior. Such aspects may be ignored for some time by the person's environment, for example, excessive drinking of alcoholic beverages or a negatively aggressive manner of communication. At the same time, the accumulation of this effect inevitably leads to a violation of public morality and, ultimately, causes sharp public condemnation and rejection.
Secondary deviation	Secondary deviation represents more high level deviant behavior, which is unequivocally and defiantly recognized by society as a violation of accepted norms of morality, law, social standards and patterns. In this case, the carrier of this phenomenon is recognized as a violator of social and social foundations and is condemned, which is predetermined by a certain reaction to the actions of such a person.

Deviant behavior

Characteristic

Primary deviation

From the point of view of the internal essence of deviant behavior, it is possible to single out the primary deviation, in which a number of deviations do not cause the approval of others, but are not condemned by them, and a person with deviant behavior does not consider himself a violator of social rules. Primary deviation is characterized by correlation with minor misconduct and immoral behavior. Such aspects may be ignored for some time by the person's environment, for example, excessive drinking of alcoholic beverages or a negatively aggressive manner of communication. At the same time, the accumulation of this effect inevitably leads to a violation of public morality and, ultimately, causes sharp public condemnation and rejection.

Secondary deviation

Secondary deviation represents more high level deviant behavior, which is unequivocally and defiantly recognized by society as a violation of accepted norms of morality, law, social standards and patterns. In this case, the carrier of this phenomenon is recognized as a violator of social and social foundations and is condemned, which is predetermined by a certain reaction to the actions of such a person.

It should be noted that there are individual and collective forms of deviant behavior(picture 1).

Figure 1 - Individual and collective forms of deviation

From the point of view of the internal essence of deviations, each deviation cannot be attributed to the concept of deviant behavior, otherwise all social groups and individuals will fit into such a definition, this is due to the fact that there is not a single person and social group in relation to which one can definitely assert absolute compliance with social norms and rules. However, it must be noted that concept of deviant behavior is largely determined by socio-psychological factors that can correspond to various deviations, including those of a criminal nature.

We should agree with the statement of Zh.T. Toshchenko:

The subject of the sociology of deviant behavior is the study of the consciousness and actions of certain social groups and individuals who have come into confrontation with officially sanctioned society and state norms and rules and which are indicative of social disorganization.

The nature of deviant behavior lies in the presence of trends that have developed historically in a certain way, as well as the existence of objective and subjective factors and conditions that affect the behavior of an individual or social groups. The contradictory nature of social and social development, which determines various kinds of difficulties in the formation and development of society, in particular socio-economic, political and spiritual aspects, affects the creation of conditions for deviant behavior. Compliance with social norms and rules of behavior inherent in society is the basis of social expectations, which, in fact, are the fundamental foundations for the stability of any society. However, a number of social actions of members of society do not fit within the framework of social prescriptions, such a discrepancy determines the nature of the occurrence of deviant behavior due to certain deviations. At the same time, the nature of deviant behavior characterizes its relativity, since the same actions can be perceived as deviating from the norms, and considered adequate to the expectations of others. The relative nature of deviant behavior is also manifested in the fact that in the same actions they can in two different community groups perceived differently, considered normal in one, and deviant in another. The relativity of deviant behavior may be of a confessional, class, socio-territorial, demographic or other nature.

Reasons for deviant behavior

Reasons for deviant behavior The existence of deviant behavior in people is due to the reasons that are shown in Figure 2.

Figure 2 - Causes of deviant behavior

From the point of view of the internal nature of the causes of deviant behavior, two main types of deviations can be distinguished:

Actions, deeds and offenses that are contrary to the social foundations of the vast majority of society (drug addiction, hooliganism, abuse in in public places, alcoholism, etc.). Such deviant behavior is socially and culturally condemned and poses a threat to the social health of society;
Actions associated with socially approved actions. These are culturally approved forms and socially significant aspects, expressed in altruism, self-sacrifice, heroism, social and political leadership, artistic creativity, scientific activity and others. Such deviant behavior in society is encouraged, since, of course, such forms of manifestation of deviant behavior deserve recognition and respect.

Can in various ways evaluated for different individuals or social groups.

Concepts of deviant behavior

There are three main concepts on the existence of deviant behavior:

The theory of the physiological explanation of deviant behavior, the founder of which is Lombroso;
The concept of a psychological explanation of deviant behavior, the founder of which is Freud;
Sociological explanation of deviant behavior according to Durkheim's concept of anomie.

The concept of a physiological explanation for deviant behavior is based on the fact that physical features cause some people to deviate from socially approved norms. The key aspects of the theory are the causes and consequences of criminal offenses. In contrast to this approach modern sociology proceeds from the fact that the causes of deviant behavior are not the characteristics of the individual, but the social conditions in which he exists within the framework of the system of social relations.

The psychological concept is based on the fact that the root cause of deviant behavior is a personality conflict at the level of the unconscious. In this regard:

Deviation is a consequence of a breakthrough of subconscious instincts at the level of consciousness of the individual.

However, weak point This concept is the objective presence of conflicts in any person in one form or another. Any person living in society has inherent conflicts of instincts, needs and prohibitions of culture, but not every person is prone to violations of the social prohibitions of culture and norms of behavior in society.

The concept of anomie is based on an understanding of the state of society, which is characterized by the absence of a clear system of moral regulation of the behavior of an individual and small groups of individuals, when the old norms cease to correspond to real social relations.

Anomie is a state of society in which a significant part of its members, knowing about the existence of norms binding them, treat them negatively or indifferently.

According to this concept, the causes of deviant behavior are in violation of the socialization of the individual, during which the assimilation of socially significant norms and roles occurs inadequately or inefficiently, as a result of which objective reasons for the existence of various deviations arise.

Thus, the fundamental cause of deviant behavior- unfavorable socialization of individuals. As a result of the contradiction of conflicting norms, the likelihood of a person's disorientation when choosing a form of behavior increases.

Features of deviant behavior

Social norms and the behavior of an individual or a group of individuals deviating from them are two interrelated aspects of the development of any society and the individual who belongs to this society. Features of deviant behavior manifest themselves in the context of a possible lack of norms of social behavior. In the absence of norms, society cannot develop as a single community, and social norms contribute to the formation and improvement of the level of social mutual organization and modernization of socially significant institutions.

In conditions when humanity is constantly faced with various socio-economic, political, military challenges, manifested in wars, crises, revolutions, various catastrophes, social development should proceed with the possibility of changes in social norms and foundations that have developed under the influence of earlier conditions. In turn, these challenges determine the nature, factors and characteristics of deviant behavior, since possible deviations have no other basis than the unfavorable socialization of individuals.

New social norms do not appear as a result of verbal discussions or the adoption of rules of conduct. Initially, their appearance is regarded as a deviation from the previous generally accepted rules and patterns of behavior. If society begins to perceive them as positive, they are reassessed and the attitude of society changes from condemnation to approval of such deviations. Consequently, the features of deviant behavior may change due to the reassessment of deviations, since deviations can be approved and condemned due to the different attitudes of society towards such behavior in different periods its development.

In fact, society creates norms, standards of behavior based on the need own development in changing conditions. At the same time, the fact that not all members of society will comply with these norms and comply with existing social regulations does not always mean the creation of conditions for such individuals in which they can change social foundations and force society to reconsider its attitude to manifestations of deviant behavior. Thus, the features of deviant behavior are also characterized by the nature of the development of society in changing conditions, in particular, religious sacrifices that were considered the norm in ancient times are now condemned by society as unacceptable.

Features of deviant behavior differ for primary and secondary deviations, since deviations can progress and develop in individual individuals and subsequently in society as a whole. Primary deviations are associated with minor deviations against the background of behavior and generally correspond to the norms. Secondary deviations are manifested in repeated misconduct, significant deviations, defined by the community as deviant, may arise as a result of the progressive development of primary deviations.

(Form, severity, dynamo, frequency, motivation, experience)

The nature of deviant behavior is different. Behavioral disorders are considered in close connection with personality traits.

Signs of deviant behavior(deviation - only if all signs are present):

1) Deviant behavior of a person is behavior that does not correspond to generally accepted or officially established social norms.

2) Deviant behavior and the personality that displays it causes a negative assessment from other people (condemnation, social sanctions).

3) Deviant behavior causes real damage to the person himself or to the people around him. Thus, deviant behavior is destructive or self-destructive.

4) Deviant behavior can be characterized as persistently repeated (repeated or prolonged).

5) Deviant behavior must be consistent with the general orientation of the individual.

6) Deviant behavior is considered within the medical norm.

7) Deviant behavior is accompanied by phenomena of social maladaptation.

8) Deviant behavior has a pronounced individual and age-gender identity.

The term "deviant behavior" can be applied to children at least 5 years old.

Some domestic and foreign researchers consider it appropriate to subdivide deviant (deviant) behavior into criminal (criminal), delinquent (pre-criminal) and immoral (immoral). These types of deviant behavior are distinguished taking into account the peculiarities of the interaction of the individual with reality, the mechanisms of the occurrence of behavioral anomalies.

A criminal is a person who has committed a crime. Murders, rapes, inhuman acts are considered deviation all over the world, despite the fact that during the war killings are justified.

Delinquency is traditionally understood as a delinquent or unlawful act that does not carry criminal liability. In German, the concept of "delinquency" includes all cases of violation of the norms provided for by the criminal code, i.e. all legally punishable acts. Domestic scientists call the personality of a minor who committed a crime delinquent; adult - criminal.

Since the noted qualities are immoral (contradicting the norms of ethics and universal values), there is a certain difficulty in distinguishing between delinquent and immoral acts. According to many characteristics, criminal and delinquent behavior are side by side. The difference between the concepts under consideration lies in the fact that criminal and delinquent behavior are antisocial in nature, immoral asocial.

To the main forms It is customary to attribute deviant behavior to delinquency, including crime, drunkenness, drug addiction, prostitution, and suicide. Numerous forms of deviant behavior indicate a state of conflict between personal and public interests. Deviant behavior is most often an attempt to leave society, to escape from everyday life problems and hardships, to overcome a state of uncertainty and tension through certain compensatory forms. However, deviant behavior is not always negative. It may be associated with the desire of the individual for something new, an attempt to overcome the conservative, which hinders moving forward. Various types of scientific, technical and artistic creativity can be attributed to deviant behavior.

Within the framework of the considered types, the following are distinguished forms deviant behavior: asocial (immoral, destructive, political crime), delinquent (criminal) and paranormal.

In most sciences, the division of phenomena into "normal" and "anomalous" is accepted. In a strict sense, the definition of the concepts of "normal" / "abnormal" behavior is difficult, and the boundaries between them are very blurred. In the strict sense, “normal” is everything that corresponds to the norm-standard accepted in a given science at a given time. Methods for obtaining a norm are often called criteria or characteristics. One of the most common and common is statistical criterion(method), which allows you to determine the norm for any phenomenon by counting frequencies with which it occurs in the population. From the point of view of mathematical statistics, everything that occurs frequently is normal, i.e. at least 50% of the time. In accordance with the law of normal distribution, 2 - 3% of people on both sides of the "normal" majority will have pronounced behavioral disorders in a certain quality (intelligence, sociability, emotional stability), and approximately 20% on both sides, respectively, will have slight deviations. Therefore, a particular form of behavior (for example, smoking) can be considered normal if it occurs in most people.

The statistical test is combined with qualitative and quantitative assessment of behavior according to the degree of its severity and degree of threat to life. For example, alcohol consumption is recognized as a normal phenomenon within reasonable limits (at small doses and frequency), but deviant - when abused. On the other hand, behavior that poses a direct danger to the life of the person himself or others, regardless of its frequency, and sometimes the degree of severity, is assessed as deviant, for example, suicide or crime.

The criteria for deviant behavior are ambiguous. Latent (hidden) offenses (stowaway, violation of traffic rules, petty theft, buying stolen goods) may be ignored. However, abrupt changes in behavior when the needs of the individual do not match the proposal; decrease in the value attitude towards oneself, one's name and body; negative attitude towards the institutions of social control; intolerance to pedagogical influences; rigor in relation to drug addiction, prostitution, vagrancy, begging, associated with a special victim experience; offenses are the most well-established signs of deviant behavior. LB Filonov emphasizes that it is unacceptable to attach the label of deviance to a certain type of behavior under all circumstances.

Deviation (deviation) in the consciousness and behavior of people usually matures gradually. Moreover, there is a concept primary deviation. Primary deviance refers to the deviant behavior of the individual, which generally corresponds to the cultural norms accepted in society. In this case, the deviations committed by the individual are so insignificant and tolerable that he is not socially qualified as a deviant and does not consider himself as such. For him and for those around him, deviation looks like just a little prank, eccentricity, or, at worst, a mistake. Such deviations border on minor misconduct or immoral actions and for the time being may not be noticed (say goodbye, ignored), such as drinking alcohol with random people leading to violation of public morality.

But there is a second level of deviant behavior secondary deviation. Secondary deviation is a deviation from the norms existing in the group, which is socially defined as deviant. That is, when the surrounding social group or official organizations openly recognize a person as a violator of morality or law, which is always associated with a certain reaction to his actions.

When considering deviant behavior, it is important to distinguish Individual and collective forms of deviation.

*individual when an individual rejects the norms of his subculture.

* group, considered as conformal behavior of a member of a deviant group in relation to its subculture (for example, teenagers from difficult families who spend most their lives in the basements. The "basement life" seems normal to them, they have their own "basement" moral code, their own laws and cultural complexes. In this case, there is a group deviation from the dominant culture, as adolescents live in accordance with the norms of their own subculture)

When determining motivation deviant behaviorwe can distinguish two groups of motives.

The first group of motives includes:

motivation of a thief, swindler, schemer;

motivation of a drug addict suffering from alcoholism;

motivation for sexual perversion.

The second group of motivation, the so-called negative one, covers the range of dangerous and unpleasant for motivated persons actions on the part of society: from the threat of deprivation of life, to punishment in the form of fines and public censure. This group includes:

avoidance motivation types of punishment provided by law;

motivation of such variants of social influences as: warning, condemnation, censure, etc.

At the same time, as follows from a number of studies, it is impossible to consider any deviation as deviant behavior. In this case, all social groups and all people will fall under this definition, because there is not a single person and social group in society who would absolutely comply with the norms and rules in all situations, in all cases of life.

So , deviant behavior is considered to be behavior that deviates from the norms of morality accepted in a particular society at a given level of social and cultural development, and entails sanctions: isolation, punishment, treatment, condemnation and other forms of censure of the offender. It manifests itself in the form of an imbalance of mental processes, non-adaptation, a violation of the process of self-actualization, or in the form of evasion of moral and aesthetic control over one's own behavior.

Deviant, deviant is an unusual, but at the same time stable deviation from statistical norms. In other words, a deviant behavior is considered to be a stable behavior, or one that is not typical of the general population.

Deviant behavior (from English deviation - deviation) - actions that do not correspond to officially established or actually established in a given society (social group) moral and legal norms and lead the violator (deviant) to isolation, treatment, correction or punishment.

Types of deviant behavior

The main types of deviant behavior: crime, alcoholism, drug addiction, suicide, prostitution, sexual deviations.

Currently, there is no single approach to the study and explanation of deviant behavior. A number of researchers, following E. Durkheim, believe that under normal operating conditions social organization deviant behavior is not so common, but in conditions of social disorganization, when normative control weakens, the likelihood of manifestations of deviation increases. Such situations include stress, intragroup and intergroup conflicts, abrupt changes in society.

From the point of view of the theory of anomie (R. Merton), deviant behavior grows if, in the presence of common goals, socially approved means of achieving these goals are not available to everyone, and for some people or social groups they are not available at all. From the standpoint of the concept of socialization, persons with deviant behavior become people whose socialization takes place in an environment where the factors predisposing to such behavior (violence, immorality, etc.) are considered normal, or the society treats them quite tolerantly.

Of interest and popular in the 1960s. the concept of stigmatization, drawing attention to the social reaction to deviant behavior. According to this concept, deviation is the result of a negative social assessment, “sticking” a label of some kind of deviation on an individual (for example, “liar”, “alcoholic”, “drug addict”, “sexual maniac”) and the subsequent desire to isolate him, correct, cure etc.

Numerous domestic and foreign studies of the psychology of deviant behavior are focused on studying the personal characteristics of deviants, their mental health, the problem of self-identification, the internalization of norms and values, the role of external and internal control, on the development of methods of psychotherapy and mental correction of persons with various forms of deviation.

The study of deviance

The study of deviance is based on two different points of view:

Deviance is determined through single critical events. Cases of the unusual and extremely active behavior characterized by madness and violence.
Deviance made up the main content of many important aspects of the theory, and