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The needs of the child at different periods of life. Age periods of human life

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Topic 1. Growth and development. Human needs at different ages

Questions

Growth and development

Needs

Basic Needs

Growth and development

A person grows and develops from the moment of fertilization of the egg and the formation of a zygote until the onset of biological death. These processes, being general biological properties of living matter, are characterized by a number of universal patterns.

1. Genetic determinism - the obstruction of the program of growth and development of the individual from the moment of conception.

2. Staging - a sequence of changes in the human body during life, which is also genetically incorporated in the hereditary material. However, the time limits of individual stages may vary; at the same time, the activity of the process of growth and development is different at different stages of life. At each stage, quantitative and qualitative changes occur, which makes the process irreversible. For the growth and development of a person, a combination of gradualness and spasmodicity in the dynamics of processes is characteristic.

3. Heterachromia - difference in timing as in maturation different systems organism (or tissues), and in the formation of different features within the same system.

The concept of systemogenesis P.K. Anokhin. In the process of human development, vital important features, which ensure the priority formation of complex adaptive reactions specific for each specific stage of the interaction of the organism with external environment. At the same time, there is a significant individual diversity of age dynamics within the selected stages of ontogenesis, which to a certain extent depends on the unique hereditary program.

4. Characteristic morphophysiological features that manifest themselves in each period of ontogenesis, i.e. age-related features in the structure or activity of certain systems. These features are in no way (cannot be) evidence of the inferiority of the organism of a child and an adult at certain stages of ontogenesis. On the contrary, it is a complex of such features that characterizes a particular age,

5. Differentiation and integration of parts and functions of the body, autonomization of development, increasing in the course of human phylogenesis.

6. Dialectical unity of continuous and intermittent, gradualness and cyclicity; the transition of quantitative changes into qualitative ones.

For example: in children, at first it is noted high speed processes of growth and development, then their slowdown is noted. During puberty, the so-called spurt to acceleration occurs, and then the rate of growth and development processes decreases below the level before puberty and then slows down (as an illustration, one can recall that a person stops growing in length after 21 years).

At the same time, it should be noted that if development is always on the rise, then growth is a change, not an increment; its fundamental property is renewal, that is, the loss of some (separate) parts (and functions) and the addition of others.

Thus, development in a broad sense is a process of quantitative and qualitative changes occurring in the human body, which lead to an increase in the level of complexity of the organization of organs and tissues during the interaction of all its systems. Therefore, development includes three main processes:

differentiation of organs and tissues;

shaping (i.e., the acquisition by the body of characteristic, inherent forms).

All three processes are closely interconnected and constantly interdependent.

In children, development is primarily a quantitative process (i.e., a continuous increase in the mass of organs, accompanied by an increase in the number of their cells or their size); although here the patterns remain:

unevenness and continuity;

developmental heterochrony.

The periodization of human ages was first adopted in 1965 at the VII All-Union Conference on the problems of age-related morphology, physiology and biochemistry:

I. Prenatal stage:

a) the embryonic period (the first 8 weeks of gestation);

b) fetal period (from 8 completed weeks to 40-42 weeks);

II. Postnatal stage:

a) neonatal period (10 days);

b) the period of infancy (up to 12 months);

c) the period of early childhood (from 1 to 3 years);

d) the period of the 1st childhood (from 4 to 7 years);

e) the period of the 2nd childhood (boys - 8-12 years old); (girls - 8-ll years old);

e) teenage years, or puberty (boys-13-16 years old); (girls - 12-15 years old);

g) adolescence (boys - 17-21 years old) (girls - 16-20 years old);

h) mature age (21-44 years - early maturity; 44-59 years - late maturity;

i) 60-69 - the period of old age;

j) 70-79 - the period of early old age;

k) 80 and above - a period of extreme old age).

This classification was subsequently subjected to clarifications and additions, which we will discuss in the study of subsequent topics. In addition to the above classification, there are many other options in which a variety of criteria have been used. Let's consider some of them.

1. Classification by Rene Zazzo; It is based on the systems of education and training, which basically coincide with the stages of childhood:

3 years - early childhood;

3-5 years - preschool age;

6-12 years - primary school education;

12-16 years old - high school education;

17 and older - study in secondary and higher educational institutions.

2. Classification by P.P. Blonsky; it is based on an objective, easily accessible to observation, associated with the essential features of the constitution of a growing organism, a sign - the appearance and change of teeth:

0-8 months - 2.5 years - toothless childhood;

2.5 years - 6.5 years - childhood of milk teeth;

6.5 years and older - childhood permanent teeth (before the appearance of wisdom teeth).

3. Sigmund Freud's classification; it is based on the stages of development of erogenous zones and types of sexuality, since Freud considers the unconscious, saturated with sexual energy, to be the main source, the engine of human behavior (children's sexuality is understood by Freud broadly, as everything that brings bodily pleasure - stroking, sucking, liberation intestines, etc.):

1 year - oral stage (erogenous zone - mucous membrane of the mouth and lips). The child enjoys when he sucks milk, and in the absence of writing - his own finger or some object. People begin to divide into optimists and pessimists, gluttony and greed can form. In addition to the unconscious "It" is formed "I".

1-3 years - anal stage (erogenous zone shifts to the intestinal mucosa). Neatness, accuracy, secrecy, aggressiveness are formed. There are many requirements and prohibitions, as a result of which the last, third instance begins to form in the child's personality - the "Super-I" as the embodiment of social norms, internal censorship, conscience.

3-5 years - the phallic stage (the highest stage of childhood sexuality). The genitals become the leading erogenous zone. If until now children's sexuality was directed at themselves, now children begin to experience sexual attachment to adults, boys - to their mother (Oedipus complex), girls - to their father (Electra complex). this is the time of the most strict prohibitions and the intensive formation of the "Super-I".

5-12 years - the latent stage, as it were, temporarily interrupts the sexual development of the child. The impulses emanating from the "It" are well controlled. Childhood sexual experiences are repressed, and the child's interests are channeled into socializing with friends, schooling, and so on.

12-18 years - the genital stage corresponds to the actual sexual development of the child. All erogenous zones unite, there is a desire for normal sexual intercourse.

4. Kohlberg's classification; it is based on the stages of development of the sense organs, the type of thinking, that is, the intellect. The process of development of intelligence is a change three big periods during which the formation of the three main intellectual structures takes place. First, sensory-motor structures are formed - systems of successively performed material actions. Then structures of specific operations arise - systems of actions performed in the mind, but based on external, visual data. Even later, the formation of formal-logical operations takes place. The main criterion is intelligence:

from 0 to 1.5-2 years - sensorimotor stage. The child begins to separate himself from the outside world, there is an understanding of the constancy, stability of external objects. At this time, speech is not developed and there are no ideas, and behavior is based on the coordination of perception and movement. (hence the name "sensory-motor");

from 2 to 7 years - preoperational stage - thinking with the help of representations. A strong figurative beginning with insufficient development of verbal thinking leads to a kind of childish logic. At the stage of preoperative representations, the child is not capable of proof, reasoning. Thinking focuses on external signs subject. The child does not see things in their internal relations, he considers them as they are given by direct perception. (He thinks that the wind is blowing because the trees are swaying);

from 7 to 12 years - the stage of specific operations - the emergence of elementary logical reasoning;

from 12 years and older - the stage of formal operations, the formation of the ability to think logically, use abstract concepts, perform operations in the mind.

5. Georges Piaget's classification; based on the levels of human moral development. The three levels and six stages of moral development identified in the studies correspond to the biblical ideas about the orientation of a person. on fear, shame and conscience when choosing an act.

Level I: fear of punishment (up to 7 years).

Fear of the right of force.

Fear of being deceived and not receiving benefits.

II level: shame in front of other people (13 years).

Shame in front of comrades, inner circle.

Shame of public condemnation, negative assessment of large social groups.

III level: conscience (after 16 years).

Desire to conform to their moral principles.

The desire to conform to their system of moral values.

6. Classification L.S. Vygotsky and D.B. Elkonin; three criteria are put in the basis - the social situation of development, the leading activity and the central age-related neoplasm.

The social situation of development is a peculiar combination of what has been formed in the child's psyche and those relations that are established in the child with the social environment.

The concept of "leading activity" was introduced by A.N. Leontiev: activities that this stage renders greatest influence for the development of the psyche.

Neoplasm - those qualitative features of the psyche that first appear in a given age period:

Infancy - 0-1 year.

Leading activity and neoplasm: emotional communication of a child with an adult, walking, the first word.

Social situation: mastering the norms of relations between people.

Early age-I-3 years.

Leading activity and neoformation: objective activity, "external I myself".

Social situation: the assimilation of methods of activity with objects.

Preschool age - 3-6 (7) years.

Leading activity and innovation: role-playing game, arbitrariness of behavior

Social situation: development of social norms, relationships between people.

Junior school age - 6(7)-10(11) years.

Leading activity and neoformation: educational activity, arbitrariness of all mental processes other than intelligence.

Social situation: the development of knowledge, the development of intellectual and cognitive activity.

Middle school age, teenager - 10(11)-14(15) years old. Leading activity and neoformation: intimate-personal communication in educational and other activities, a sense of "adulthood", the emergence of an idea of ​​​​oneself "not like a child."

Social situation: development of norms and relations between people.

Senior schoolboy (early youth) - 14(15)-16(17) years old. Leading activity and neoformation: educational and professional activity, professional and personal self-determination.

Social situation: development of professional knowledge and skills.

Late youth or early maturity - 18-25 years. Leading activity and neoplasm: labor activity, vocational training.

Social situation: development of professional and labor skills.

Maturity - after 25 years.

Leading activity and neoplasm: 20-50 years of maturity, 50-75 - late maturity, 75 - old age.

Age

The concept of "age" is not only a calendar one (that is, by the number of days, months or years lived from the day of birth), but also biological, psychological and legal.

Passport age is the time from the moment of birth, determined by the number of years, months, days lived

Biological age - the degree of morphological and physiological development "of the body (the true degree of aging of the body). The discrepancy between chronological (calendar, passport) and biological age allows us to assess the intensity of aging and the functional capabilities of an individual in different phases of aging. Biological age is determined by a combination of metabolic, structural, functional , regular features and adaptive capabilities of the body.Assessment of health status by determining the biological age reflects the impact on the body external conditions and the presence (absence) of pathological changes. The biological age of a person depends on:

From heredity;

From environmental conditions;

From lifestyle.

The main manifestations of biological age during aging are a violation of the most important vital functions, a narrowing of the range of adaptation, the occurrence of diseases, and an increase in the probability of death or a decrease in life expectancy. Each of these manifestations reflects the course of biological time and the increase in biological age associated with it.

Criteria for determining biological age:

puberty (assessed on the basis of the development of secondary sexual characteristics);

skeletal maturity (according to the timing and degree of ossification of the skeleton);

dental maturity (according to the eruption of milk and permanent teeth);

heredity (according to family history);

constitution (ratio of parts and proportions of the body);

intellectual maturity (the level of development of a person as a person).

women have a genetically greater viability throughout their lives, i.e. lower biological age than men.

Longevity factors:

In women: satisfaction sex life, the presence of a family and children;

For men, career satisfaction.

Psychological age - the level of mental and personal development of a person, expressed as a reference to the age whose representatives, on average, show this level. Psychological age determines who and how a person feels on this moment, i.e. reflects the self-awareness and psychological tone of a person. In fact, psychological age is the physical age to which a person corresponds in terms of his level. psychological development and behaviour. in other words, psychological age is a specific combination of the human psyche and behavior. Psychological age is a certain level of development of the psyche. which includes:

a) mental age - is determined using the Wechsler test, which contains verbal and visual tasks, the sum of which is used to obtain a "general intellectual indicator" in children 4-16 years old. A psychologist can roughly determine IQ (IQ, or intellectual coefficient);

b) social maturity (SQ-Social Coefficient) - assessed by a person's adaptability to social environment that surrounds him. Sometimes experts estimate the social (civilian) age, i.e. the level of assimilation by a person social roles and norms;

c) emotional maturity, which is understood as the arbitrariness of emotions, balance, personal maturity. There are no exact criteria for assessing emotional maturity, however, distortions of psychological age are possible (feeling younger or older than the calendar age). It is believed that at the age of 25, the assessment of the passport and self-assessment of subjective age coincide, while young people and adolescents strive to “grow up” in relation to their real age, and people over 25 years old, on the contrary, reduce it according to their subjective feelings (lag behind on average by 5 years for each subsequent decade). Experts using special methods can determine whether these distortions go beyond the so-called norms. The science of developmental psychology is engaged in the study of these problems:

It is important that the psychological and chronological age should not be too far apart (the gap should not exceed 3-4 years). And if in youth it is more natural to feel a little older, and in old age a little younger, then in adulthood, the harmony of perspective and experience is important.

Psychological age is determined by comparing the level of a person's psychological development with the corresponding average statistical level of development characteristic of a given chronological age.

Legal age - the age of the onset of specific rights and obligations of a citizen, approved by law, for example:

age of majority (18);

the age of criminal responsibility (from 16 years old, and for a number of grave and especially grave crimes - from 14 years old);

marriageable age (in the Russian Federation - from 18 years old);

age of sexual consent (16 years);

draft age (18-27 years);

working age (men - 16-59 years old; women - 16-54 years old);

retirement age (men - from 60 years old, women from 55 years old), etc.;

Needs

(eng. needs) - a form of communication between living organisms and outside world, the source of their activity (behavior, activity). Needs as the internal essential forces of the organism impel it to the implementation of qualitatively defined forms of activity necessary for the preservation and development of the individual and the genus. In their primary biological forms Needs act as a need experienced by the body in something that is outside of it and necessary for its life activity.

The driving forces of human development are the contradiction between human needs arising under the influence of objective factors (both physical, material and spiritual) and the means and opportunities for their satisfaction. Needs create motives for behavior, one or another type of activity aimed at satisfying them; those. encourage to communicate with people, to search for means and sources to meet their needs.

The theory of motivation, or the theory (hierarchy) of human needs, was proposed by Abraham Harold Maslow, an American psychologist and scientist (1908-1970), in his book Motivation and Personality, published in 1954. In it, he says that the many needs of a person can be divided into five main categories in the direction from simple to complex.

Basic Needs

1) Physiological needs (hunger, thirst, rest, sexual desire, etc.).

2) Existential needs (the need for the security of existence, comfort, constancy of living conditions, a sense of confidence, getting rid of fears and failures).

H) Social needs (in social ties, in communication, affection, caring for others and attention to oneself, in joint activities, i.e. the need for love).

4) Prestige needs, or needs for respect (in self-respect, respect from others, in recognition, in achieving success and appreciation from other people, in career growth, in approval, recognition).

5) Spiritual needs (in cognition, in self-actualization, in self-expression and self-identification. If we clarify the content of this group, then they can be divided into three more categories, and then the total number of levels will increase to seven:

5th level - cognitive needs (to know, be able and explore);

6th level - aesthetic needs (harmony, order, beauty);

Level 7 (highest) - the need for self-actualization (in the realization of one's goals, abilities, in the development of one's own personality).

As lower needs are satisfied, more urgent needs become more urgent. high level, but this does not mean that the place of the previous need is occupied by a new one only when the former is fully satisfied. Such needs are not in an inseparable sequence: and do not have a fixed position. Such a hierarchy is the most stable, but in different people mutual arrangement needs may vary. It happens that the need, for example, for self-respect is more urgent than the need for love. Thus, the emergence (actualization) of the following needs is a gradual process, with slow awakening and activation. If the basic needs are satisfied very little, then the needs of a higher level may not arise at all.

Interestingly, Maslow does not have the concept of a “pyramid of needs”. He offers for illustration not a pyramid, but a spiral, which, in his opinion, more accurately reflects the theory of motivation. The essence of the matter lies in the fact that the presented hierarchy contains universal needs and arranges them according to the principle of the urgency of their satisfaction.

Maslow agrees that the hierarchy of needs may depend on the conditions in which the person is located, in some people high-order needs may not arise at all (in the modest conditions of the existence of a sufficient required amount of food).

Hierarchy of human needs diagram by Abraham Maslow

Factors influencing needs

To live in harmony with environment, a person must adequately satisfy his needs: lead a healthy lifestyle, improve his material, cognitive and spiritual level, engage in self-improvement. When regulating needs, it is necessary to take into account external factors: the environment (can be changed), heredity, gender and age (cannot be changed).

To live in harmony with the environment, a person needs to satisfy his needs: to observe healthy lifestyle life; live in harmony with your environment; raise the material and spiritual level.

The needs for actions or actions are accompanied by a change in the psycho-emotional, cognitive, psychomotor sphere of a person and depend on the personality traits, the age of the person, the level of his education and the ability to realize the deficiency of something.

Needs affect experiences, the will of a person. Man consciously regulates the needs and this differs from animals.

Regulating needs, it is necessary to take into account external factors.

TO external factors, on which the degree of satisfaction of needs depends, are environmental conditions.

Factors that cannot be changed include age, gender, and heredity.

Risk factors that affect a person's lifestyle can lead to a violation of the satisfaction of needs. These include - poor ecology, physical inactivity, overweight, bad habits, stressful situations.

The need for nursing care is universal, it is necessary for a person from birth to death. The nurse should actively involve the patient, his family members in meeting the needs for self-care, helping him to maintain his autonomy and independence.

The term "self-care" is used when we are talking about the activities of health services, the participation of the patient's family members, his friends, self-help groups and mutual assistance. Self-care involves the participation of the patient himself, aimed at meeting his vital needs, as a result of which a sufficient level of health is ensured for him.

The new WHO Health for All in the 21st Century aims to promote and protect people's health throughout their lives. The primary task of the nurse, as a carrier of special information, is sanitary and educational activities, teaching the population the rules and techniques of a healthy lifestyle; demonstration of the consequences of the influence of harmful factors on health and quality of life, i.e. preventive work in order to improve people's health.

This is the purpose of the study of the discipline "Healthy person and his environment" as a constituent element involved in the development of the professional module "Preventive activity". And it is precisely the aspects of this problem that we will deal with in the process of studying the above discipline.

Related questions:

Patterns of human growth

Periodization of human ages of the All-Union Conference on the problems of age morphology, physiology and biochemistry

Rene Zazzo's periodization of human ages according to the stage of childhood

Periodization of human ages by P.P. Blonsky, according to the peculiarities of the constitution of a growing organism, a sign is the appearance and change of teeth:

Periodization of human ages by Sigmund Freud according to the stages of development of erogenous zones and types of sexuality

Periodization of Kohlberg's human ages according to the stage of development of the sense organs, type of thinking, i.e., intelligence

Georges Piaget's periodization of human ages according to the level of human moral development.

Periodization of human ages according to L.S. Vygotsky and D.B. Elkonin

The concept of "age".

Chronological or passport age

biological age

Psychological

Legal

Concept of need Basic needs

Abraham Maslow's Hierarchy of Human Needs

Maslow's Spiral of Needs

Factors influencing needs

The task of the nurse in the formation of a healthy lifestyle

Topic 2 . prenatal period

Questions

Intrauterine stage - antenatal period

The value of prenatal spending.

Factors affecting the health of the fetus

Number of hours -2.

Antenatal period

The antenatal period is important for the subsequent state of the fetus in childbirth and the development of the newborn. Timely prenatal diagnosis and treatment of various fetal disorders are the main factors in the prevention of neonatal complications. During pregnancy and childbirth, the fetus, placenta and amniotic fluid constitute a single functional system - the fetoplacental complex. Evaluation of its condition to a large extent makes it possible to judge the course of pregnancy, the presence of abnormalities in the development of the fetus, and to predict the outcome of childbirth for the newborn.

The antenatal or intrauterine period lasts 280 days from conception to the onset of childbirth. In obstetrics and pediatrics, it is customary to calculate the gestational age in weeks (since there are always 7 days in a week, and the number of days in a month varies from 28 to 31). Therefore, the duration of the antenatal period is 38-42 weeks.

Childbirth before 38 weeks is called premature. and the newborn is premature. Childbirth after 42 weeks is called late, and the newborn is called post-term.

as if pregnancy is divided into three trimesters:

1-3 months -1st trimester;

4-6 months - 2nd trimester;

7-9 months - 3rd trimester.

Classification of the antenatal period

1. According to the state and degree of development of the child:

1-15th day - the embryonic period;

16-75th day - the embryonic period;

76-181st day - early fetal (fetal) period;

182-280th day - late fetal (fetal) period.

II. According to the course and duration of pregnancy:

from fertilization to the end of the 22nd week - early antenatal period; the birth of a fetus in this period is considered an early or late miscarriage due to miscarriage.

from 22 completed weeks to 38-42 weeks - late antenatal period, including:

a) from 22 to 27 weeks - ultra-early delivery due to premature pregnancy with a fetus with extremely low body weight;

b) from 28 to 37 weeks - premature birth due to premature pregnancy with a fetus with low or very low body weight;

c) from 38 to 42 completed weeks - urgent delivery of a full-term newborn baby.

The value of prenatal spending.

For maximum fetal protection negative impacts so-called measures for antenatal fetal protection are carried out, which are carried out jointly by obstetric and pediatric services.

Before drawing up a plan for such activities, it is necessary to find out what adverse effects the fetus will be exposed to in each case, what are the characteristics of the family expecting a child, etc.

For the purpose of obtaining detailed information and development of further tactics for managing a pregnant woman, the district pediatric nurse or the FAP assistant conducts prenatal patronage.

Prenatal patronage is a method of active dynamic observation according to a certain scheme.

Two such patronages are carried out in a planned manner, according to the doctor's prescription, there can be three, four or more.

The 1st antenatal care is carried out after registration with the LCD and information about this is received at the registry of the children's clinic (optimally up to 8-12 weeks).

Objectives: a) identification of risk factors for a pregnant woman and identification of risk groups and calculation of the degree of perinatal risk in points;

b) drawing up an individual plan for monitoring the pregnant woman and antenatal protection of the fetus based on the information received, under the guidance and supervision of a doctor.

The 2nd prenatal patronage is carried out before the maternity leave is taken, i.e. in the period of 30-32 weeks.

Objectives: a) Assessing the condition of the pregnant woman, the results of the implementation of the recommendations given to her, predicting deviations in the later stages and during childbirth.

b) Preparing the family for the birth of a child (informing about the signs of labor, about the need for cosmetic repairs in the room of the unborn child, about the necessary furniture, linen, care items and medicines, teaching the rules for preparing the mammary glands for feeding).

In the process of prenatal care, based on the risk factors identified in the pregnant woman and her family:

a) determine the risk groups of a pregnant woman (there are 14 of them);

b) calculate the degree of prenatal risk in points.

Factors affecting the health of the fetus

Factors affecting the fetus during pregnancy. These include:

The desire for pregnancy, the attitude of the woman herself and family members towards her.

Social, housing and material conditions.

Bad habits of the pregnant woman and family members.

Occupational hazards in a pregnant woman and in the father of a child.

The use of medicines

Stress influences.

Physical exercise.

Nutrition for a pregnant woman.

environmental circumstances.

The daily routine of a pregnant woman (walks, sleep, rest).

Heredity from the parents of the unborn child and their family members.

The state of health of a woman before and during pregnancy.

The presence of foci of chronic infections

In a pregnant woman; contacts with infected patients and acute infectious diseases of a pregnant woman.

The level of responsibility for the health of the child of the pregnant woman and her family members.

Permanent dynamic medical control.

Based on the information about the listed factors obtained from the pregnant woman and her family, the risk groups of pregnant women are determined.

women under 18 and nulliparous over 30;

women weighing less than 45 kg and more than 91 kg;

women who have had more than 5 pregnancies;

women with the threat of premature and delayed births (including those with a history of premature and post-term pregnancies with gestosis);

women with multiple pregnancies;

women with a burdened obstetric history (abortions, miscarriages, stillbirths, narrow pelvis, uterine malformations, uterine scars, etc.);

women with extragenital pathology (diabetes mellitus, bronchial asthma, chronic pyelonephritis, heart defects, etc.);

women with social factors risk (large, single, low-income, etc.);

women with occupational hazards (medical workers, teachers, employees of paint and varnish and electroplating shops, factories for the production of detergents, postmen, etc.);

women with bad habits (smoking, alcohol addiction, drug addiction, substance abuse);

transferred. acute infections during pregnancy;

women with Rh-negative blood, especially during the 2nd and subsequent pregnancy;

students of universities and other educational institutions;

women with hereditary diseases from parents and relatives.

Then, prenatal risk factors are calculated in points for the following groups of signs (factors):

Group I - socio-biological factors; group 2 - obstetric and gynecological history;

Group II - extragenital diseases of pregnant women; group 4 - complications of pregnancy;

Group III - pathological conditions of the fetus and some indicators of violations of its vital functions (see Table 1).

Table 1 Assessment of prenatal risk factors

risk factor

Score in points

Socio-biological factors

Mother's age:

under 20 years old

40 years and older

Father's age:

40 years or more

Occupational hazards:

Mother's bad habits:

smoking (one pack of cigarettes a day)

Father's alcohol abuse

alcohol abuse

Emotional stress in the mother

Mother's height and weight:

height 150 cm or less

body weight is 25% higher than normal

score

Obstetric and gynecological history

Parity (number of previous births):

Abortion before childbirth in nulliparous:

Abortions between births:

Premature birth:

Stillbirth:

Death of children in the neonatal period:

one child

two or more children

Developmental anomalies in children

Neurological disorders in children

Body weight of term infants less than 2500 g or

4000 g or more

Infertility:

5 kids over

Scar on the uterus after surgery

Tumors of the uterus and ovaries

Isthmic-cervical insufficiency

Malformations of the uterus

Sum of points

Extragenital diseases of the pregnant

Cardiovascular:

heart defects without circulatory disorders

heart defects with circulatory disorders

hypertonic disease I-P-Sh stages

vegetovascular dystonia

Kidney diseases:

before pregnancy

exacerbation of the disease during pregnancy

adrenal disease

Endocrinopathy

diabetes

family history of diabetes

thyroid disease

Blood clotting disorder

Myopia and other eye diseases

Chronic infections (tuberculosis, brucellosis, syphilis, toxoplasmosis, etc.)

Acute infections during pregnancy

Sum of points

Complications of pregnancy

Severe early toxicosis of pregnant women

Late toxicosis of pregnant women:

nephropathy of pregnant I-II-I1I degree

preeclampsia

eclampsia

Bleeding in the 1st and 2nd half of pregnancy

Rh and ABO isosensitization

Polyhydramnios

oligohydramnios

Breech presentation of the fetus

multiple pregnancy

Postterm pregnancy

Incorrect position of the fetus (transverse, oblique)

Sum of points

Pathological conditions of the fetus and some indicators of violation of its vital functions

Fetal hypotrophy

Fetal hypoxia

less than 4.9 mg at 30 weeks. pregnancy

less than 12 mg at 40 weeks. pregnancy

Changes in amniotic fluid during amnioscopy

Sum of points

Total score:

The final assessment is carried out according to the following scale:

10 points and above - pregnant high-risk groups (careful dynamic monitoring is necessary with the involvement of qualified specialists in the conditions of perinatal centers and research institutes);

9-5 points - pregnant groups of medium risk (observation and examination with the involvement of narrow specialists of the city level or the Central District Hospital is necessary);

1-4 points - low-risk pregnant groups (routine monitoring with increased preventive work is required).

Based on the information received, the nurse should draw up individual plan management of the pregnant woman and antenatal care of the fetus. The system of comprehensive state measures aimed at preventing the pathology of pregnancy, childbirth and the pathology of the fetus and newborn is called the system of antenatal protection of the fetus and newborn.

The main groups of activities of this system:

1) family planning and contraceptive issues;

2) medical genetic counseling for families with hereditary burden;

3) carrying out at least two prenatal patronages by the pediatric service (according to indications and more than two);

4) obligatory 3-fold ultrasound in terms of 6-12 weeks, 14-20 weeks and 26-32 weeks (according to indications - and more often);

5) assistance in perinatal centers different levels according to indications;

6) use special methods diagnostics in the perinatal period for the timely treatment of pregnancy according to relevant medical indications;

7) choice of a rational method of delivery;

8) organization of joint stay of mother and child from the 1st day and early attachment to the breast with further feeding at the request of the child.

There is a screening program to protect newborns from disability and early death for five diseases:

Phenylketonuria;

Congenital hypothyroidism;

cystic fibrosis;

Galactosemia; .

adrenogenital syndrome.

It lies in the fact that 100% of children born in Russia take blood for analysis for these diseases. The analysis is carried out in the conditions of a medical genetic consultation. In the case of a positive result, the child is prescribed, for example:

with phenylketonuria - a special diet (up to 5-6 years);

with congenital hypothyroidism - thyroid hormones (for life).

As a result, full-fledged children develop in all respects (i.e., 100% result of treatment). Otherwise, children develop severe and irreversible mental retardation.

With the first signs and labor activity, the intranatal stage begins, and the woman enters the maternity hospital.

With the advent of the child, the neonatal period begins.

Questions to control

Duration of the antenatal period

What births are called late

Classification of the antenatal period according to the state and degree of development of the child:

Classification of the antenatal period according to the course and duration of pregnancy

What is the purpose of prenatal care?

At what time of pregnancy is the 1st and 2nd prenatal care carried out

What is the purpose of the 1st prenatal visit?

What is the purpose of the 2nd prenatal visit?

What is determined in the course of antenatal care based on the risk factors identified in the pregnant woman and her family?

Assessment of prenatal risk factors

Factors affecting the fetus during pregnancy?

What are the five diseases screened for to protect newborns from disability and early death?

What is called the system of antenatal protection of the fetus and newborn?

Topic3. Breast period, its characteristics

Questions

Growth and development of the infant.

Feeding. Lure. Calculating the amount of food

BUTnatomo- fihbiological features of children during infancy

The period of infancy includes children from 1 month to 1 year (12 months).

The main feature of the period of infancy is the high rate of physical and neuropsychic development based on accelerated processes metabolism. .

In many ways, the structure and functions of the main body systems retain the same features that were characteristic of the neonatal period:

abundant blood supply;

reduced protective functions;

imperfection regulatory functions nervous and endocrine systems.

However, in eleven months there are significant changes in the body of the child. Let's consider the most significant of them.

The nervous system is developing intensively, characterized by the active formation of new conditioned reflexes(based on the existing unconditional ones) and their consolidation. However, under the influence of any pathological influences (illness, stress, etc.), skills can be easily lost.

The mass of the brain doubles by 9 months, the spinal cord - by 10 months (by 3 years, the mass of the brain triples).

The weight of the brain by the year is 1/11-1/12 of the body weight.

In connection with the development of motor functions, coordination of movements improves, which means that the cerebellum develops.

The main part of the reflexes of newborns fades by 3 months (only a few of them - by 4-6 months).

Infants remain prone to rapid generalization of any infection and to toxic brain damage.

During the period of infancy, the child makes a huge leap in neuropsychic development.

The skin and its appendages also develop and improve. From the l-th month, perspiration and lacrimation appear. By 4-8 weeks (i.e., by 1-2 months), vellus hair is replaced by stiffer ones, skin functions improve.

By the end of 1 month, the umbilical wound is completely epithelialized. In connection with the preservation of the relative instability of thermoregulation, the child (like a newborn) easily overheats and overcools. Consequently, the same rules of personal hygiene and requirements for clothing and linen remain as for a newborn child.

From 6 months, a hygienic bath can be carried out every other day (except for the summer period).

Due to the active growth of the skeleton, vitamin D, which is formed in the skin of a child, becomes insufficient for bone growth. Therefore, all breastfed children from 4 weeks in the autumn-winter period are prescribed a prophylactic dose of vitamin D - 500 IU per day.

The musculoskeletal system is intensively developing. The accumulation of motor skills develops muscle strength and agility, and muscle mass increases. However, the predominant development of large muscles differs. chest, back, neck, shoulders, pelvis, hips. Fine motor skills (hands, feet) develop much more slowly.

By 3 months, muscle hypertonicity disappears.

The large fontanel persists for almost the entire l-th year of life and closes by 12-16 months:

Curves of the spine are formed:

By 2 months, when the child begins to hold his head on his own, cervical lordosis appears (anterior bend in the sagittal plane);

By 6 months, when the child begins to sit on his own, thoracic kyphosis appears (backward bend in the sagittal plane);

By 12 months, when the child begins to walk independently, lumbar lordosis appears.

Milk teeth erupt in the following order (Fig. 24): - medial incisors - at 6-9 months;

Lateral incisors - at 9-12 months;

The first indigenous - at 12-15 months;

Fangs - at 16-20 months;

The second indigenous - at 21-24 months.

By one year, on average, there should be 8 teeth, which corresponds to the formula KZ \u003d n -4, where n is the number of months up to 24.

The milk bite is 20 teeth and is fully formed by 2 years (24 months).

Bone tissue is characterized by a predominance of organic ve...

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Lecture #2

Topic: Human needs in different age periods.

Lecture plan:

1. Concepts: "human needs", "age", "age periods", "chronological age", "biological age" and "legal age".

2. Basic human needs in different age periods.

3. Concepts: "growth" and "development".

4. Basic patterns of human growth and development.

5. Characteristics of growth and development in different age periods.

6. Periods of childhood.

Need, need - an internal state of psychological or functional feeling of insufficiency of something, manifests itself depending on situational factors.
To live, be healthy and happy, people need food, air, sleep, etc. These needs are self-satisfied throughout life. They are provided by the functions of various organs and systems of the body. The disease, causing dysfunction of one or another organ, one or another system, interferes with the normal satisfaction of needs, leads to discomfort.

Health is one of the most important life values. It is no coincidence that in last years in our country, close attention is paid to the preservation and promotion of public health. A special role in this matter belongs to medical workers, for whom the protection of public health is a professional duty.

Age- the duration of the period from the birth of a living organism to the present or any other specific point in time

Usually, the word "age" refers to the calendar age (passport age, chronological age), which does not take into account the developmental factors of the organism. The observed differences in the individual characteristics of the development of the organism from the average indicators served as the basis for the introduction of the concept of "biological age", or "age of development".

Age periods of human life

Neonatal period (neonatal period) - first 4 weeks

Breast period - 1 month - 1 year

Early childhood- 1-3 years

First childhood - 4-7 years

Second childhood

boys 8-12 years old

girls 8-11 years old

Teenage years

boys aged 13-16

girls 12-15 years old

Youth period

boys aged 17-23

girls 16-21 years old

Mature age (1 period)

men 24-35 years old

women 22-35 years old

Mature age (2nd period)

men 36-60 years old

women 36-55 years old

Advanced (old) age

men 61-74 years old

women 56-74 years old

Senile age - 75-90 years

Long-livers - 90 years and more

There are several levels of analysis of this concept:

1. Age- the duration of the existence of the organism from the moment of birth to the present time on any time scale.

2. Calendar(passport, chronological) - expressed on a calendar scale, that is, measured by the number of rotations around the sun.

3. Biological - the degree of true health, the level of vitality and general health of the body, all its functions.

4. Working age - the age at which a person is capable of labor activity has the right to work. In Russia, T. v. for men - 16-59 years old, for women - 16-54 years old.

5. Legal age - the age when legal liability arises or from which it is possible to drink alcohol, marry, etc.

The development of the human body occurs continuously, throughout life, and in the process of individual development of a person, like any biological organism, a number of periods, stages of age biography can be distinguished, each of which has its own character traits. The duration of each of these periods is determined by the biological characteristics of the organisms of this species, and also largely depends on the action of environmental factors. In addition to the action of biological and environmental factors, the duration of a particular period of human development as a biosocial being is also influenced by social factors (the economic state of the environment, the degree of intellectual development, lifestyle).

The concept of a period of human life is closely related to the concept "age". Age is understood to mean:

1) the period of time from the birth of the organism to the present or any other moment;

2) biological evolution organism, i.e. characteristic of his life, reflecting the moment of birth, growth, development, maturation and aging.

There are chronological (passport, calendar) and biological (anatomical and physiological) age.

Chronological age - this is the period from birth to the moment of its calculation, i.e. the difference between the date of the study and the date of birth.

Biological age - a set of features that characterize the biological state of the body, the level of its viability and general health.

Chronological age has clear boundaries in time - hour, day, month, year. In this case, the biological characteristics of this particular organism are not taken into account.

Biological age is determined by the totality of metabolic, anatomical, functional, regulatory, psychological features the adaptive capacity of the body.

Biological age may not correspond to chronological. In some pathological conditions (for example, with progeria), the biological age is ahead of the calendar, and in some others it lags behind it (for example, with infantilism).

Age periods - these are certain periods, time intervals that are necessary to complete a certain stage of the morphological and functional development of individual tissues, organs, systems of the body and the whole organism as a whole.

For life cycle of a person - from conception to death - three main periods can be distinguished:

The period of growth and development, the formation of functional systems, lasting until the age of morphological, sexual, psychological maturity;

The period of relative stability, maturity of the functional systems of the body;

The period of extinction, weakening and destruction of functional systems during the aging of the body, which occurs after the cessation of reproductive function.

The division into age periods is most detailed for childhood, and it primarily reflects the stages of maturation. nervous system, internal organs, chewing apparatus, the formation of higher nervous activity. This is explained by the fact that it is in childhood that qualitatively new changes occur more dynamically.

Currently, in the life of an adult, there are next periods:

1) adolescence (from 16 to 20 years for women, from 17 to 21 years for men);

2) mature age (from 20 to 55 years for women, from 21 to 60 years for men). It, in turn, is divided into two sub-periods:

a) from 20 to 35 years for women, from 21 to 35 years for men - I sub-period of mature age;

b) from 35 to 55 years for women, from 35 to 60 years for men -

II sub-period of mature age.

A number of researchers distinguish the following groups in adulthood:

a) young age - up to 45 years;

b) average age- 45-60 years old.

On the border of mature and old age, due to the importance of the processes occurring in the body, a special age interval is distinguished - the menopause (from 45 to 60 years for women, from 50 to 60 years for men);

3) old age (from 55 to 75 years for women, from 60 to 75 years for men);

4) senile age (from 75 to 90 years);

5) late senile, or macrobiotic, age (after 90 years; such people are called centenarians).

The age boundaries of these periods are rather arbitrary, especially for older age groups. There is no generally accepted definition of old age in the world.

Such concepts as "growth" and "development" are closely related to the concepts of "period of life", "age period", "biological age". At every stage age biography there are specific features that reflect the stages of growth and the degree of development of the organism. Growth and development of a person is a continuous process that takes place throughout his life, in which simple quantitative changes lead to fundamental qualitative changes. The processes of growth and development are interconnected and interdependent.

Growth- this quantitative changes associated with an increase in the number and / or size of cells, the size and mass of organs, tissues, the whole organism as a whole, the accumulation of a certain amount of information, skills, experience, etc.

Development implies quality changes - morphological differentiation of tissues and organs, their functional improvement, the emergence of new knowledge, skills, skills or their disappearance, fading with time, i.e. development can go along two lines - ascending (progress) and descending (regression). In addition, two forms of development are distinguished: evolutionary and revolutionary, spasmodic.

The development of a person continues throughout his life, starting from the moment of the formation of a zygote and ending with death; growth (an increase in length and an increase in body weight) ends at the end of adolescence, although cellular and tissue growth occurs (for example, the growth of nails and hair continues even for some time after the biological death of the organism).

The processes of growth and development have a number of patterns, which include:

genetic predetermination;

staging;

Certain morphofunctional changes characteristic of each period of a person's life.

The main regularity of the ratio of growth and development is their mismatch in time or space, i.e. they do not occur simultaneously: first, quantitative changes are observed, leading then to qualitative ones. This explains the jumps in growth in certain age periods, the discrepancy between the terms of physical and psychosocial development (especially pronounced in adolescence), the decrease in individual body functions in certain periods of life.

Growth processes obey certain laws:

1. The law of steady deceleration of growth energy. The growth rate is highest during the intrauterine period, especially from 8 to 25 weeks of gestation. The relatively low intensity of cell division up to 8 weeks correlates with active differentiation and morphogenesis of organs and systems. From the 34th week of the gestational period, growth retardation occurs against the background of significant increases in body weight.

By birth, small increases in body length and weight are explained by the phenomenon of "volumetric inhibition" due to the limited volume of the uterine cavity. The inhibition of growth energy can be clearly seen in the first two years of a child's life. Subsequently, the decrease in the growth rate is discontinuous. This is reflected in the following law.

2. The law of uneven changes in the growth rate. Each individual bone and the skeleton as a whole grow sequentially, changing the phases of growth in length and thickness. During periods of decrease in the rate of growth of bone tissue in length, weight gain predominates in the child's body. Thus, periods of "pull" are replaced by periods of "rounding".

The period of the first "fullness" or the first "rounding" (turqor primus): from the 1st to the 4th years of life with predominant weight gain over body length

The period of the first "stretching" (proceritas prima): from the 5th to the 7th years of life. There is a predominance of body length growth compared to its mass;

The period of the second "fullness" or second "rounding" (turqor secunda): from the 8th to the 10th years of life;

The period of the second "stretching" (proceritas secunda): from 11 to 15 years;

Period of very slow growth: from 15 to 18-20 years.

3. The law of allometric growth - disproportionate growth of individual parts of the body and internal organs. During the prenatal period of life, due to the peculiarities of the blood supply to the fetus, there is a predominant growth of parts of the body located closer to the head and, above all, the head itself. After birth, on the contrary, the parts of the body located distally grow most intensively. Thus, in the postnatal period, the foot grows more than the lower leg, the latter - more than the thigh, etc. Due to this, the child's body proportions change with age and appearance, which gradually approach those of an adult

4. The law of sexual specificity of growth. It manifests itself in the fact that boys eventually have higher rates of final (definitive) growth, although girls relatively earlier (by 1–2 years) enter the period of pubertal stretching, when they overtake boys in body length. However, the rate of skeletal maturation after 2–3 years is higher in girls. This is a reflection of the faster biological development girls, which can be traced in all organs and systems.

The development of man as a biosocial being takes place in various fields: physical, social, psycho-emotional and related cognitive.

physical realm, or physical development, includes a set of morphological and functional properties of the organism, corresponding to the chronological and biological age. In childhood, physical development is a dynamic process of growth - an increase in length, weight, individual parts of the body, organs and systems of the body - and biological maturation and the formation of a mature organism. Since in childhood the processes of physical development proceed most intensively, its assessment is carried out more often than in other age periods, when physical development, having reached certain level, stabilizes. The simplest physical development can be assessed using anthropometric indicators, which include length (height), body weight, head and chest circumference.

Psycho-emotional And social development represents a specific aspect of human development associated with its interaction with the environment and manifested by a combination of mental processes and phenomena (sensations, perceptions, emotions, memory, etc.).

The level of physical development, the rate of increase in height, increase in body weight, the sequence in increasing various parts bodies are determined by many factors, among which are:

Hereditary (length and body weight of parents, grandparents);

Biological (the health of the individual, his psychological, emotional condition, the state of health of his parents);

Climatic and ecological;

Socio-economic ( financial situation families, living conditions, level common culture and education of parents, the level of development of health care and medical culture, occupational hazards);

Lifestyle (mode and style of nutrition, physical activity, bad habits, the relationship of the individual with the environment).

Growth and development rates are also subject to sexual (for example, puberty in girls and boys begins at different dates, the main anthropometric, functional indicators in men remain higher than in women) and individual differences.

Risk factors- factors affecting the growth, development, occurrence of diseases in children.

Age- the duration of the period from the birth of a living organism to the present or any other specific point in time. The observed differences in the individual characteristics of the development of the organism from the average indicators served as the basis for the introduction of the concept of "biological age", or "age of development".
R equirement is a need, a need for something. Needs serve as a motive for action. Each age has its own needs. But at the same time, there are basic needs that are inherent in a person at any age.
Satisfaction of needs is necessary for the normal functioning of the human body, spiritual and physical development of a person. Human needs can be divided into three groups.
1. - biological needs, i.e. the need for breathing, water, food, adequate temperature regime. Without it, the human body will die.
2. - material needs, i.e. the need for clothes, shoes, housing and many other things, without which life is unthinkable modern man. They may be different for different groups of people.
3. - these are social needs generated by society and the social essence of man. They embody the need of the individual in a variety of relationships with other people, in social activities, in self-realization, in public recognition. The vast majority of people have a need for life together, the need to take care of loved ones, the desire to be heard and understood by the people around. This group also includes normal working conditions, sufficient wage, respect for superiors.
4. - Spiritual needs are not vital and not all people have. Spirituality is the desire to overcome oneself in one's mind, achieve high goals, follow a personal or social ideal, universal values, develop virtues (honesty, mercy, courage, modesty, patience, tolerance, etc.). Spirituality is also manifested in the pursuit of beauty. It can be the contemplation of nature, and life-affirming literature, and art that ennobles a person, and meditation, and philosophy, and religion, and unconditional love.
A person with fortitude will not succumb to difficulties, will not panic in front of a difficult one. life situations, will not fall into the temptation of monetary promises in return for his honor and dignity, will not change his convictions for opportunistic reasons. He will perform all his actions according to the criteria of honor, justice, truth. There is no nobler task for young people than cultivating fortitude in oneself, for this is the surest way to gaining the meaning of life, to overcome life's hardships and temporary setbacks. Spirituality is the most valuable wealth of a person, it can neither be bought nor borrowed from anyone, it can only be formed by one's own efforts. Only a spiritually rich person is capable of true selfless friendship, of lasting love that binds a man and a woman by marriage, when spouses seek not to take from each other, but to give love and care.
Among the spiritual needs are the desire for knowledge of the world around, to creative activity to self-education, to self-expression.
Spiritually developed people have the most important need - the desire for work. The process of labor, and especially its results, give a person great moral satisfaction.
Human needs must be reasonable. What does it mean? It is quite natural and justified that people desire to eat fully, to have good, comfortable housing, to acquire comfortable and nice clothes to improve their cultural and educational level. Reasonable needs do not contradict moral standards society and help a person to develop his best, truly human qualities: the desire to work and benefit people, the desire for creativity, for beauty.
Human needs are closely related to its value orientations. Depending on values, a person builds his behavior, activities and, ultimately, life. Value orientations are the most important regulator of human behavior, and we must not forget that a person is a spiritual being, and he lives not only to eat, drink, sleep, acquire material values but also to love, care, create.
Allocate reasonable and unreasonable (perverted) needs, true and false, progressive and destructive needs.
Reasonable needs are needs, the satisfaction of which contributes to the normal functioning of the human body, the growth of the prestige of the individual in society, its humane development, and the humanization of all aspects of public life.
The following criteria for reasonable needs can be distinguished:
1. A sense of proportion in meeting needs, not leading to the degradation of the individual.
2. Harmonious combination of different needs. Even a spiritual need cannot be recognized as reasonable if its satisfaction is achieved by suppressing other (natural and material) needs. In this sense, it is impossible to recognize the saying as appropriate: "Let one, but a fiery passion."
3. Compliance of needs with the abilities of the individual and the availability of means for their implementation.
4. Manageability needs. Reasonable can be called those needs that are controlled by a person, and not vice versa, when needs control a person.
The formation and satisfaction of reasonable needs is a noble and honorable task of the system government controlled, education and upbringing, the whole way of social life.
Unreasonable needs - such a group of needs that create deadlocks in the functioning of the human body, in the development of the individual, damage the interests of society, lead to the degradation of human society, and the dehumanization of all public relations. The range of unreasonable needs is extremely wide: from smoking to narcotic injections.
perverted needs- this is an excessive need for alcohol, drugs, homosexuality, some plastic surgeries.
These vices modern society exist not so much from a lack of material wealth, but from satiety of material wealth and the lack of spirituality of a person, the lack of ideals in people for which one must fight.
A person falls ill with alcoholism because he does not have sufficient willpower to determine the measure of alcohol intake.
A drug addict or a homosexual is not a drug addict or a homosexual because he does not understand the perniciousness, perversion of these inclinations, but because he cannot firmly say “no” to these inclinations and take the path of replacing them with reasonable needs, corresponding to the norms and rules of human society.

Basic needs of the child
Physiological Needs
First of all, this is the need for food and warmth, for milk (for food and drink). As for thermoregulation, then know that in very young children this mechanism is not “debugged” as well as in older ones. Young children sweat quickly, but they also get cold quickly, so you need to keep a close eye on this.
Emotional and psychological needs
It was found that attachment to the mother (or to the person replacing her) plays huge role in shaping the personality of the child. This close bond with the mother arises very early - it is born from the olfactory and auditory impressions of the child, but also through the exchange of glances, affectionate words - in a word, everything that constitutes their communication. Tenderness, warmth, attention and regularity of communication are necessary for the child. This makes him feel secure. The consequences of a lack of love experienced in childhood are often difficult to correct in adulthood.
Sensitive Needs
Already from birth, all the sense organs of the child are well developed, and the structures of his brain will be formed in accordance with the information received from them. But for the full development of the senses, constant stimulation is required. Thus, for the development of the future intellect of the child (in the broadest sense of the word), it is important not to leave him alone in the cradle for the whole day, but to try to gradually include him in life, encouraging him to learn.
As the child grows and develops, in addition to the need for security and love, the need to acquire a range of skills.
Parents should teach the child everything that is necessary for his autonomy, so that by the age of 16 the child is able to independently satisfy all his physical, domestic needs (cooking, caring for his things, room, etc.), and it is also desirable to give the child a few simple craft skills (do something with your own hands).
In addition, it appears the need to meet the requirements of their age.
Satisfaction of this need is expressed in accordance with the requirements imposed on the child by his age capabilities. If the requirements are too high, the child's self-esteem decreases, self-doubt is formed, which is the reason for failures in adult life. If the requirements are underestimated, self-esteem is overestimated, and when confronted with the realities of life that do not confirm it, the child prefers to avoid performing any activity. In adulthood, this manifests itself in the behavior of an "unrecognized genius", all of whose achievements are in words, but in deeds - the avoidance of work and responsibility.
It is very important for a child the need to remain oneself (preserve individuality).
On the one hand, the task of parental education is to accustom the child to the requirements of society, life in society, to form a personality, that is, a set of social roles that must be performed. But at the same time, each person is born as an individual and it is very important in educational process not to lose this uniqueness of the inner essence of each child. Individuality must be seen, appreciated and respected. Many teachers and parents make irreparable mistakes when comparing children with each other (comparing the incomparable), developing the need to be the best (which is impossible and leads to constant dissatisfaction). And also, parents who have not realized themselves, very often shift their expectations from life to children, overloading them with duty and responsibility.

In old age, it is important to satisfy such needs as

1. feel belonging to a group or groups;
2. to feel personal comfort in interaction with people;
3. feel community with other people;
4. feel needed;
5. to feel that it is natural to make mistakes, that it is not at all necessary to always and in everything be “first” and “correct”, “best” and “infallible”;
As the body becomes decrepit, a person may gradually lose the ability to satisfy some of his needs on his own and is forced to rely on the help of loved ones or social institutions.

Human needs according to Maslow