Names 

Journalistic style, its genres and language features. Style polyphony of journalistic texts. The main features of the journalistic style

Journalistic style (= newspaper-journalistic)

The style is presented in newspapers, in magazines addressed to the mass reader, in the speeches of journalists on radio and television, in the speeches of public and political figures, rallies, congresses, meetings, etc. The style is realized in oral and written form.

The topics of publicistic texts are practically unlimited: they cover political, social, everyday, philosophical, economic, moral and ethical topics, issues of art and culture, issues of education, etc. Publicism is called the “chronicle of modernity”: it reflects the living history of our society . Feature: in a journalistic style, as a rule, they talk about the most modern, relevant events for society.

Journalism genres:

    Informational - provide information. This is:

Information note (chronicle note), or chronicle . This is a selection of news messages: the time, place, event is indicated, described using different forms of the verb (will take place, open, continue, gather, etc.) (eg: An exhibition opened in the Hermitage yesterday. Today in Paris, issues related to ... Tomorrow the summit will continue its work).

Reportage. This is a genre in which the story of an event is conducted as if simultaneously with the deployment of the action. Characteristic: the present tense of the verb, the pronoun "I" or "we" (meaning "I and my companions"), the inclusion of a more or less detailed author's comment in the text, then the text is an alternation of fragments telling about the event, and inserts, reasoning author; sometimes the text is preceded by a comment from the editor (ex: We are in assembly hall. I see that the rescuers have already appeared. The rescuer is now attaching the ladder.)

Interview (informational). A genre that exists in a dialogical form - oral or written (a recorded conversation; while the written text conveys some signs of spontaneous oral speech, as evidenced, in particular, by interjections, colloquial vocabulary, incomplete sentences, picking up remarks, repeated questions, etc.) . The journalist conducts a dialogue with the person answering his questions. The genre allows you to acquaint the reader with the life and views of the person he is interested in, to present the material in a lively and interesting way. The dialogical form facilitates the perception of the material. In the informational interview, in the form of answers to questions, the details of the event are reported. Interviews are also popular, in which a characterization of a person is given in parallel with a discussion of various significant problems. Often the interview is preceded by an introductory part that briefly describes the situation in which the interview is being taken; provide information about the person being interviewed.

Report.

Review. A journalist speaks on behalf of a collective, organization, party, etc.

    Analytical - provide an analysis. These are the genres:

Analytical interview. Contains extended dialogue problem: the journalist asks questions about the substance Problems, the interlocutor - answers.

Article. A genre in which the results of a fairly serious study of an event or problem are presented. The main feature of the genre is the logical presentation of the material, reasoning: from any statement to its justification. Syntactic features: unions and introductory words are used to indicate a logical connection. Lexical Features: there are terms, words with an abstract meaning. But reasoning can be emotionally colored. This genre is characterized by a combination of bookish and colloquial evaluative vocabulary, the use of sentences of short length, etc. An article may include various inserts: a description of highlights, mini-interviews, etc.

Review - a review of a work of art, a film, etc.

Comment.

Review.

Correspondence. A genre that speaks not of a single fact, as in a newsreel, but of a series of facts that are analyzed, their causes are clarified, their assessment is given, and conclusions are drawn. Compared to a chronicle note, the volume of the reported material expands in the correspondence, the nature of the presentation changes: more diverse linguistic means are involved, an individual style of writing appears.

    Artistic and journalistic genres. These are a kind of hybrid genres that combine the features of a journalistic and literary and artistic style:

Feature article. A genre that requires a figurative, concrete presentation of a fact or problem. Essays can be:

- problematic (events are included in the presentation as a reason for reasoning);

- portrait;

- track (description of the trip);

- eventful (story about the event).

The essay must convincingly combine expressively conveyed events, convincing images of heroes, evidence-based reasoning. People, events and problems appear in the light of the author's emotional assessment.

Feuilleton - newspaper or journal article on a topical topic, ridiculing or condemning any shortcomings, ugly phenomena (for example: “Letters to Aunty” by M.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, a feuilleton poem by N.A. Nekrasov “Newspaper”, etc.).

Pamphlet - a topical publicistic work of an acutely satirical nature, created for the purpose of socio-political denunciation of someone or something (for example: individual chapters of A. N. Radishchev’s “Journey from St. Petersburg to Moscow”, V. G. Belinsky’s “Letter to Gogol” , “I can’t be silent” by L. N. Tolstoy). Etc.

Substyles of journalistic style:

    official-analytical;

    information and analytical;

    reporting;

    feuilleton;

    rally, etc.

General features of the journalistic style:

    The most important feature - a combination of two language functions: the function of the message (= information function) and the function of influence. The speaker resorts to a journalistic style when he needs not only to convey information, but also to influence the addressee (often mass). The sender conveys the facts and expresses his attitude towards them. The addressee feels that the journalist is not an indifferent registrar of events, but an active participant in them, selflessly defending his convictions. Journalism is designed to actively intervene in what is happening, create public opinion, convince, agitate.

    The most important style-forming features of the journalistic style are appraisal and emotionality. Since the issues that the journalist raises (ethical conflicts, human rights, economic policy states, etc.), are of concern to millions of people, it is impossible to write about these issues in dry language. Publicism borrows evaluative means from other styles (mainly colloquial and artistic).

But if for maximum impact on the addressee, the journalistic style needs expressiveness, then for the speed and accuracy of information transfer, it needs accuracy, consistency, formality, standardization. The standardization of speech in this case is that the journalist uses frequent language means, stable speech patterns (cliches) (eg: warm support, lively response, sharp criticism, pluralism of opinions, active life position, radical changes, on the other side of the barricades).

Speech standardization provides:

 to the addressee (journalist) - speed in preparing information (the addressee shows particular interest in the latest events, so it is necessary to prepare the material very quickly);

 to the addressee - easier and faster assimilation of information (scanning through the eyes of a publication full of very familiar expressions, the reader can catch the meaning without wasting time and effort).

Thus, the combination of expression and standard is the most important feature of journalistic style.

Depending on the genre, expression comes to the fore (ex: pamphlet, feuilleton), then the standard (e.g.: newspaper article, newsreel).

    Since the works of journalistic style are addressed to a wide range of readers, the main criterion for the selection of language means in them is public accessibility these funds. Publicists should not use highly specialized terms, dialects, slang words, complicated syntactic constructions that are incomprehensible to readers, should not resort to too abstract figurativeness, etc.

    Journalistic style is not closed, but open language system , so that journalists can freely refer to elements of other styles: colloquial, artistic, scientific. Thus, in a journalistic style, elements interact quite freely different styles.

    In journalism, it is of great importance author's style - the manner of writing peculiar to this or that journalist.

    In the newspaper-journalistic style, the narration is always conducted in the first person. Journalism is characterized coincidence of author and narrator , which directly addresses the reader with his thoughts, feelings, assessments. This is the power of journalism.

At the same time, in each specific text, the journalist creates author's image through which he expresses his attitude to reality. The image of the author as a compositional-speech category can vary, change its form in relation to the genre, for example:

AT review the journalist speaks on behalf of the team, organization, party, constructing a "collective image" of the narrator;

AT feuilleton, pamphlet this is a conditional image of an ironic, irreconcilable, practically minded narrator.

But, no matter what genre we are talking about, the author's position, in general, always coincides with the views and assessments of a real journalist presenting the material he has obtained to readers. This, in particular, inspires the reader's confidence in the journalist and his material, respect for the journalist for his personal position, for his sincerity and indifference.

    In the journalistic style, the following are used: monologue speech (mainly in analytical genres), dialogue (for example, in an interview), direct speech.

Journalistic style and its features


Introduction

journalistic style speech informational

The purpose of this work is to study the journalistic style of speech and its features.

Tasks: to consider the general specifics of the journalistic style; determine its main functions; to study various sub-styles related to the journalistic style and, finally, to reveal the linguistic features of this style of speech.

Publicism is closely woven into the life of any modern society, which is difficult to imagine without the media (media), advertising, political appeals and speeches. In addition, it is journalistic texts that are an indicator of the linguistic culture of the whole society as a whole.

Consider below the features of the journalistic style of speech.


General specifics


The linguistic features of each of the styles are determined by the tasks that the author of the text faces. Publicism describes socially significant events: domestic, sports, cultural, economic, political. These events affect the interests of a large audience - which means that the addressee of the journalistic text is a mass one.

The purpose of the author of a journalistic text is to convey to the reader, viewer, listener certain information and evaluate it, to convince the addressee of his correctness. The combination of informative and evaluative plans in a journalistic style of speech leads to the use of both neutral and extremely expressive language means. The presence of terms, the consistency of presentation and the presence of words that are neutral in stylistic coloring bring the journalistic style closer to the scientific and official business style. At the same time, significant linguistic expression makes the journalistic text authorial, less standardized.

In journalism, it is imperative to take into account who exactly is the addressee in each case. Based on this, the author builds his text in accordance with age, gender, social status vital interests of the reader.


Functions


There are two functions of journalistic style: informationaland affecting.

The information function in a journalistic text is reduced to the transfer of certain information and facts to the addressee. At the same time, these information and facts are used only when they are of public interest and do not contradict the beliefs expressed by the author of the text.

Journalism is designed to actively intervene in social life to shape public opinion. And therefore, its influencing function is very important. The author of a journalistic text is not an indifferent registrar of events, but their active participant and commentator. Its purpose is to convince the addressee that he is right, to influence the reader, to inspire him with certain ideas. The position of the author is direct and open.

The functions of journalistic style are closely and inseparably linked.


Substyles


The journalistic style is complex and branched, characterized by numerous transitional influences. In this regard, its three main sub-styles are distinguished: political and ideological, political propagandaand proper journalistic. Each substyle is divided into varieties depending on the genre and other features. Genre differences are very noticeable here.

The political and ideological sub-style is represented by party documents and is characterized by the greatest formality and low expression of the text. This sub-style is quite close to the official business style. In Soviet times, it was more common than in modern Russia.

Appeals, proclamations, orders belong to the political and agitational sub-style. In this substyle, the most significant is the influencing function. Political propaganda texts are mainly focused on the adult politically active population of the country.

The most common is actually publicistic (newspaper-journalistic) substyle. Therefore, we will consider it in more detail.

The newspaper and journalistic sub-style is developing very quickly, dynamically reflecting the social and cultural state of society. Over the past fifty years, it has undergone significant changes in terms of reducing declarativeness and expanding the content and language range.

This substyle is most closely associated with everyday life society and, accordingly, is influenced by colloquial style. At the same time, the sphere interpersonal communication modern man covers the topics of science, and production, and sports, and social activities. As a result, transitional, inter-style influences are most noticeable in the actual journalistic substyle. The combination of elements of different styles leads both to partial neutralization and to the preservation of the original stylistic coloring. The language of the newspaper is close to the everyday speech of many modern people, but more expressive and colorful. Within the newspaper and journalistic sub-style, a kind of stylistic reorientation of language resources is taking place. Part of newspaper vocabulary becomes commonly used, undergoes general language adaptation. At the same time, many speech units came to the newspaper from scientific, professional, colloquial speech and over time, they begin to be perceived by the predominant part of the audience as “newspapers” (for example, “labor productivity”, “cost reduction”, “red corner”, etc.).

As a result, a new stylistic integrity is formed, which can be conditionally called social and everyday. It constitutes the main semi-neutral background of the newspaper and journalistic substyle and is the link between the language of the media and the language of the sphere of interpersonal communication.

In the actual journalistic substyle, four types of genres are distinguished: informational, analytical, artistic and journalistic, advertising. Information genres include reporting, interviews, informational articles; to analytical - commentary, review, analytical article; to artistic and journalistic - essay, essay, feuilleton, sketch; advertising uses elements of almost all genres.


Language features


Among the linguistic features of the journalistic style, there are three groups: lexical, morphologicaland syntacticpeculiarities. Let's start with the first group.


Lexical Features


In journalistic texts, the use of elements of all functional styles and even non-literary forms of the Russian language, including jargon. At the same time, the colorfulness and expression of the journalistic style is due to the use of:

· speech standards, clichés (“employment service”, “law enforcement agencies”);

· typical newspaper phrases (“go to the forefront”, “beacons of production”). They are not used in other styles;

· scientific terminology that goes beyond the scope of highly specialized use ("virtual world", "default", "investment");

· socially colored synonymous words ("gang hired killers»);

· unusual lexical compatibility("preacher of the whip", "apostle of ignorance");

· words reflecting social and political processes in society (“politics of dialogue”, “balance of interests”);

· new words and expressions (“detente”, “consensus”, “ cold war»);

· socio-political vocabulary and phraseology ("society", "freedom", "glasnost", "privatization");

· stylistically reduced words with a negative assessment (“pirate course”, “policy of aggression and provocations”);

· speech stamps that have a clerical color and have arisen under the influence formal business style("on the this stage”, “today”, “in this period of time”);

· colloquial words and expressions (“peace and quiet”, “horde”).


Morphological features


Morphological features of the journalistic style are characterized by the use of:

· compound words(“mutually beneficial”, “neighborly”, “CIS”, “OMON”);

· international derivational suffixes (-tion, -ra, -ism, -ant) and foreign prefixes (archi-, anti-, hyper-, dez-, post-, counter);

· certain types of abstract nouns with suffixes -ost, -stvo, -nie, -ie (“cooperation”, “condemnation”, “irreconcilability”);

· formations with Russian and Old Slavonic prefixes, naming social and political concepts (“universal”, “superpowerful”, “inter-party”);

· words with emotionally expressive affixes -shchina, -ichat, ultra- (“to put on airs”, “everyday life”, “ultra-left”);

· substantiation of adjectives and participles (adjectives and participles as nouns).


Syntactic features


· the correctness and clarity of the construction of proposals, their simplicity and clarity;

· use of all types of one-part sentences;

· syntactic expression techniques (inversion, rhetorical questions, appeals, incentive and exclamatory sentences);

· monologue speech, dialogue, direct speech.


Techniques Used


Among the various linguistic features of the journalistic style, the following should be considered.

Publicistic stamps. Publicistic stamps have a dual nature. On the one hand, these are stable phrases that are close to official business clichés (“to ask a question”, “to be distrustful”, “to open brilliant prospects”, “to become a bright event”). Many of them are paraphrases, you can pick up one-word neutral synonyms for them (“have an intention” - “gather”, “want”; “distrust” - “do not trust”). On the other hand, journalistic texts use clichés that are expressive: “wag your finger”, “bite your elbows”, “blink your eyes”. Most of these phraseological units are of an oral nature; they appear in texts along with colloquial vocabulary.

The combination of neutral and expressive clichés is especially typical for polemical and evaluative texts.

language game- deliberate violation of the norms of speech behavior, causing laughter. Psychological basis The language game is the effect of deceived expectations: the reader expects one thing to be written in accordance with the norms of the language, but reads something completely different.

The language game involves means of various levels - from phonetics and graphics to syntax:

"The science of the temple of chrome?" - the sound similarity of words is played out;

"Utop model" - a non-existent word is formed;

"Danger Technique" - "Destroys" set phrase.

Precedent texts. Such texts include the names of social events, names or texts that speakers reproduce in their speech. At the same time, precedent texts serve as a kind of symbols for certain standard situations (for example, speaking names).

The source of precedent texts are "ancient" works (the Bible, Old Russian texts), oral folk art, author's works of art, etc.

Appeal to the addressee. A tool that helps the author of a journalistic text to convince the reader that he is right is an appeal to the addressee - an appeal to the reader that has a special, confidential character.

The means of appeal can be a question to which the author gives an answer, as well as a rhetorical question.

The author can address the addressee directly: “so, dear readers…”. It may also call on the reader to take a joint action (“Imagine another life situation…”). All these means allow the author to "get closer" to the addressee, to win his trust.


Conclusion


Thus, the journalistic style is a complex style with a variety of linguistic features, different areas of application and having different functions. It resonates to varying degrees with each of the other functional styles of the Russian language: artistic official business, scientific. At the same time, the journalistic style is widespread both in oral form and in written and television. Interfering in the social life of every person, journalism penetrates deeply into modern society And this trend is only growing with time.


Bibliography


Lapteva M. A. Russian language and speech culture / M. A. Lapteva, O. A. Rekhlova, M. V. Rumyantsev. - Krasnoyarsk: CPI KSTU, 2006. - 216 p.

Vasilyeva A. N. Newspaper and journalistic style. A course of lectures on the style of the Russian language for philologists / A. N. Vasilyeva. - M.: Russian language, 1982. - 198 p.

bigwigs of show business, public opinion, people's representatives;

  • interspersed with colloquial, colloquial vocabulary, vocabulary that stands outside literary language:

So he will “dunk” all of us - about military projects, how you want to cling to these projects ... is it difficult to play cops?

  • neologisms or new author's word formations:

Rap is a hooligan character, a Kremlin party, music critics, clearly "bent his line";

  • standard designs:

According to our correspondent, as it became known to us, caused a reaction, in response to ...., a special meeting was held, etc.;

  • synonyms: ...

two 17 year olds. The teens got...

  • polysemantic words, homonyms, antonyms, paronyms as a means of expression:

illusions and reality, lost and lost, black optimism, left always turns out to be right;

  • abbreviations:

DG - The State Duma, ORT - public Russian television

  • all kinds of means of verbal imagery ():

Alas, today we must admit that we are emerging from communism in the most twisted, most painful, most absurd (gradation) way. From all my meetings I got the impression that the central authorities, executive and legislative (inversion), have little connection with the pains of the country (metaphor).

Morphological features of the journalistic style

  • specific verb forms - the present tense (the present of the reportage), which contributes to the creation of the effect of presence:

We arrive at X ... We immediately go to the morgue. We rise and approach the door ..

  • frequency of personal pronouns of the 1st person:

My helicopter landed right at the construction site. I was met. We immediately went to the site, I was shocked by what I saw ...

Syntactic means of connection in a journalistic style

This syntax is sometimes called expressive. Indeed, it is the variety of syntactic constructions that allows the author to influence the audience.

  • declarative, interrogative, exclamatory sentences:

And who are you? Yes, this is our friend from the XXXXX group

  • parceling - separating a part of a sentence into a separate sentence:

This understanding is necessary for all people. So that there is no war.

  • segmentation - placing an important statement for the author at the beginning of the sentence and designing it as a nominal sentence:

Elections in Primorsky Krai: who will win?

  • inversion - a change in the usual word order in order to enhance expressiveness, the introduction of additional shades of meaning:

The most cynical fraud of the scammers was the deception of pensioners. I didn't like them.

use of stylistic figures:

  • anaphora - repetition of the beginning of words of a series of sentences or turns of speech:

What a beautiful morning looks into our faces, how beautiful ... these Berlin streets at the hour when Freedom steps on them! (A. N. Tolstoy)

  • rhetorical question - question, not requiring an answer or a question contained in the text or in the question itself:

Is it possible to be ashamed if you are fighting for your homeland? (A.N. Tolstoy)

  • rhetorical exclamation - an expression of the speaker's emotions, a technique that attracts the attention of listeners:

Fascists have nothing to do on our land! (A.N. Tolstoy)

  • parallelism - the same construction of neighboring sentences or their parts:
  • epiphora - repetition of words or combinations at the end of a construction:

On bended knee, we swear that we will not disgrace the Russian land. Kissing the edge of our holy banner, we swear - we will not give up a single inch of Russian land! (A.N. Tolstoy)

  • antithesis - a construction based on the opposite of pictures, characters, objects, etc.:
  • oxymoron - a combination of opposite words in meaning in one artistic image:

The burdensome lightness of this life (M. Sturua)

  • gradation is a gradual gradual strengthening or weakening of images, comparisons and other means of artistic expression:

I beg you, I beg you - I demand, finally!

  • ellipsis - omission of words or facts read in context:

Time - to eight (from newspapers)

Text features of journalistic style

  • relatively short sentences:

What should a person be sure of when buying an insurance policy? First, that the insurer will deceive him. Second, is that the company does not go bankrupt. Thirdly, that he himself paid no more for insurance than a neighbor.

  • paragraph division according to the objectives of the impact: one sentence can be singled out in a separate paragraph:
  • A "bright" title about information or text content that immediately grabs the reader's attention:
  • emotional repetition as a means of connection:

We don't tend to plead guilty. Despite the fact that we ourselves are to blame for our disgusting history.

  • comparison as a way of proof:

We can't help but reckon with what to keep professional army until the state can afford it. I will not reveal a secret if I say: a soldier or sergeant in the mercenary American army today receives more than our officer or general.

Read about the features and genres of journalistic style

Materials are published with the personal permission of the author - Ph.D. O.A. Maznevoy

Did you like it? Do not hide your joy from the world - share

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Good work to site">

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Similar Documents

    Features of the study of publicistic style of speech. The main functions of journalistic style: informational and influencing. Political-ideological, political-propaganda and actually journalistic sub-styles of journalistic style and its techniques.

    abstract, added 12/13/2011

    The essence of the concepts "style of speech", "theme of the text", "main idea". Features of the journalistic style of speech, its differences from the artistic and scientific styles. Means of communication of sentences in the text. The use of a combination of book and colloquial words and inversion.

    presentation, added 09/30/2013

    Linguistic characteristics of the journalistic style of speech, its functions, genres, linguistic features. Review of methods and techniques for mastering journalistic style at school. Analysis of the influence of the mass nature of communication on the style of journalistic speech.

    thesis, added 08/21/2011

    The concept of "style". What are the main functions of the journalistic style, what influence do they have on its specificity. The main features of the journalistic style, their characteristics. Language signs of style. What genres stand out in the journalistic style.

    test, added 11/15/2015

    The concept and form of implementation of the scientific style, its specific features. Distinctive characteristics of the journalistic style as a style of the socio-political sphere of communication. Morphological and syntactic features of the journalistic style.

    control work, added 04/01/2011

    Variety of functional styles of the Russian language. The use of language stereotypes when writing official papers. Functions of scientific style. Features of the morphology of colloquial speech. Emotionality as characteristic journalistic style.

    abstract, added 09/26/2013

    The history of the emergence, essence and functions of the journalistic style, as well as an analysis of its relationship with other styles of the Russian language. general characteristics specific features of the language of journalism, features of their functioning in a journalistic style.

    test, added 09/08/2010

Journalistic style

Plan

I . Introduction.

II . Journalistic style.

3. Genres of journalism.

III . Conclusion

I . Introduction

The Russian language is heterogeneous in its composition. In it, first of all, the literary language is distinguished. This is highest form national language, defined whole system norms. They cover its written and oral variety: pronunciation, vocabulary, word formation, grammar.

Literary language, depending on where and for what it is used, is divided into a number of styles.

Speech styles

Spoken Book

(scientific, official business,

journalistic style

fiction)

The styles of the Russian literary language are characterized by:

    the goal pursued by the speech statement ( scientific style used to communicate scientific information, explain scientific facts; journalistic - for the impact of the word through the media and directly to the speaker; official business - for information);

    scope of use, environment;

    genres;

    linguistic (lexical, syntactic) means;

    other style features.

II . Journalistic style

1. Characteristics of the journalistic style.

Journalistic style addressed to listeners, readers, this is already evidenced by the origin of the word (publicus , lat. - public).

The journalistic style of speech is a functional variety of the literary language and is widely used in various fields public life: in newspapers and magazines, on television and radio, in public political speeches, in the activities of parties and public associations. Political literature for the mass reader and documentaries should also be added here.

Publicistic style occupies a special place in the system of styles of the literary language, since in many cases it must process texts created within other styles. Scientific and business speech focused on the intellectual reflection of reality, artistic speech- on its emotional reflection. Publicism plays a special role - it seeks to satisfy both intellectual and aesthetic needs. The outstanding French linguist C. Bally wrote that "scientific language is the language of ideas, and artistic speech is the language of feelings." To this we can add that journalism is the language of both thoughts and feelings. The importance of topics covered by the media requires deep thought and appropriate media logical presentation thoughts, but the expression of the author's attitude to events impossible without the use of emotional means of language.

2. Features of journalistic style.

Scope of publicistic style : speeches, reports, debates, articles on socio-political topics (newspapers, magazines, radio, television).

The main function of the works of journalistic style: agitation, propaganda, discussion of pressing social, public issues in order to attract to them public opinion, influencing people, persuading them, suggesting certain ideas; motivation to do something or other.

Tasks of publicistic style speech : transmission of information on current issues modern life for the purpose of influencing people, forming public opinion.

Characteristics of the statement : appeal, passion, expression of attitude to the subject of speech, conciseness with informative saturation.

Features of journalistic style : relevance, timeliness, efficiency, figurativeness, expressiveness, clarity and consistency, information richness, the use of other styles (especially artistic and scientific), general accessibility (comprehensibility for wide audience), invocative pathos.

Genres of journalistic style : essays, articles in the media (newspapers, magazines, on the Internet), discussions, political debates.

Style Features Keywords: logic, figurativeness, emotionality, appraisal, genre diversity.

Language tools : socio-political vocabulary and phraseology, words with emphatically positive or negative value, proverbs, sayings, quotations, figurative and expressive means of the language (metaphors, epithets, comparisons, inversion, etc.), syntactic constructions of book and colloquial speech, simple (complete and incomplete) sentences, rhetorical questions, appeals.

Form and type of speech: written (oral is also possible); monologue, dialogue, polylogue.

3. Genres of journalism.

Journalism is rooted in antiquity. Publicistic pathos permeated many biblical texts, the works of ancient scientists and orators that have survived to this day. In literature Ancient Russia genres of journalism were present. A vivid example of a work of journalism of ancient Russian literature” is “The Tale of Igor's Campaign” (a genre of journalism is a word). Over the millennia, journalism has developed in many respects, including genre.

The genre repertoire of modern journalism is also diverse, not inferior to fiction. Here is a reportage, and notes, and chronicle information, and an interview, and an editorial, and a report, and an essay, and a feuilleton, and a review, and other genres.

1) Essay as a genre of journalism.

One of the most common genres of journalism is the essay.Feature article - small literary work, short description life events (usually socially significant). Distinguish between documentary, journalistic, everyday essays.

There are small essays published in newspapers, and large ones published in magazines, and entire essay books.

characteristic feature essay is documented, the reliability of facts, events, about which in question. In the essay, as in work of art, visual means are used, an element of artistic typification is introduced.

The essay, like other genres of journalism, always raises some important issue.

2) Oral presentation as a genre of journalism.

oral presentation also belongs to the journalistic genre.

Important hallmark oral presentation is the interest of the speaker - a guarantee that your speech will arouse the reciprocal interest of the audience. Oral presentation should not be drawn out: after 5-10 minutes, the attention of the listeners becomes dull. The speaker's speech should contain one main idea that the author wants to convey to the audience. In such speech are allowed colloquial expressions, active use of oratory speech techniques: rhetorical questions, appeals, exclamations, simpler than writing, syntax.

It is important to prepare such a speech: think over a plan, pick up arguments, examples, conclusions, so as not to read “on a piece of paper”, but to convince the audience. If a person owns the subject of his speech, has his own point of view, proves it, this causes respect, interest, and hence the attention of the audience.

3) Report as a genre of journalism.

Most complex shape oral presentations isreport . In this case, you can use pre-prepared notes, but do not abuse reading, otherwise the speaker will stop listening. The report usually concerns any field of knowledge: it can be a scientific report, a report-report. The report requires clarity, consistency, evidence, accessibility. In the course of the report, you can read vivid quotes, demonstrate graphs, tables, illustrations (they should be clearly visible to the audience).

4) Discussion as a genre of journalism.

The report can be a starting pointdiscussions , that is, the discussion of any controversial issue. It is important to clearly define the subject of discussion. Otherwise, it is doomed to failure: each participant in the dispute will speak about his own. It is necessary to argue with reason, to give convincing arguments.

III . Conclusion

Publicistic style is a very important style, with the help of it you can convey what cannot be conveyed by other styles of speech.Among the main linguistic features of the journalistic style, one should mention the fundamental heterogeneity stylistic means; the use of special terminology and emotionally colored vocabulary, a combination of standard and expressive means of the language, the use of both abstract and concrete vocabulary. An important feature journalism is the use of the most typical for this moment public life ways of presenting the material, the most frequent lexical units, phraseological units characteristic of the time and metaphorical uses of the word. The relevance of the content makes the journalist look for actual forms his expressions, generally understandable and at the same time distinguished by freshness, novelty.Publicism is the main sphere of origin and the most active channel for the spread of linguistic neologisms: lexical, word-formation, phraseological. Therefore, this style has a significant impact on the development of the language norm.

References

1. A.I. Vlasenkov, L.M. Rybchenkova. Russian language. 10-11 grades. Textbook for educational institutions. A basic level of. M., "Enlightenment", 2010.

2. V.F. Grekov, S.E. Kryuchkov, L.A. Cheshko. Russian language. 10-11 grades. Textbook for educational institutions. M., "Enlightenment", 2010.

3. Deikina A.D., Pakhnova T.M. Russian language (basic and profile levels).10-11 grades. Textbook for educational institutions. M.Verbum-M, 2005

4. N.A. Senina. Russian language. Preparation for the exam-2012. Rostov-on-Don, Legion, 2011