Old villages near Moscow. Abandoned villages in the Moscow region
On the pages of this blog, I wrote quite a lot about the benefits of maps in our difficult but interesting business - treasure hunting. Thanks to the maps, we learn about the old villages, where they were located, how the street went, and when it approximately existed and disappeared.
According to the maps, we can even find those places where the digger's foot has not set foot. So, in the spring of last year, we got into an unbeaten repair. On PGM there was only a barely noticeable small square. But in fact, there actually turned out to be a settlement where the four of us dug up quite well.
Thanks to maps, we can make our discoveries. After all, without them it is not known where to go, unless of course you talk to local population or not to identify the tracts by poplars, which can be seen from afar.
In our heyday of the Internet, almost any map, old or not, is easy to find and start working with. In this article I will talk about some useful maps in detecting, in particular, those that I use myself.
satellite imagery
I'll start with the newest cards. Satellite images are now quite good quality. From them we can see state of the art the place we are interested in. Whether the field is overgrown with forest, whether houses are left in the village, find out the way to the detecting point. It's a very detailed map, but it's hard to see the change in elevation. The relief looks flat. The scale of the pictures is detailed. By the way, if there is no detailed clear picture of the desired area from one service, you can find one from another. For example, if Google's terrain is blurry, then Yandex's is likely to be of excellent quality.
General Staff Cards
Also quite interesting maps. They are intended for the military, which is clear from the name. But they were also popular with topographers, surveyors, geologists, road builders, and others who work on the ground. All maps of the General Staff are similar: sheets of individual squares, divided into smaller squares. The scale is different. From 250 meters to 10 km in 1 cm. A couple of times I heard that there are also hundred meters, that is, 100 meters in 1 cm. At the same time, the maps of the General Staff have a very low error and can be used with great success on a GPS navigator for orientation and navigation, as well as finding places to dig and plot routes. All villages are clearly indicated and it is written how many inhabitants there were at the time the maps were created, the order of the location of streets, roads, mills is shown. I often use it myself, besides, the General Staff is loaded into the ozik on the phone.
Maps of the Red Army
Maps of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army. They are very similar to the General Staff, but they began to be created back in the 20s of the last century. Due to the lack of funds, people and opportunities, pre-revolutionary maps were taken as a basis. These cards have limited coverage. Namely, you can find maps of the Red Army only in the western part of our country. Not even the Kirov region. Although, somewhere there was a mention that there are topographic maps older than the General Staff of our regions. By the way, the inscription "Coordinate system of 1942" is often confused with the date of creation of this map. In fact, this is not the case, here we are only informed about the coordinate system. And the date of shooting and issue of the card is written on the right upper corner sheet. If the list of the General Staff was from 1942, then this is already a map of the Red Army. They, according to the information I have, were produced from 1925 to 1941. The scale is from 250 m to 5 km in 1 cm. Having examined this map, it attracted me with its detail and relative antiquity. It shows even the smallest settlements. The number of yards is indicated. Undoubtedly, a great map for a search engine! But it is a pity that it is not in our Vyatka region.
Schubert Map
With your permission, a brief background. At the beginning of the 19th century, F.F. Schubert headed the corps of military topographers and under him a 10-verst map of the Western parts was created Russian Empire on 60 sheets. But for some reason, it turned out to be inconvenient for practical use. I had to start working on a new one. It began to be created under the guidance of P. A. Tuchkov, but later Schubert took over the work on it. It covers the time period of almost the entire second half of the 19th century, starting from 1846. But the main work was done before 1863, when 435 sheets were made. Further work continued at a similar pace. In 1886, 508 sheets were drawn. Basically, they used the already compiled ten-verst line, only supplementing and clarifying it. Very good detail of objects. Literally everything that is needed is indicated: settlements, forests, rivers, roads, crossings, etc. There is even a character of the relief. Its scale is 3 versts in 1 inch or 1260 m in 1 cm. However, not all areas are drawn by Schubert. For example, Vyatka, alas, is not there.
Strelbitsky Map
In the middle of the 19th century, I. A. Strelbitsky was a member of the Military Topographic Department at the General Staff and he was instructed to update and supplement the Special Map of the European Part of Russia. Strelbitsky supervised this work from 1865 to 1871. The new map consisted of 178 sheets and covered the European part of the country and parts of the adjacent western and southern provinces. The scale is very inaccurate. There are 10 versts in 1 inch. And if translated in our manner, then 4200 m in 1 cm. In particular, this map was also used as the basis for creating maps of the Red Army. What to say about the map of Strelbitsky: a large error, only major roads and settlements are marked. Suitable, of course, as overview map but I don't use it.
Mende Map
Its author is A. I. Mende. From 1849 to 1866, he supervised the work on creating a map in the central provinces of the Russian Empire. When creating this map, 40 surveyors and 8 officers of the Corps of Military Topographers worked. Its scale is 420 m in 1 cm. A very interesting map, but it does not cover the whole European part Russia. It's a pity ... This is a boundary map with decent detail. Very similar to PGM.
PGM or General Survey Plan
The oldest of the maps presented here and, despite its age, is very accurate and detailed. The decree to create a general survey plan was given in 1796. Under Catherine the Great, mass land surveying began: the country's territory was divided into counties, and they were divided into dachas - plots of owners who had rights to these lands within certain boundaries. They were assigned numbers, and their decoding is given in the economic note, which was an addition to the plan for each province. The scale of the map is 1 or 2 versts in an inch, which is the usual 420 meters in 1 cm. When superimposed on a modern map and when tied to satellites, you will encounter difficulty - an error and quite large. After all, this is not a map tied to coordinates, but just a plan. But enough detailed plan! You can get a lot out of it. useful information for searches with a metal detector about the time of occurrence of the point, its size at that time, the location of the street and houses, about roads and highways. Churches and church lands are marked, on which markets and fairs could be located, since these territories were not taxed. The map is very interesting and I use it. It is suitable as an overview map: look, think and go. I don't see the point in linking it. But it’s still worth putting on modern satellite images! By the way, some sheets, due to their dilapidation, may not be well preserved and instead of places of interest you will see a hole.
Thus, we have just examined those cards that are mainly used by treasure hunters. There are also other cards, but about them sometime later.
Each map is good in its own way and brings certain benefits to the digger when planning places for digging and studying the history of his area. And you need to use the cards at the same time, mentally overlaying them on top of each other and comparing the terrain on the old and more new map. These cards are the history of our country.
Where can I download?
Yes, right here on this blog. I recently started uploading old maps. You can view and download them.
Topographic map of the Moscow province, engraved at the Military Topographic Depot in 1860 on 40 sheets. The scale is 2 versts in the English inch 1:84000.
Of considerable interest is not only the process of creating the map itself, but also the historical period of time that preceded its appearance.
At the end of the 18th century, a radical transformation of the cartographic business in Russia took place, which marked the beginning of an independent military topographic service. Emperor Paul I, shortly after coming to the throne, drew Special attention for lack in Russia good cards and on November 13, 1796, he issued a decree on the transfer of all maps of the General Staff to the disposal of General G.G. Kushelev and about its foundation Imperial Majesty Drawing, from which in August 1797 His Majesty's Own Map Depot was created.
This act made it possible to bring order to the publication of maps and made the Map Depot a centralized state archive of cartographic works in order to preserve the state and military secrets. At the Depot, a specialized engraving department was established, and in 1800 the Geographical Department was added to it. On February 28, 1812, the Depot of Maps was renamed the Military Topographic Depot with subordination to the War Ministry. Since 1816, the Military Topographic Depot was transferred to the jurisdiction of the General Staff of His Imperial Majesty. In terms of its tasks and organization, the Military Topographic Depot was primarily a cartographic institution. There was no department of topographic surveys, and the necessary number of officers from the army was seconded for the production of maps.
After the end of the war with Napoleon I, much more attention began to be paid to field topographic and geodetic work. Military operations revealed a shortage in maps, and new methods of warfare at that time raised the question of the need for large-scale maps, which, in turn, required a good and fairly dense network of reference geodetic points and accurate topographic surveys. Since 1816, the triangulation of the Vilna province began, which laid the foundation for the development of triangulations in the country, and since 1819, regular topographic surveys were organized on a strict scientific basis. However, the performance of geodetic and topographic work by a small number of officers of the quartermaster unit, who, in addition to this, had a lot of other official duties, did not allow starting the process of planned and systematic mapping of the country.
In addition, the costs of maintaining topographic officers seemed too high. Therefore, the question arose of creating for surveying and geodetic work specialized organization, completed from persons of non-noble origin. Such an organization, which existed along with the Military Topographic Depot, was formed in 1822 and became known as the Corps of Military Topographers. Its composition was completed from the most capable pupils of the military orphanage departments - cantonists, sons of soldiers who belonged from birth to the military department in then serf Russia. In order to train the personnel of the Corps of Military Topographers, the Military Topographic School was founded in the same year. The corps of military topographers, established at the General Staff of His Imperial Majesty, became a special organization for the performance of geodetic work, topographic surveys and preparation a large number highly qualified topographers.
The activities of the famous Russian surveyor and cartographer F.F. Schubert, its founder and first director. Fedor Fedorovich Schubert (1789-1865) was the eldest of the children and only son outstanding astronomer academician Fyodor Ivanovich Schubert (1758-1825). Until the age of eleven, he was brought up at home, with special attention paid to mathematics and comprehension of languages. During this period, F.F. Schubert read a lot of books from the home library, as well as from the library of the Academy of Sciences, which was in charge of his father. In 1800 F.F. Schubert was assigned to the Peter and Paul School, later renamed the school, without graduating from which, in June 1803, at the age of only 14, at the request of his father, he was transferred to the General Staff as a column leader.
Quartermaster General P.K. Sukhtelen, a close acquaintance of Fyodor Fedorovich's father, instilled in the young man, who dreamed of naval service, a great love for topographic and geodetic work. In 1804 F.F. Schubert was sent on two astronomical missions, for the successful execution of the first of them he was promoted to second lieutenant. In the spring of 1805, he took part in a scientific expedition to Siberia led by his father, and in the summer of 1806 he was again busy with astronomical work in Narva and Revel. From October 1806 to February 1819 F.F. Schubert was in active army, taking part in hostilities against the French, Swedes and Turks. During the battle of Preussisch-Eylau in 1807, he was seriously wounded in the chest and left hand and almost died during the attack of Ruschuk. In 1819 F.F. Schubert was appointed head of the 3rd department of the Military Topographic Depot of the General Staff, and from 1820 he became the head of triangulation and topographic survey of the St. Petersburg province and in the same year received the rank of major general.
In 1822 F.F. Schubert develops a draft regulation on the Corps of Military Topographers and soon becomes the first director of the newly established Corps. After 3 years, he was appointed manager, and from 1832 - director (until 1843) of the Military Topographic Depot of the General Staff and the Council of the General Staff Academy. In addition to the positions of F.F. Schubert from 1827 to 1837 was also the head of the Hydrographic Depot of the Main Naval Staff of His Imperial Majesty. Fedor Fedorovich successfully combined the management of these institutions with a number of other equally responsible duties. He supervises extensive trigonometric and topographic work in a number of provinces, organizes the publication of "Notes of the Military Topographic Depot" and "Notes of the Hydrographic Depot"; composes and publishes the "Guide for the Calculation of Trigonometric Surveys and the Works of the Military Topographic Depot", which served as the main guide for topographers for several decades. June 20, 1827 F.F. Schubert was elected an honorary member Petersburg Academy sciences, and in 1831, for distinction in service, he was promoted to lieutenant general.
The cartographic works of Fyodor Fedorovich are of considerable importance, especially the ten-verst special map of the Western part of Russia that he published on 60 sheets, known as the "Schubert Maps", as well as his works devoted to the study of the type and size of the Earth. In 1845 F.F. Schubert becomes general of infantry, and the following year he is appointed director of the Military Scientific Committee of the General Staff, which he led until its abolition in 1859. With such an abundance of responsible positions, F.F. Schubert not only did an excellent job with the duties assigned to him, but also brought a lot of new things to the business of each institution in which he had a chance to work, so his contribution to the development of the domestic military topographic service was very important, and his authority in the scientific world is very huge.
free from public service Fedor Fedorovich devoted time to numismatics (in 1857 he published a detailed work on this issue). He was fluent in four languages, perfectly versed in music and painting, was a multifaceted, hardworking and cultured person.
The name of General Schubert is also associated with the creation of a topographic map of the Moscow province, which was engraved at the Military Topographic Depot in 1860. As already indicated above, since 1816 in Russia began great work for laying triangulation and production of topographic surveys based on a rigorous scientific basis. In 1820, he began his extensive triangulation work and F.F. Schubert. In the period from 1833 to 1839, under his leadership, the triangulation of the Moscow province was carried out, which was fully completed only by 1841. A big drawback of the triangulation work of F.F. Schubert was that he did not pursue the goal of obtaining such high precision, which was inherent in the triangulation of K.I. Tenner and V.Ya. Struve, who at that time were in charge of similar work in Russia. F.F. Schubert attached a purely utilitarian meaning to these works - to provide support only for current topographic surveys, since, being the director of the Military Topographic Depot, he tried to get maps on the possible large area country. In addition, in his triangulations, F.F. Schubert did not pay due attention to finding the heights of points, which was keenly felt when bringing the lengths of the measured bases to the sea surface. However, these shortcomings of the triangulation work of General Schubert were more than made up for. high quality instrumental topographic surveys carried out under his supervision.
The rules for filming have been subject to all sorts of variations over time. The general provisions, true for most cases, were as follows. Trigonometric points were intended as the basis for the breakdown of the geometric network. Only the main objects of the area were filmed instrumentally: big roads, rivers, borders of provinces. For this purpose, the serif method was widely used; in forest spaces it was allowed to use a compass. The main content of the map was depicted with the help of an eye. In the course of the survey, the relief was rendered by contour lines indicating the angular magnitude of the slopes of the terrain, and only the contours of the peaks and thalwegs were instrumentally plotted. The relief was drawn in a chamber setting with strokes in the Leman system.
Topographic instrumental surveys in the Moscow province under the direction of F.F. Schubert were produced in 1838-1839. At this time, only space in the districts of Moscow was filmed. Filming was done on a scale of 200 fathoms to an inch. The requirements that Fedor Fedorovich made to performers field work, were very high. Suffice it to say that F.F. Schubert strictly forbade the use of a compass, since it could not give the accuracy that could be achieved by shooting forest roads with alidade. Subsequently, based on the materials of these surveys, in 1848 a topographic map of the environs of Moscow was issued on 6 sheets on a scale of 1 verst per inch. After quite a long time, the shooting of the Moscow province was continued. In the years 1852-1853 they were produced under the direction of Major Generals Vietinghoff and Rennenkampf and were conducted on a scale of 500 fathoms per inch.
Topographic surveys in the Moscow province were carried out by the Corps of military topographers, but we can hardly now accurately identify the direct executors of field work, since their names are not on the map of 1860. But on each of the 40 sheets, we can read the names of the engravers of the Military Topographic Depot below, who prepared this map for publication. In the fragment of this map, presented to your attention, there are four incomplete sheets on each of which 6-7 people worked. Interestingly, among the latter were two free engravers invited from abroad: Yegor Eglov and Heinrich Bornmiller. These artists taught our engravers the best European methods of engraving and took a direct part in the work "for which, in 1864, the Sovereign Emperor Deigned to grant them silver medals to wear on the ribbon of the Order of St. Stanislaus, with the inscription "for diligence"".
The original topographic map of the Moscow province of 1860 is a print from an engraving on copper on 40 sheets + a prefabricated sheet, executed in one color. The borders of the province and districts are manually raised with red watercolor paint. The map was compiled in a trapezoidal pseudo-cylindrical multifaceted Muefling projection on a scale of 1:84,000 or, translated into the Russian system of measures, 2 versts per inch. When compiling the map, materials from topographic surveys made in 1852-1853 were used, but it should be noted that the surveys of 1838-1839 were also the basis for creating this map for those sheets that cover the territory of Moscow and its environs. The content of the map is perfect. Of particular interest is the high skill of engravers, thanks to which all elements of the map are perfectly readable. The relief is beautifully engraved, especially the ravine network: the smallest spurs are drawn, which on the present topographic maps ah similar scale might just be missed. A considerable number of different objects are signed on the map, which makes it possible to use it as the most valuable source of data on toponymy, since many hydronyms are partly lost today - you will not find them on any large-scale topographic map. Even in our time, almost 140 years later, with the help of this document, one can quite confidently navigate the countryside. It is not surprising that in Soviet time The presented card was in the category of secret.
There are settlements that are prosperous, dying, and there are dead ones. The latter always attract a large number of tourists and adventurers. main topic of this article - the abandoned villages of the Moscow region. It is very difficult to say how many of them there are in the Moscow region, and indeed in Russia in general. After all, every year there are new abandoned villages. You can also see photos of these villages in this article.
- the problem of Russia
No wonder they say that it is the soul of the country and the people. And if the village dies, then the whole country dies. It is very difficult to disagree with this statement. After all, the village is indeed the cradle of Russian culture and traditions, the Russian spirit and Russian poetry.
Unfortunately, abandoned ones are not uncommon today. Modern Russians increasingly prefer the urban lifestyle, breaking away from their roots. Meanwhile, the village is degrading and more and more abandoned villages appear on the map of Russia, the photos of which amaze with their despondency and longing.
But, on the other hand, such objects attract a large number of tourists and the so-called stalkers - people who are eager to visit various kinds of abandoned places. Thus, the abandoned villages of Russia can become a good resource for the development of extreme tourism.
However, the state should not forget about the problems of the Russian village, which can be solved only by a complex of various measures - economic, social and propaganda.
Abandoned villages in Russia - the reasons for the degradation of villages
The word "village" comes from the old Russian word "to tear" - that is, to cultivate the land. It is very difficult to imagine authentic Russia without villages - a symbol of the Russian spirit. However, the realities of our time are such that the village is dying, a huge number of once flourishing villages simply cease to exist. What's the matter? What are the reasons for these sad processes?
Perhaps the main reason is urbanization - the process of rapidly increasing the role of the city in society. Big cities attract more and more people, especially young people. Young people leave for cities to get an education and, as a rule, do not return to their native village. Over time, only the elderly remain in the villages, who live out their lives there, as a result of which the villages die out. For this reason, almost all the abandoned villages of the Moscow region appeared.
Another fairly common reason for the degradation of villages is the lack of jobs. Many villages in Russia suffer from this problem, as a result of which their inhabitants are also forced to go to the cities in search of work. Villages can disappear for other reasons as well. For example, it can be a man-made disaster. Villages can also degrade as a result of changes in their economic and geographical position. For example, if the direction of the road changes, thanks to which a particular village has been developing all this time.
Moscow region - the land of ancient temples and estates
Podmoskovye is an unofficial name. The historical predecessor of this region can be considered the Moscow province, which was formed back in 1708.
The Moscow region is one of the leading regions in terms of the number of objects cultural heritage Russia. This is a real paradise for a tourist and a traveler: more than a thousand ancient temples and monasteries, dozens of beautiful estates, as well as numerous places with long-term traditions of folk art crafts. It is in the Moscow region that such ancient and most interesting cities like Zvenigorod, Istra, Sergiev Posad, Dmitrov, Zaraysk and others.
At the same time, the abandoned villages of the Moscow region are also well known to many. There are a lot of them in this region. The most interesting abandoned villages of the Moscow region will be discussed further.
Such objects attract primarily extreme people, as well as local historians and various lovers of antiquity. there are many such places. First of all, it is worth mentioning the Fedorovka farm, the villages of Botovo, Grebnevo and Shatour. These abandoned villages near Moscow on the map:
Khutor Fedorovka
This farm is located 100 kilometers from Moscow. In fact, this is a former military town, so you will not find it on any of the maps. Around the beginning of the 90s, the village of 30 residential buildings completely fell into disrepair. At one time, it had its own boiler house, substation, and also a shop.
Botovo village
The old village of Botovo is located in the Moscow region, near the Volokolamsk station (Riga direction). Once in this area was the estate of Princess A. M. Dolgorukova. The center of this estate was a wooden church, which was built in the 16th century (the church has not been preserved). The last owner of the estate in Botovo, as you know, gave it to the peasants at the beginning of the 20th century.
Of the surviving objects in Botovo, you can only see the ruins of the Resurrection Church, built in the 1770s in the pseudo-Russian style, as well as the remains of an old twenty-hectare park. There are still old birch and linden alleys in this park.
Village Grebnevo
Grebnevo is a 16th-century estate with rich interesting history and pretty tragic fate. It is located forty kilometers from the capital, on the Shchelkovo highway.
The first owner of the estate was B. Ya. Belsky, the gunsmith of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, then the Vorontsovs and Trubetskoys owned the estate. In 1781, Gavril Ilyich Bibikov became the owner, it was under him that the estate acquired the form in which it has survived to this day.
Since the beginning Soviet era the dramatic pages of the history of the estate in Grebnevo are connected. The nationalization of the complex led to the fact that the buildings gradually began to lose their historical appearance. First of all, all the internal interiors of buildings were affected. At first, a tuberculosis sanatorium was located within the walls of the estate complex, then a technical school. And only in 1960 the Grebnevo estate was declared architectural monument republican significance.
In the late 1980s, the estate seemed to have received a new impetus for its development and preservation. A cultural center was formed here, and various concerts, events and exhibitions began to be held regularly on the estate. Active restoration work began to restore the complex. But in 1991 there was a huge fire, after which only the frames of manor buildings and structures remained from it. In this state, the Grebnevo estate remains to this day, more and more turning into ordinary ruins.
Shatour village
The old village of Shatour has been known since the 17th century. It is located on poor soils, so the main occupation local residents there has always been a hunt. Perhaps it was for this reason that the village fell into decay in the middle of the 20th century.
Today the village is completely deserted. Occasionally, the owners of individual houses visit here (several times a year). Among the abandoned village, the old brick bell tower looks great, towering over the deserted village.
Reminder for the extreme tourist
Despite their gloom and decrepitude, the old uninhabited villages and other abandoned places evoke huge interest many tourists. However, travel to such objects can be associated with certain dangers.
What should the so-called extreme tourists know?
- firstly, before going on such a trip, you should notify your relatives or friends about your trip, its timing and the route of your movement;
- secondly, you need to dress appropriately; remember that you are not going for an evening walk in the park: clothes should be closed, and shoes should be reliable, durable and comfortable;
- thirdly, take with you the necessary supply of water and food, also in your backpack should be a flashlight, matches and a standard first aid kit.
Finally...
The old villages of the Moscow region amaze travelers with their desolation and picturesqueness. I can't even believe that such objects can be located just a few tens of kilometers from the capital - the largest metropolis on the planet! Getting into one of these villages is like using a time machine. It seems like time has stopped here...
Alas, the number of abandoned villages in Russia is growing every year. Perhaps someday this problem can be solved. But for now, abandoned villages serve only as objects of interest for all kinds of extreme people, stalkers and lovers of gloomy antiquity.
They are a source of invaluable information. But the study of old maps and their search often causes many difficulties and questions. In this article, we will try to answer some of them.
The principle of studying old topographic maps is simple: you need to try to find as many of them as possible for the area under study and compare the found old maps with the corresponding modern topographic maps to identify any changes. Nowadays, it is not necessary to go to the library or archive in search of old maps. Electronic copies of most topographic maps can be easily found in various electronic libraries and websites. However, sometimes the search old map is pretty challenging task, especially if you are looking for detailed maps, such as old county maps on a scale of 1 or 2 versts in the English inch.
Before you start looking for old maps of the territory you are exploring, you need to know that:
1) Topography, a relatively young science. The compilation of detailed topographic maps of the provinces and districts of the Russian Empire began in the early 19th century. Therefore, one should not waste time looking for detailed topographic maps from the 18th century and earlier.
2) First of all, topographic surveys were carried out in the border areas of the Empire and its densely populated central regions. Therefore, it is very difficult to find old maps of the northern, eastern and other sparsely populated territories of our country.
3) Provinces and regions have undergone significant territorial changes over the centuries. Therefore, it is extremely important to study the history of the area you are researching, while it is necessary to find the answer to the question: which counties and provinces (regions) included this territory and in what years?
Start by exploring the territory under study by viewing small-scale maps and atlases of the Russian Empire, for example:
If after reading historical background about the province, you could not establish which county the territory under study belongs to, then by superimposing the above maps on modern ones you can always find out.
Now, after we found out which county and province the territory we studied was part of, we can start searching detailed maps.
What are old cards?
During the 19th century, topographic surveys of almost the entire territory of the European part of the Russian Empire were carried out, as a result of which detailed topographic maps were compiled, which the best way suitable for your research. Finding such old maps will not cause difficulties, since a huge number of Internet sites sell them or give the right to download them for free. A number of such cards are also presented on our website. Let's list some of them.
General Survey Plans
The oldest among the detailed maps are. Plans for general land surveying were drawn up on a scale of 1-2 versts in the English inch in the period from 1766 to 1861. During this period, plans were drawn up for 35 provinces. Mainly central regions our country. Plans were drawn without a single mathematical basis, they do not have a grid of coordinates. Therefore, despite their detailed scale, working with these maps is the most difficult, and in some places their quality leaves much to be desired.
Maps of Mende
General survey plans served as the basis for other old maps. These are the so-called Mende maps, named after Lieutenant General Alexander Ivanovich Mende, who led the joint topographic surveys of the boundary department and the corps of military topographers in the period from 1849 to 1866. Based on the survey results, boundary atlases and maps of eight provinces of the Russian Empire were published: Tver, Ryazan, Tambov, Vladimir, Yaroslavl, Simbirsk, Nizhny Novgorod and Penza provinces. Maps of Mende, as well as plans for general surveying, were drawn up on a scale of 1 or 2 versts in the English inch, but unlike them, they have a grid of coordinates and are more accurate.
Military topographic maps
Among the old maps, a special place is occupied by military topographic maps. It should be noted that in Russia in the 19th century, direct field (topographic) surveys were carried out by officers of the Corps of Military Topographers, and the collection, storage and publication of maps was carried out by the Military Topographic Depot. With this procedure, it was possible to achieve systematic topographic surveys, built on a scientific basis (on a network of reference geodetic points). Therefore, military topographic maps are distinguished by their uniformity, accuracy and their detail.
The following military topographic maps are most famous:
- Two-verst topographic map of the Moscow province. It is based on topographic instrumental surveys of the Moscow province, carried out by officers of the Corps of military topographers in 1838-1839 and 1852-1853. The map was published on 40 sheets on a scale of 2 versts per inch.
- Three-verst military topographic map, which covers almost all the provinces of the European part of Russia, with the exception of Moscow and has more than 600 sheets. Despite the fact that the lieutenant general did not participate in the compilation and publication of this map, novice researchers of old maps mistakenly call it the Schubert map.
- Schubert's ten-verst map ().
- Strelbitsky map. Due to the outdated data of the Schubert map, in the middle of the 19th century there was an urgent need for more detailed and modern map European part of Russia. Therefore, in November 1865, the compilation and engraving of a new special map of all European Russia began, already under the editorship of the General Staff of Captain Strelbitsky. The new one was a huge cartographic publication on 152 sheets and covered much more than half of all of Europe.
Old maps of the Asian part of Russia
As you may have noticed, among the above topographic maps there are no detailed old maps of the Asian part of Russia. This is due, firstly, to the fact that these territories were sparsely populated and studied, and, secondly, they were removed from the Western borders of the Empire and therefore were of no interest to the Military Topographic Depot, the main purpose of which was to provide reliable maps military ministry.
Therefore, for many territories of the Asian part of Russia, maps on a scale of 20 versts per inch or more are the only old maps, such as:
- General map of Western Siberia with the Kirghiz steppe, 1848
Nevertheless, for some parts of the Asian part of Russia, there are more detailed old maps:
- Road map along the rivers of Western Siberia: Ture, Tobol, Irtysh, Ob and Tom, 1884
Other old maps of provinces and districts of the Russian Empire
In addition to the listed topographic maps, which are widely distributed on the Internet, there are other old maps that you can use in your work. Such maps were compiled in order to meet the needs of various government organizations: the postal department, provincial statistical bureaus, provincial zemstvos, and others. The search for such old maps is especially difficult, since they are not mentioned in all catalogs and reference books, so most often the discovery of such maps occurs randomly in various historical sources. For example, as attachments, old maps are available in some lists of populated places, military reviews and other statistical publications.
The following old maps are an example:
- Postal map of Asiatic Russia and Siberia, published in 1871 by the postal department.
1872. The publication contains a description of all the topographic and cartographic works carried out by the corps of military topographers.
On our site you can Russian Empire.
Good luck with your research!
The history of lost settlements that have not survived to this day is important integral part the history of the region.
Today we will talk about the village Lipovets, which existed in the XVI-I floor. 18th century on the territory of the Housing Cooperative (Zhilkop) of the urban settlement of Fryanovo, Shchelkovsky District, Moscow Region, village Gridino, in different times called Bravino, Brovkino or Gridkovo, from the beginning of the 16th to the beginning of the 20th century, located on the right bank of the Dubenka River opposite the village of Golovino, the village Kopylovo in the XVI-I half. 18th century located between Mavrino and Stepankovo, a village Lunevo, in the XVIII - first half. 19th century located on the right bank of the river. Melezhi near the village of Bobry and a village with an unusual name Bolohrystovo, at the beginning of the XVI - the first half of the XIX century. that existed not far from the current Staropareev ...
Lipovets
To the north of Fryanovo along the Sherenka River through the Likhachikha wasteland (as the Endova cliff was called in those days) on the territory of the present Fryanovo Housing Cooperative in XVI century there was an ancient village of Lipovets. She was listed in the estate of Ivan Mikitin, the son of Boskakov.
Ivan Mikitin son of Boskakov (Baskakov). The Boskakovs were relatives of the Zubovs, who had long owned the village Gridina, located between and . Both clans descended from the Tatar Baskak Amragat (Miragan), who was baptized with the name of Zakharia (Martyn).
One of the sons of Amragat, Parthenius, who accepted monasticism with the name of Pafnutius, died in 1478 and in 1540 was canonized as a saint (Rev. Pafnuty of Borovsky, 1394-1477). His other son, Ivan Boskakov, died in the Kazan campaign of 1547. One of Baskakov's descendants, Sharap Baskakov, sold a number of his estates to the Trinity Makhrishchi Monastery, but this deal was disputed by Timofei Klobukov, son of Toporkov, another large estate owner of the Shchelkovsky region. The Baskakovs were among the old families of the Central Russian districts who had long-standing contacts with representatives of the administration of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery.
Venerable Pafnutiy Borovsky.
In the lists of service people, Tens of 1577, the owner of the village of Lipovets, Ivan Mikitin, the son of Baskakov, wasmarked in the following way : “at the layout, the payers said: they don’t know it, they don’t live from the layout”. In other words, a service man was not endowed with land for his service, but lived off his own estates. The commentator of this mention believes that it was Ivan Mikitin Baskakov who owned the village of Lipovets.
The need for money was one of the reasons that forced the owners to part with their patrimonial estates. In 1577/78, Ivan Baskakov sold his large village of Aleksino in the Kinel camp to the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. Despite the fact that Ivan Boskakov had a son, Evdokim Ivanovich, he gave to his soul the village of Lipovets with the patrimonial yard in the Suzdal bishop's house. Later, in 1627, Evdokim tried unsuccessfully to sue a number of his father's patrimonial estates at the Trinity-Sergius Monastery. Another son of Ivan Mikitin Boskakov, Ivan, served under Ivan Vasilyevich Sitsky (? -1608), the then owner of the neighboring village. In 1586, I.V. Sitsky gave Ivan Ivanovich Baskakov 350 honors of land in the Moscow district. It is interesting that the third son of Ivan Boskakov, Grabysh Ivanov, the son of Boskakov, was the nephew of the deacon Shemet Ivanov and together with him entered into the possession of the future Fryanovo. The wife of Ivan Mikitin, son of Boskakov, was the sister of Shemet Ivanov.
So, in 1584-1586, the village of Lipovets, together with the Likhachikha (Endova) wasteland adjacent to the village's possessions and the Klimushi wasteland (Klimushino, not far from), passed into the possession of the Suzdal Bishop's House: “The village of Lipovets, which was formerly behind Ivan behind Boskakov, and in it the court of the lords, and Grigory Kirilov, the son of Samsonov, lives in it”. Soon, the Klimushi wasteland (the territory of the Fryanovsky factory CJSC), the village of Poreevo (Staropareevo) and the villages of Bolohristovo and Ikonnikova (Ikonnikovskaya), which do not exist now, were annexed to the possessions of the Suzdal Bishop's House. The village of Lipovets, being in church possessions, became deserted in the first half - the middle of the 18th century. On the maps of the General Land Survey of 1766-1770, the area belonging to the College of Economy was listed as the Lipovitsa Wasteland.
Gridina (Bravino, Brovkino, Gridkovo)
On the right bank of the Dubenka river, opposite from the beginning XVI century to first half XX century there was a village that does not exist now Gridina. AT XVI century, it was the ancestral patrimony of Ivan Zubov, who came from an ancient noble family, erected to the Tatar Baskak Amragat (Miragan), who was baptized with the name of Zakharia (Martyn) and became the ancestor of the Zubovs and Boskakovs. The relationship of Ivan Zubov with the Boskakovs is all the more interesting because on the territory of the future Fryanovo in the possession of Ivan Boskakov there was a village Lipovitsy. In addition, the son of Boskakov was the nephew of the clerk Shemet Ivanov and together with him entered into the possession of the future Fryanovo. Information about the life and work of Ivan Zubov has been lost, but it is known that until 1584-86 the village, which had become a wasteland by that time, passed into the possession of his son: "For Grigory Ivanov, the son of Zubov old father his fiefdom: the wasteland that was the village of Gridin " .
In 1768, the village of Gridina, named "Bravina" along with its lands, was drawn to the village of Golovino, located on the other side of the Sherenka River (on the map of 1786-1791 - the river "Reshenka"), and was included in the possession of the village of Golovino, state councilor Sergei Ivanovich Protopopov.
D. Brovino on the map 1786-1791
By 1812 the name of the village changed again. The village is called this time "Brovkino". Then the widow of Sergei Ivanovich, Anna Alekseevna Protopopova, already owns it and the village. Around 1816, the owner sells the village to the son of a famous architect, collegiate assessor A.I. Starov, and sells the village of Gridkovo (Brovkino) to Captain Anatoly Sergeevich Vyazemsky, who owned the village at that time. In 1852, 54 serfs lived in seven households in the village of Gridkovo. After the abolition of serfdom, and the redemption of land plots from the owner (1862), there were 8 households and 58 people here. At the end of the century, due to the outflow of the population from the village to work, the number of people living in the village was reduced. Back in 1882, the same number of people lived in the village of Gridkova in 7 houses as 20 years ago, but in 1890 (the same in 1899) only 20 peasants lived in the village. In the same year, 1890, there was a master's yard-estate near the village, which belonged to the hereditary honorary citizen Alexandra Nikolaevna Smirnova.
After the revolution, in 1926, the village of Gridkovo (Gridina) belonged to the Dubrovinsky village council. There were 12 households, 37 people lived here. When the village ceased to exist in these places is not exactly known. Now nothing reminds of it here, and the tireless waves of time have erased the memory that our ancestors once lived and died here, dreamed, worked and loved.
Kopylova (Kopyly)
It is worth mentioning another ancient village that has not survived to this day, which existed back in those days when the current village was a wasteland. Between Mavrino and, a little north of the also not preserved village in XVI century, there was the now defunct village of Kopylova. The name of the village was given by the name of its oldest owner-votchinnik, who could be the Moscow princely posadnik in Pskov, mentioned in 1510 by Yuri Kopyl (Kopylov). Geographically, the village belonged to Vor-Korzenev camp. The village was an old patrimonial possession of the Napolskys, large patrimonial owners of the Kinel district. Until 1573, the unserving son of the boyar Fyodor Teplov Napolsky took the lands of the Mavrinskaya wasteland as rent. "Children of the boyars" in those days were called representatives of the class of landowners from the crushed clans of the boyars or boyar warriors. Until 1584/1586, the village of Kopylova became deserted, and, apparently, after the death of F.T. Napolsky, passed into the possession of his sons: “Behind the undergrowth, behind the Peasant, and behind Ondryushka, behind the Fedorov children of Napolsky, their old father's patrimony of vil. Kopylov, who was formerly behind Fyodor Napolsky, and in it is the yard of the votchinniks ” . In 1596, Andrey Fedorov, the son of Napolskaya, made up the estate land (150 quarters) according to Pereslavl Zalessky. Andrey Fedorovich was listed as an unserved and unemployed "newcomer", that is, a young man of 15-18 years old, now, in 1596, taken to military service. Noviki, who received land salaries this year, made up the cadres of figures of the Time of Troubles. Together with him, the son of the owner of the wasteland of Mavrino in 1630, Sidor Elizariev, was also listed in the “ten noviks”.
A century and a half later, in 1768, the wasteland of Kopylov belonged to the owner of the village of Gavrilkovo - Anna Vasilievna Eropkina, and after her passed into the possession of the court adviser Olga Mikhailovna Potresova. In 1852, the wasteland was no longer mentioned.
Lunevo
In the old days, Lunevo was located a little west of the village on the same right bank of the river. Melezhi a little upstream. Unfortunately, there are no documents that could testify to the ancient origin of this lost village. Only its name can tell us about it. Many Lunev nobles who owned estates are known to Russian history from the second half XV century. A certain Filipp Koptev, son of Lunev, was placed in the Moscow region by 250 families of the Ten Noviks of 1596.
Village Lunevo on the map 1786-1791
In 1768, which became the village of Lunevo, was in the possession of Countess Ekaterina Ivanovna Karamysheva (1716-?, nee Tolstoy) - the wife of court adviser Nikolai Fedorovich Karamyshev. Ekaterina Ivanovna was the daughter of Count Ivan Petrovich Tolstoy (1685-1786) and Sofia Sergeyevna Stroganova (1824-1852). Then 40 souls of serfs lived in the village.
In 1812, the wife of the collegiate secretary, the sister of the owner of the neighboring village of Bobry, Anna Karlovna Yanish, owned the village of Lunevo. Sisters Anna and Elizaveta were the daughters of a professor of medicine, one of the first rectors of the Yaroslavl Demidov School of Higher Sciences, a popularizer chemical theory light, Karl Ivanovich Janisch (1776-1853). During the invasion of Napoleon, Anna Karlovna provided 16 warriors from the serfs of the village of Lunevo to the militia. In the second quarter XIX century Lunevo falls into disrepair and merges with the village of Bobry. On Schubert's map, it is already referred to as "the village of Beavers (Lunevo)". In 1852, the village was no longer mentioned.
Bolohrystovo
In the second half XVI century, not far from Staropareev, in the interfluve of Shirenka and Kilenka, there was an ancient patrimonial village that does not exist now, which bore the rather strange name Bolohrystovo. In Sreznevsky's dictionary, the first part - "Bolo" is the root of the Old Slavic word " Bologo" - "good". Such a name of the village, indicated in the documents of 1573-1586, can indirectly testify to the antiquity of the village and the etymology of its name "Good (good) - Christ's", dating back to XV century.
In the second quarter XVI owned the village for centuries Semyon Petelin, who came from an old family of Pereyaslav estates who served the Moscow princes from the time of Grand Duke Ivan Kalita. The most famous of the clerks of the Petelin family was the clerk of the Order of the Grand Palace (1578) - Druzhina Foma Panteleevich Petelin, who, according to the recall of the English diplomat Giles Fletcher, was “a very remarkable person among the natives in intelligence and quickness in political affairs ». Someone Ivan Petelin in 1450 owned villages and villages in the Kinel volost, located northeast of the Trinity-Sergius Monastery along the Pereyaslavskaya (Trinity) road. The descendants of the Petelins - service people Yakov and Vaska are mentioned in the documents of the Time of Troubles. It is only known for certain that Semyon Petelin left no heirs and handed over the village of Bolohristovo by inheritance to his daughter "Mashka Semyon's daughter Petelin", who owned it for the most part, until 1584, when, as an escheated fiefdom, the village of Bolohristovo became the property of the state and entered the state local distribution.
The rich rural economy, which emerged from the estates into the estate, was a tasty morsel for any service person of those years. Already in 1584-1586, the village of Bolohristovo was divided in two between the local owners: Ivan Olekseev son of Ugrimov and brothers Bokhteyar and Kazarin Mikitinov. According to the records: “Behind Bokhteyar, behind Mikitin’s son, behind the lattice clerk, and behind his brother, behind Kazarin: the floor of the village of Bolohristovs, which was behind Mashka, behind Semyonov’s daughter Petelin in the estate, and in it the yard of the estates, the Makhteyarovs and Kazarinovs live in it business people» . The names of the brothers testify to their Tatar origin. The Crimean Tatars, who switched to the Russian service and converted to Orthodoxy, were allocated land in these places at the direction of the head