Genres of speech communication. How to determine text style and speech type

It is very important to remember that the organization of the text, its stylistic features are set by the author’s intention, the author’s intention, but this intention itself, this intention, or attitude is a complex phenomenon; it includes several sides: on the one hand, this is an attitude that is “imposed” on the author himself, “set” by the conditions of communication, in particular, the sphere of social activity in which communication takes place, the nature of the addressee, the nature of the relationship with him, and on the other On the other hand, this is the author’s own personal attitude, determined precisely by the author’s individuality, the level of his speech culture and the characteristics of his character and temperament, which is manifested in his speech preferences. So, for example, if communication takes place in the field of scientific social activity (in the field of science), then the author will strive for the most accurate, logical, evidence-based, objective presentation. The nature of the addressee (for example, an audience of specialists with whom the author of the text will communicate “on an equal footing”, or a mass audience of non-specialists to whom the speaker must convey scientific information in a popular form) will also determine the author of the text’s orientation to the strictly scientific and abstract nature of the presentation in the first case or, on the contrary, to a more specific, visual and thereby more accessible to the understanding of the audience nature of the presentation of a scientific problem - in the second.

At the same time, different authors, under equal conditions, will build - Already due to purely individual speech features - various texts. Therefore, in the presence of such purely individual characteristics, the stylistics of speech is still interested in the stylistic features of texts as, to a certain extent, typified speech works that implement the author’s attitude and are built according to certain canons enshrined in culture. This typification allows us to talk about types of texts, or genres of speech.“Thus, clarifying the position given at the end of the previous paragraph, we can say that speech style- This is the style of texts belonging to certain genres of speech.

Of course, a researcher may set out to study those features of the text that are associated with the author’s personal tastes and speech preferences; such a task was set before stylistics, which Sh. Bally called individual. Individual stylistics, according to the scientist, should study the characteristics of the speech of each individual, each native speaker. This kind of research could be considered appropriate if, for example, the task was to establish how and for what reasons some individual features of the speech of individual native speakers become common features of the speech of all members of the linguistic community or some specific part of it ( sociolinguistic task). In another case, such a task arises when the goal is to study the features of the writing style of an individual artist of the word: those ideological and artistic features of all the works of a particular writer that make up his individual style, or idiostyle, are clarified. But this is no longer a task of speech stylistics or individual stylistics, but of the stylistics of fiction. But for the stylistics of speech, what is important is not these individual features of the speech of each individual and not the idiostyles of writers, but those features that are characteristic of texts of a certain type, that is, certain genres of speech. Let's consider the concept genre of speech.

First of all, note that there are two different approaches to the interpretation of the genre: literary And linguistic.

From the point of view of literary criticism, genres are distinguished artistic works: this is a type of literary and artistic work within the genre (epic, lyric and drama): heroic song, ode, poem, ballad, elegy, idyll, tragedy, drama, comedy, etc.; within genera, genres are distinguished according to their leading aesthetic quality, aesthetic “tonality”: comic, tragic, elegiac, satirical, idyllic, etc. And, finally, genres are distinguished according to the third characteristic - volume and corresponding general structure works: lyrics are usually small in volume, drama has dimensions dictated by the conditions of stage embodiment, and heroism and tragedy require an expanded, “wide breath” (Kozhinov 1964: 39-50).

With the development of literary criticism, the understanding of the characteristics of literary genres deepens. Now, to the main characteristics of the genre identified earlier, the following are added: 1) the aesthetic basis of relations to reality; 2) coverage of reality (cf.: story and novel); 3) type of presentation (narration, description, dialogue); 4) compositional structure (role of action, character, circumstances); 5) the nature of the organization of verbal fabric (rhythm, intonation, tropes, etc.). Based on these five features, the range of the genre is determined, “the play between thematic and stylistic structures, the possibilities of variations of various elements inherent in the text” (Polyakov 1983: 3-52). Literary scholars: Yu.N. Tynyanov, D.S. Likhachev, V.V. Kozhinov and others - emphasize both the long history of the formation of genres and their historical variability. On the one hand, the genre is constantly changing, transforming in the work of every outstanding writer. A genre is born and dies. At the same time, not only some genres come to replace others, but even the principles of identifying genres change, the types and nature of genres, their functions in a given era change. On the other hand, a genre can exhibit stability and vitality.

Before the historian literary language and literary scholars are faced with the task of studying literary genres in various aspects: firstly, the task is to study the formation, formation of genres; secondly, the task is to study the principles on which genre divisions are made; thirdly, to study the system of genres of each era, i.e. their interaction.

New to genre theory is the problem of the connection between genre and culture and history. Theoretical research on genre problems only in literary criticism recent years so numerous that the study of genre is often separated into a special section of literary criticism, which is called “genrology” or “genology” (from the French genre).

In addition to the considered interpretation of genres associated with works of art, in last decades The concept of “speech genres”, put forward by M. Bakhtin and actively developed by many modern scientists, has become widespread in linguistic literature: T.G. Vinokur, N.D. Arutyunova, A. Vezhbitskaya, T.V. Shmeleva, T.V. Matveeva, M.Yu. Fedosyuk and others.

Concept speech genre is interpreted ambiguously in linguistic literature. For the most part, researchers rely on the concept of speech genres by M. Bakhtin, who emphasized that speech genres are extremely diverse, so the difficulties of studying their nature cannot be downplayed. Speech genres correspond to typical situations of speech communication, typical topics, i.e. they represent a reflection in speech of certain types that occur repeatedly in life social interaction of people. These are “relatively stable thematic, compositional and stylistic types statements" (Bakhtin 1996:164). At the same time, it is important to emphasize that statement in this definition does not mean a sentence, but a certain unit of communication, which is characterized by semantic completeness and which is delimited from other similar units by a change of subjects of speech. Essentially, the definition of a speech genre given by M. Bakhtin allows for a dual interpretation, i.e. both a typical type of text (letter, statement, text of a decree, story, novel, etc.) and a situationally typical type fit this definition. utterance (replica of dialogue, order, command, question, etc.) The sign “change of the subject of speech” does not play a role in this case, since there may be speech genres within which the subjects of speech regularly change (for example, an argument, a quarrel , dialogue, conversation), and this, nevertheless, is one speech genre. And in other cases, on the contrary, there is no change in the subjects of speech, but the speech genres are different; for example: preface and text of the work; dedication and main text or novel text and epilogue. Therefore, if we replace M.M. in the definition. Bakhtin's word statement on word text, then under the definition of speech genre (this relatively stable thematic, compositional and stylistic type of text) a short story, a short story, and all other literary genres are suitable, as well as lines of everyday dialogue, a discussion, a quarrel, a letter, an order, a military command, a statement, an essay, etc.

Legality of the proposed replacement of the term statement per term text in defining a speech genre, one can prove by reference to these signs of “utterance”, which we find in M.M. himself. Bakhtin. They coincide with the characteristics of the text. The first sign is the presence clear boundaries; the second - completeness, integrity; third - the presence of a certain author's intention; finally, the fourth - certain compositional and stylistic features specified by the subject-semantic content, the author's intention and his subjective-emotional attitude to this content. Thus, the “statement” of M.M. Bakhtin is characterized by integrity, determined by three factors: 1) subject-semantic exhaustion, 2) speech intent, or the speech will of the speaker, 3) typical compositional-genre forms of completion. It is absolutely clear that the characteristics of the text are given here, as it is currently understood by the majority of linguists. With this interpretation of speech genres, they turn out to be functionally very heterogeneous (cf., for example, on the one hand, a short military command, a proverb, and on the other, all literary genres from short story to a multi-volume novel). Therefore M.M. Bakhtin proposed to distinguish primary (simple) speech genres and secondary (complex). He considered the primary ones, in particular, an everyday story or letter, replicas of everyday dialogue, i.e., genres that developed in conditions of direct verbal communication. In contrast, secondary speech genres (novels, dramas, scientific studies of all kinds, large journalistic genres, etc.) arise in conditions of more complex and relatively highly developed and organized cultural communication, mainly written.

But besides this opposition, another one is proposed: elementary speech genres/ complex speech genres. Elementary (in other terminology - atomic) speech genres are thematic, compositional and stylistic types of texts that do not contain components that have the status of certain genres of speech; For example, praise, greeting, order. And complex speech genres are types of texts that include such components, which, in turn, themselves have the status of certain speech genres; For example: consolation, persuasion, conversation, discussion, quarrel and etc.

Thus, as part of a complex speech genre argument includes elementary (atomic) speech genres reproach, threat, accusation, insult and so on.

How do the concepts of functional style, speech style and speech genre relate? A speech genre, as has been said, is identified with a certain type of text. At the same time, speech style is the compositional speech structure of texts of this type (texts belonging to a given speech genre). From the point of view of functional styles of a language, one speech genre can be the embodiment of various functional styles. For example, the speech genre about accusation, relating to the primary elementary (atomic) Speech genres, may be the embodiment vernacular(example 1), Spoken speech(example 2), journalistic style (example 3), of formal business style(example 4): (1) You're being rude, you asshole!!! (2) It was you who set the dog on!(3) These street riots are clearly inspired by representatives of your party;(4) X. is accused of speeding, causing moderate injuries to citizen U.

The most in a fast way The transmission of information from one person to another is the printed word. Depending on the tasks and target audience, kit expressive means Russian language can change significantly. Both the reader and to the person writing it is important to know how to determine the style of the text, because this will give an understanding of what is written, and will also allow you to outline a whole series possible techniques, with the help of which it is easy to convey thoughts to the reader.

What is text

A text is usually called any speech that is written down on paper or in in electronic format, while it can be artistic or journalistic, in the form of a document, letter, etc. In fact, the text contains at least two sentences, and they must be united not only by meaning, but also by grammar. The description of events or objects, destinies or actions in the text is always predetermined main theme, message. Regardless of the style, the topic of what is written should be clearly outlined.

As a rule, it is not so difficult to understand what the text will be about, because the authors bring the topic up, making it the title. For convenience, intermediate subheadings are also used, which give direction and explain to the reader what awaits him in this or that semantic part of the text. It is interesting that the same information can easily be presented under different “sauce”, for diametrically opposed audiences or cases. So, how to determine the correct text style?

The concept of functional speech style

IN various fields journalism and literature have their own varieties of language. The word "style" has many definitions used in fine arts, architecture, design (in addition to literature). If we talk purely about literary meaning, then this is a set of expressive (artistic and other) elements inherent in writing a text. Functional speech styles look like this:

Narration is a time-based account of current events. The sequence in this type of text does not always correspond to chronology, but is always related to it. The narrative form requires the use of words: “while”, “after which”, “then”, etc. These words mark events, tying them to a specific part of the chronology.
Description – a statement of the qualities of the object of discussion. This type of text often uses adjectives that reflect distinctive features subject: “beautiful”, “large”, “wide”, “thin”, “light”, “fast”. The description can use adverbs to compare with other objects of the same category: longer, faster, smaller, deeper.
Reasoning - this type of text contains three required elements: statement, proof and conclusion. Initially, the argument indicates a certain thesis, for example: “Does a UFO exist?” This is followed by evidence, an analysis of the veracity or falsity of this statement, and based on the evidence, a conclusion is drawn about the correctness of the original statement.

What are the types of speech styles?

In the Russian language there are four main language style, differing from each other in different sets of techniques and characteristics and having their own main characteristics of the text:

official business;
colloquial;
art;
journalistic.

In each specific case, the author must know how to correctly determine the text style and which ones to use. functional styles modern Russian language in order to convey its essence to the final audience. For example, the question of what text style is is easy to answer if you know that:

Suitable for correspondence with business partners, superiors and subordinates official business genre.
And for personal communication and correspondence, conversational is more suitable.
Description of events, places, emotions and experiences is better with the help of artistic style presentation.
The journalistic style of speech is intended to convey ideas through means mass media– magazines, newspapers, Internet. However, media texts cannot always be called journalism; in some cases, the colloquial or scientific genre is used.

Journalistic

The result of this style of presentation is an article, report, interview or essay. The grammar and style of the genre ensure ease of reading and perception by the widest masses of the target audience. The journalistic style almost always does not involve addressing the reader, because the presentation is in the third person. You will find examples of this style by reading any newspaper.

The scientific and journalistic style is sometimes distinguished as a separate option. In this case, the text uses reasoning on scientific topics. The author makes an assumption at the very beginning, and throughout the article, essay or note he provides evidence of the veracity or falsity of this thesis, and at the end he draws a conclusion based on the arguments given. Language means scientific style require the use of precise definitions. Examples of journalistic style are common, and it is difficult to confuse them with others.

Colloquial

The main use of the style is oral speech, and its expressiveness and understandability for the general public makes it popular in journalism. This text uses colloquial expressions and accepts direct appeal to the reader, asking questions and provoking an emotional perception of what is written. The written conversational style differs from the oral one because... Using text, it is more difficult to convey emotions expressed by facial expressions or gestures.

Art

Unless we are talking about literary magazines, this genre is not used in periodicals. What is literary text? It involves lengthy reasoning, descriptions, dialogues, and analysis. The task of the artistic style is not to convey information, but to maximally immerse the reader in the work, excite emotions, fantasies, and influence the senses. This genre provides for the possibility of lengthy reasoning, subjectivity in assessing facts, events and phenomena. The length of the text for those who use a book style of speech is not limited.

Official business

The official style of speech is intended for business communication both within a team and in correspondence with outside organizations. Official business is also used in oral communication if we're talking about O business relations. The purpose of this text style is to convey maximum quantity facts from one person to another without the use of evaluative adjectives. Standard phrases and repetitions are widely used, which in other styles are perceived as shortcomings or even errors.

Formal business style provides a dry listing of facts, figures, establishment of cause-and-effect relationships, a certain system that determines the construction of written sentences. This type of text is different from all others; it necessarily contains two elements:

Descriptive part - here the accomplished facts are stated, possible consequences.
Action – a requirement, request, proposal for performing certain actions is indicated here.

Watch a video about speaking styles.

Examples of texts of different speech styles

Several models of using different genres to present the same situation using text:

Journalistic. “This morning, Baba Nyura, going out to the barn to milk her cow Zorka, was quite surprised. She discovered open door into the utility room, but the animal was not inside. “Who took Zorka away and what should I do without her?” Baba Nyura asked the local police officer Ivan Golovin with these questions. An investigation is underway."
Colloquial. “I, Stepanovna, go into the barn, but Zorka is not there! I already called her, screamed, went to my neighbor Petrovich - maybe he saw something... But since last night he was so drunk that he still doesn’t leave the house. I went to the local police officer, he said: “Write a statement, we’ll sort it out.” Well, I wrote it. I went home through the cemetery, I looked, and my Zorka was grazing in the clearing!”
Art. “The light morning haze has just begun to dissipate, and the first Sun rays touched the lush grass of the front garden. The roosters began to crow their simple morning calls, and the village of Gulkovo began to wake up. The door, which had not been oiled for a long time, creaked lightly and Baba Nyura appeared on the threshold of the rickety wooden hut. She was looking for her cow."
Official business. “06/17/2014 at 9:30 am, citizen of the Russian Federation Anna Zakharovna Egorova filed a statement at the police station in the village of Gulkovo. Essentially questions asked she explained that on June 17, 2014, at approximately 4:50, she discovered the loss of livestock (cows) on the territory of her own household. The animal was in a separate outbuilding. Egorova A.Z. stated that the cow could not have left on its own and demanded that an investigation be launched under Article 158 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation. The statement was registered in the register of crimes and offenses. 06/17/2014 at 16-00 Egorova A.Z. again turned to the Gulkovo police station with a statement that the animal she was looking for had been found and the applicant had no claims against anyone.”

Speech style chart

An excellent tool for those who do not know how to determine the text style. The proposed table contains the main style features. With its help, you will learn how to determine the style of the finished text, what types of speech styles there are in Russian, and the stylistic affiliation of the document that needs to be created:

	Art	Colloquial	Journalistic	Official business
Style functions	Depict, describe	Communication, conversation	Report, prove a point	Convey information
Scope of style	Literature	Everyday communication, personal letter	Social activity, cultural, political, economic relations	Office work, lawmaking, creation of normative documents
Style genres	Poems, fairy tale, drama, novel, story	None	Reasoning-explanation, message, essay, newspaper article	Certificates, statements, instructions, orders, samples, laws, plans
Character traits style	Use of any types of syntactic and lexical constructions in all possible combinations	Emotionality, simplification or ignoring grammar rules, slang words	Imagery, logic, assessment of events and phenomena, accessibility to the masses	Accuracy, impersonality, standardization

The genres of speech are monologue, dialogue and polylogue.

Monologue- a genre formed as a result of the active speech activity of the speaker and not designed for an active simultaneous reaction of the listener.

Typical for a monologue are large sections of text, consisting of structurally and meaningfully interconnected statements.

A monologue is typical for scientific and official communication; it is possible in fiction and journalistic speech. IN colloquial speech monologue is rare, usually in the communication of educated people.

A monologue speech consists of three parts: introduction, main part and conclusion.

Dialogue- a genre of speech consisting of a regular exchange of utterances-replicas, the linguistic composition of which is influenced by direct perception speech activity of the speaker by the interlocutor.

For dialogue, what is important is sufficient information content of the remarks (both insufficiency and redundancy of what is communicated make communication unsuccessful), the need for communication, the participants in the dialogue’s observance of cause-and-effect relationships in speech actions, in choosing a topic, the presence of common memory and general language knowledge.

The main types of dialogue are everyday conversation, business conversation, and negotiations.

Everyday dialogue is characterized by:
- unplanned;
- a wide variety of topics discussed (personal, social, political, etc.) and linguistic means;
- frequent deviations from the topic, jumping from one topic to another;
- absence, as a rule, targets and the need to make a decision;
- self-presentation of personality;
- conversational style of speech.
Business conversation has the following characteristic features:
- a differentiated approach to the subject of discussion, taking into account the communicative purpose and partners and in the interests of a clear and convincing presentation of opinions;
- speed of response to partners’ statements;
- critical assessment of partners’ opinions, proposals and objections;
- analytical approach to taking into account and assessing all factors of the problem;
- a sense of self-worth and increased competence of partners as a result of analyzing other points of view on this issue;
- a sense of ownership and responsibility in solving the problem raised in the conversation.

Negotiations are similar to business conversations in many ways. Additional signs of negotiations are differences in initial knowledge and attitudes when it is necessary to make a joint decision and equality of the parties.

Polylogue- a genre of speech that arises during direct communication between several persons. Situational connectedness, spontaneity, and nonlinearity are maximally reflected in the content-semantic structure of the polylogue. The semantic and formal connection of polylogue remarks has a greater amplitude of fluctuations than in dialogue.

There are not only stylistically opposed units of language, but also the linguistic laws of their use. If you look at several pages of the dictionary for words marked “colloquial.” and “high.”, then you can immediately notice that there are significantly fewer high words than colloquial words. This reflects the norm of modern literary language: a text (written or oral) may contain many colloquial words, and this does not disgust modern linguistic taste. On the contrary, words of high style should be used sparingly so as not to give the impression of deliberate exaltation or insincerity. This is the taste of the times, reflected in speech and in the laws of use of linguistic units.

On the squares of Maloyaroslavets and Mozhaisk I saw holy Mongols, here the brave men who participated in the liberation of these cities were buried. Years will pass. The terrible months of war will be forgotten. People will build new cities, new schools, new clubs. Our cities will become more beautiful and larger than before.

Expensive monuments will remain in the heart of the liberated cities. And the mother, pointing the child to the plinth with the names inscribed, will say, “Here, Petya, who saved you...” And in the field, the collective farmers will honor the lonely grave of a Red Army soldier. The ears of corn will part around her. Time won't touch her...
Our soldiers who fell on the battlefield defeated not only the enemy, they also defeated death. They died for loved ones, for friends, for their small village and for our vast country. Orphans will have mothers - all women of Russia. The dead childless people will have descendants - the entire Russian people (I. G. Ehrenburg).
There are few solemn words in this text, but they are enough to convey a feeling of sorrow, gratitude and high sadness.

The text can consist of units of neutral style and of units conversational style; may consist of neutral style units and high style units. There are texts from only units of neutral style, but they are rare.

There are resistant this era types of combination of colored linguistic units in one text. Such types are called stylistic genres. IN modern era we encounter such stylistic genres as artistic narration, Scientific research, newspaper information, humorous everyday dialogue, fable, lyric poem, report on scientific conference, feuilleton, meeting minutes, application to an institution, advertising, work report, conversation between a seller and a buyer in a store, telling friends about an event, journalistic interview, popular science presentation of a theory, guidebook, etc.

These genres belong not only to speech, but also to language. The very laws of combining different colored words within each genre (what is permissible and what is not, or permissible as a special case, what possible saturation of the text with these colored units, how they should be introduced into the text, etc.) are to a certain extent stable in each era, they characterize not only a given text, but the genre as a whole. Therefore, such laws are not only speech, but also linguistic in nature.

Language genres and those studied by literary criticism do not coincide with each other. For example, a literary critic distinguishes between a story and a tale - for a linguist this is one genre - artistic narration. There are no actual linguistic (and typified) differences to contrast the story with the story. And even in those cases when a genre is distinguished from both linguistic and literary positions, what is important for a linguist is the stable, general language that goes beyond the scope of personal creativity, and for a literary critic - individual, what in a given text creates the unity of this figurative system and its given artistic expression.

Here family letter genre:
My friends Tungus! Was it raining when Ivan returned from the Lavra? It was raining so much in Yaroslavl that I had to put on a leather tunic. The first impression of the Volga was poisoned by the rain, the tear-stained cabin windows and the wet nose of Gurland, who came out to the station to meet me. ...)
On the ship, the first thing I did was give free rein to my talent, that is, I went to bed. Waking up, I saw the sun. The Volga is not bad; water meadows, sun-drenched monasteries, white churches; the expanse is amazing; Everywhere you look, it’s convenient to sit down and start fishing. Cool ladies wander along the shore and nibble green grass, and the occasional shepherd's horn is heard.

Kostroma a good city. I saw Plyos, where languid Levitan lived; I saw Kineshma, where I walked along the boulevard and observed the local shpaks.
Well, stay healthy and safe (A.P. Chekhov).
The linguistic genre of family writing is expressed very clearly. The following features are typical: colloquial style vocabulary (beat - about the rain, not bad, it’s cold, etc.), occasionally colloquial words (all the insides were filled up) “, a lot of humorous figurative meanings, ironic use of high words (put on, see), inclusion of words of the family language - this is what M. P. Chekhova said in childhood, Drishka - the family form of the name Daria, introduction of fragments of other language systems (menu), predominance of simple syntactic constructions(no particularly dissected sentences, with a deep “syntactic perspective”), very moderate use of participial and participial phrases.

As you can see, different language genres are characterized not only by different use of words of high or colloquial style, but also by a number of other features. They present the signs of functional varieties of language in different ways. What are called functional varieties of language?
Some genres exhibit linguistic affinity. For example, a notarial deed, a business agreement, minutes of a meeting, and an official notice are similar to each other. Characteristic feature of these genres is the use of vocabulary associated with a specific area human activity, frequent use of grammatical (primarily syntactic) features that are appropriate specifically in texts intended for this area. All these signs make up distinctive features business variety of modern Russian language. It is characterized not only by what is appropriate in it, but also by the fact that, as a rule, it does not contain words of a colloquial style (darling, neck to neck, Vanyusha, minced), high, solemn words are completely inappropriate, emotional means of language are uncommon (oh, oh, eyes, nose, white, blue-blue, the nastiest, and I’ll forget about this agreement).

Functional varieties of language are distinguished by generalizing those features that a certain group of language genres has. It is possible to group language genres in different ways, so different researchers have different sets of functional varieties of language. Most often, such functional varieties are business, journalistic, scientific and popular science, information (for example, a newspaper chronicle), and everyday (for example, a conversation on everyday, everyday topics).

Instructions

In order to correctly characterize the text and attribute it to a specific genre oh, please read the work carefully. Think about whether it amuses you or upsets you, whether it conveys the author’s feelings towards his characters or simply tells about some events, struggles with insurmountable circumstances or with himself? If you can understand the text, you will easily find its literary genre.

There are three ways to classify literary genre ov. They are grouped by form, resulting in such types as essay, story, ode. A play is a writer’s creation intended to be performed on stage, a story is a short narrative work in prose. What distinguishes a novel from a short story is its scale. It tells about the life and development of the main character during a period of crisis for him. An essay is a type of story characterized by the absence of a single conflict. The story is prosaic genre, located in volume between a novel and a short story, telling about the ups and downs of the life of the main character.

If you want to define genre text according to its content, you need to know the following classification. All texts can be divided into three categories: comedy, tragedy and drama. It is characterized by a humorous or satirical approach. Tragedy is based on the development of an event that, as a rule, is inevitable and leads to unpleasant consequences. The plot of the drama is usually built on a description of his relationship and conflict with society.

Type genre literary text maybe by his family. This category includes epic, lyrical and dramatic works. For an epic about events supposed to have happened in the past, it is characterized by objectivity and impartiality. Lyrics reproduce the subjective feelings or mood of the author. The plot of the drama is built on dialogues between.

In modern literature there are many different genres, each of which is unique and original. But if tragedy or comedy is easy enough to identify, then give precise definition the drama genre is not always possible. So what is dramatic work and how not to confuse it with something else?

Unlike, the drama shows life experiences and various intricacies of fate. Of course, people's lives, their morals and characters can be quite vivid in comedic works, but drama is not so inherent in ridiculing vices and comically exposing any of the characters' actions. Here the hero’s life itself, his thoughts and feelings are at stake. Dramatic works are very realistic because they show a person exactly as he is without allegories, grotesqueries and embellishments. That is why drama is considered the most complex and, at the same time, one of the most interesting literature. Sometimes drama is very reminiscent of tragedy, because here sharp corners are exposed and light is shed on many unpleasant details of the lives of the heroes. Often the drama becomes so intense and heavy that it is almost impossible to distinguish it from. But tragic works are no longer so popular now and never have a chance of a happy ending. But the drama can end well, despite all the intricacies of the plot and difficult fates heroes. In our language, the very word “drama” has firmly become associated with a tragic plot or life drama characters, while historically the meaning of this word does not have such a meaning at all. Any dramatic the work, regardless of its content, shows real life ordinary people, their sorrows, joys, experiences and bright moments. It is not at all necessary that the reader will have fun during the plot, but the drama should not intimidate or make him cry. It is just a part of life, no more terrible or unsightly than reality. It is interesting that the very concept of drama, as in works of art, back in the 18th century. She was very much among the enlightened pundits, politicians and philosophers. Initially, dramatic works were strongly associated with tragedies, tragicomedies, farces and even costumed performances in masks. But centuries later, drama became part of artistic reproduction and received its own, separate from others. genres, place. Dramatic works amaze with their realism and genuine plot. There are few places where you can meet a destiny that is not fictional, but similar to your own, like two peas in a pod. In dramas, of course, there are also, but such dramas are also necessary, because they teach us goodness and faith in the best and brightest. Love drama because it is based on life.

Video on the topic

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drama as a genre

In linguistics, there are three types of speech: narration, description, reasoning. As a rule, the text is a combination of all three types with a predominance of one of them. Narration is typical for artistic, journalistic and conversational styles, but not typical for scientific and official business styles.

Instructions

If the text displays a chain of sequential events, we can say that the type of such text is “ ”. The narration can be some fragment of text, and the leading type is a description or reasoning. Then we are talking about “description with narrative elements” or “reasoning with narrative elements.”