Functional-semantic type of speech: description, narration, reasoning

Depending on the content of what we say, philologists divide our speech into three types of functional-semantic speech: reasoning, description, narration. Each of them has its own distinctive features.

In our outer speech shell, in its unique structure, much depends precisely on the task that we set for ourselves in the presentation of thoughts. It is one thing to talk about something, it is quite another to describe some object or area, and the third is to interpret, explain something. Of course, in each of the above cases, the system will constantly change. For far from the first century, scientists have been trying to develop the great and powerful language of Mother Russia. Over all these centuries, the most expressive methods, schemes for certain literary tasks, as well as various verbal structures, have been developed.

Actually, because of this, such functional and semantic types of speech stand out “from the crowd”: description, narration, reasoning. In the field of linguistics they are called functional-semantic types of Russian speech.

Linguists explain the selection of only three types by the fact that all studies were carried out purely for literary and artistic speech. In the event that we have in mind absolutely all diverse texts, the list of such functional and semantic types can increase significantly. So did V. V. Odintsov, who added to the narrative, reasoning, description also a definition (in other words, an explanation). It is difficult to call his actions somehow wrong or something like that, because he is, in fact, right. But now we will not talk about Odintsov, but about functional and semantic types of speech.

Description

A description in linguistics is a functional-semantic type of speech that describes any image, action, object or appearance hero (face, eyes, etc.). Take, for example, the case when we describe a portrait. Our attention focuses on the following features: posture and gait, height, eye and hair color, age, clothes, smile, and so on. When describing a room, we indicate its size, appearance, wall decoration, furniture features, number of doors and windows, and much more. If we describe the landscape, the main features will be trees, grass, rivers, sky, lakes, and so on. The common and main thing for all types of description, which will be discussed in more detail a little later, is the simultaneity of all signs. It is important to know that the role of description, as a functional and semantic type of speech, is that a person reading a particular work can imagine the subject described in the text.

As you know, the description is used in all speech styles of the Russian language, but not everything is so simple. In the scientific style, the description of the subject should be as complete and specific as possible, but in the artistic text, the emphasis is on brightest details. It is because of this that the language means of artistic and scientific styles are very different. In a literary text, one can find not only nouns and adjectives, but also adverbs, verbs, common comparisons and words used in a figurative sense.

reasoning

Reasoning, as a functional-semantic type of speech, is a verbal explanation or presentation that confirms or refutes a certain thought (guess).

The composition of this type of functional-semantic speech, like reasoning, is very simple. In the first part of the text there is some kind of thesis - a certain thought, by the end of the text that needs to be proved or refuted. In the second part of such a text, the author must substantiate the idea expressed in the first part, give arguments and evidence, supported by some examples. In the last (third) part of the text, the author draws a conclusion and completes his thought.

The thesis of this type of text must be clearly proven (so that no questions arise), clearly formulated, and the arguments and evidence are convincing in order to refute or prove the thesis put forward earlier. The thesis and its arguments are connected both logically and grammatically. For the correct grammatical connection between the proof (arguments) and the main thesis, most often the authors use introductory words: finally, therefore, firstly, secondly, thirdly, thus and others. In the reasoning text, sentences containing the following conjunctions are often used: despite the fact that, although, however, as well as others.

Narration

Narration is a functional and semantic type of speech, a story or message about an event with all temporal sequences. The narrative has its own peculiarity, which lies in the fact that each subsequent event follows from the previous one. All narrative texts (stories) are merged general scheme: the beginning of a certain event (in other words, the plot of the story), the development of the plot, the ending (denouement). The uniqueness of the narrative is that it can be conducted both in the first and in the third person.

Most often in narrative texts, the author uses a variety of perfective verbs in the past tense. However, in order to give the text expressiveness, others are used along with those verbs. The imperfect verb also in the past tense allows the author to highlight one certain action, while denoting its exact duration. Verbs in the present tense make it possible to present all the actions of the story in the form that everything is happening in reality (right in front of the reader). Forms of verbs with the particle "how" give the text a special surprise of a certain moment. Narration, as a functional and semantic type of speech, is most often used in such genres as letters and memoirs.

Description examples

To fully understand what a description is, to learn how to recognize it in the text, we need examples that we will now give. Example number 1 (description of the estate):

“Kochanovskaya estate is located on the river, opposite a small village. The estate is not rich at all, rather, even poor - the building is covered with wood chips, the gate connects the house with several outbuildings. The kitchen is on the left; barn, barn and barn - on the right. The largest window overlooks the river, but the river is not visible. Growing next to the house beautiful trees and bushes…

It is worth noting that the description may also include a sequence of so-called elliptical and nominative constructions. This creates so popular in recent times nominative style of text presentation, which most vividly presents a variety of scenes from movies, dramatic works and records that are similar to a diary. An example is the following text:

“A huge room, a corner of a building; our heroine lived here for more than ten years, and now she spends in this place most of your day. A rather large table for work, in front of it is a light armchair with an incredibly hard seat. A very large closet, a bright map and some other portrait are on the left side of the room ... "

Types of description

As mentioned above, the description is used in a detailed story about a phenomenon, a portrait, if necessary, give a certain characteristic in order to show a holistic image of a particular hero. As you already know, functional-semantic types of speech (description, reasoning and narration) are an integral part of the Russian language, and now more about types of speech types of description.

In all texts of this type almost always, the authors present readers with static pictures that are taking shape in our head in small pieces. The author always lists objects, some of their features, detailed description, due to which we imagine this or that situation (picture, landscape, etc.) in our head while reading. If you think a little, you can understand that in each next sentence of the text, some features of what was discussed in the previous one are clarified - this, by the way, is the main feature of the descriptive text. When writing them, you must strictly adhere to the following structure:

Introduction (first impression).
Description of all the details around.
Conclusion (assessment of events, final conclusion).

For several years now, there have been several specific types of descriptive text:

description of the surrounding nature;
environment;
a description that characterizes the personality of a particular person;
portrait description.

This type is used in most different areas our lives, and its parameters depend on the point of view of the author or the narrator, the style of writing, the genre of the text, and much more.

Reasoning example

Reasoning, as a functional and semantic type of speech in the Russian language, does not play the most last role in such a popular communicative-cognitive process. The type of speech that is now being discussed is a pure deduction of the latest knowledge, and also simply demonstrates both the author's train of thought and the way to solve the problem that has arisen. If you pay attention to the structure of such texts, you can understand that the story is a kind of chain of sequentially interconnected sentences. Example:

“Under the influence of various electromagnetic waves, an atom can go into a reduced energy state or vice versa, and the probability of one or the other outcome is equal. In the second case, the magnetic waves themselves will begin to weaken, and in the first situation, they will increase. When the so-called paramagnet is in warm equilibrium, atomic particles slowly begin to be distributed into certain sublevels. This happens in accordance with the world-famous Boltzmann law. From all of the above, it follows that the number of atomic units that are there in less energy, simply greatly exceeds the number of those atoms that have more energy.

Storytelling Example

Narrative texts reveal certain events that are related to each other. Sentences in narrative texts tell about a particular action, phenomenon, event, etc., but do not describe what is happening in any way. For example:

“In the Moscow region, a special interdepartmental operation called “Help a Child” was launched not so long ago. According to the plans made, it can be understood that the creators (organizers) want to help children who cannot obtain a certificate or passport of a citizen Russian Federation. In addition, specialists from the regions of the whole state with great pleasure agreed to help get Required documents parents of children…”

In short, a narrative is considered a specific story about something - it is a kind of news presented in a magazine or book.

It is important to note that the narrative is considered the main (main) part of the entire text. Many philosophers argue that narrative in literature plays the most leading role narration is the soul of all Russian literature. A writer is only a person who is able to present the material to the reader in an exciting and interesting way, and with the help of the narrative mood, this can be done much better.

In narrative texts, the date of what is happening is always accurately indicated, and sometimes also the time, which makes reading such texts much more interesting, because it seems that everything happened exactly as it is told in the book.

Trinity

Taking absolutely any work, and then scrolling through several dozen pages, you will find only three on this moment known type of Russian speech. This is especially true for novels. No one can write such a work without such functional and semantic types of speech as narration, reasoning and, of course, description. One way or another, in one of its forms, each type occurs in any text. However, some authors try to write a work using only one functional-semantic type of speech, which, of course, they still sometimes succeed, but it is simply impossible to read the text in this spirit. Even if you think about it, who wants to read 200 pages of a story that makes no sense, but we are talking about a building. The author describes one building on 200 pages - it's terribly boring. Few will want to read this, because most readers love dynamic stories with elements of character description, with certain suspicions, guesses that are revealed only at the end of the work.

The works, based only on the description, can easily be called "booklets" that are given out on every corner of your town. It is simply impossible to build an interesting and intriguing text on the description of something, and if something works out, then it is unlikely that anyone will like it. Therefore, functional-semantic types of speech are distinguished in Russian literary language. Which ones, we examined in the article.

Functional-semantic types of speech - description, narration, reasoning - are used by authors when writing works. Some creators consider the description the most “inconvenient”, because it is impossible to create a masterpiece using only it. But, for example, you can write an interesting text about something in the style of narration or reasoning, and it is likely that many will like it. Functional-semantic types of speech are distinguished according to certain criteria, which were discussed in the article.

If you still want to read a work in a certain style, no one can forbid you to do this, but it’s better not to waste time on this, but to find a text in which the author used all three types of speech, you will really like this work.

Conclusion

It should be noted that the problem of the Russian language, which was touched upon in the article, has great importance in the lives of people who speak their native language. Many do not know at all what functional-semantic types of speech are, but this is the basis of the Russian language.

Now let's talk a little more about the development of a person's personality. Any process, including the development of a person's personality, the development of the ability to communicate with other people, is simply impossible when a person does not know the styles and functional-semantic types of speech. If people do not know how to analyze what they read, they cannot determine the type of this or that text, then what kind of development of mankind can we talk about? Everyone should be able to write texts using all three types of speech: description, narration and reasoning.

Well, now we can repeat that the functional-semantic types of monologue speech, expressed by some language means, are divided into three types: description, narration and reasoning. Detailed information about each of the types you can find in this article.

The functional-semantic types of speech and their examples, as well as the types into which they are divided, were listed above.

In the construction of text and speech in general, a lot depends on what task the speaker (writer) sets for himself, on the purpose of speech. It is quite natural that the author will build his text differently when he talks about an event, describes the nature or explains the causes of any phenomena.

Over the centuries, functional-semantic types of speech were gradually formed, that is, methods, schemes, verbal structures that are used depending on the purpose of speech and its meaning.

The most common functional and semantic types of speech are description, narration and reasoning. Each of these types is distinguished in accordance with the purpose and content of speech. This also defines some of the most typical grammatical means of text design.

The purpose of the text	Content and form of the text	Typical grammatical design aids
Text type: Description
1) Enumeration of signs, properties, elements of the subject of speech. 2) Indication of its belonging to the class of objects. 3) Indication of the purpose of the subject, methods and areas of its functioning.	1) The idea of the subject as a whole is given at the beginning or at the end. 2) The detailing of the main thing is carried out taking into account the semantic significance of the details. 3) The structure of individual parts of the text (description elements) is similar to the structure of the text as a whole. 4) Methods of comparison, analogy, opposition are used. 5) The text is easily folded.	a) with direct word order; b) compound nominal predicate; c) with verb forms simultaneous action; d) with present tense verbs in a timeless meaning; e) with defining characteristics.
Text Type: Narrative
A story about an event showing its course in development, highlighting the main (nodal) facts and showing their relationship.	1) Complied logical sequence. 2) Dynamism, change of events is emphasized. 3) The composition is chronologized.	Simple and complex sentences: a) with a verbal predicate of the perfect form; b) with species-temporal forms that emphasize the nature and change of events; c) with the expression of causal and temporal conditioning.
Text type: Reasoning
Study of the essential properties of objects and phenomena, substantiation of their relationship.	1) There is a thesis (a position that is being proved), arguments (judgments that justify the correctness of the thesis) and a demonstration (method of proof). 2) Reflections, conclusions, explanations are used. 3) The semantic parts of the statement are given in a logical sequence. 4) Everything not related to the proof is omitted.	Simple widespread and complex sentences: a) with participial and participle turnovers; b) with circumstances or adverbial clauses of cause, effect, purpose; c) with verbs of different aspectual forms.

We will demonstrate the structure and method of designing different functional and semantic types of texts using the following examples.

As an example description text an excerpt from the story of A.S. Pushkin " Captain's daughter"with a description of the appearance of Emelyan Pugachev:

His appearance seemed remarkable to me: he was about forty, medium height, thin and broad-shouldered. Gray hair appeared in his black beard; living large eyes and ran. His face had an expression rather pleasant, but roguish. The hair was cut in a circle; he was wearing a tattered coat and Tatar trousers.

Describing the appearance of a person so far unknown to him, Pyotr Grinev first of all conveys his impression of this appearance, highlighting those details that seemed to him the most remarkable. So, general idea about a stranger is given at the beginning of the description: His appearance seemed to me wonderful. This is followed by a characterization of the hero: age, physique, face, hair and elements of clothing. The author seeks not only to give an idea of Pugachev's appearance, but also to show how these details can be used to form an opinion about his lifestyle, character, and behavior. For example, a strong physique clearly indicates an active lifestyle. Hairstyle and clothes - oh social status stranger: this is a poor Yaik Cossack. But the author focuses on the expression of the eyes. It is from this detail that the reader can understand that Pugachev has a lively mind. This is not a villain, on the contrary, his appearance is conducive to himself, but at the same time, Grinev's counselor is clearly hiding something (cf .: shifty eyes and picaresque expression).

If you turn to grammatical means text, we can state the following. The description is dominated by simple sentences or complex chains unionless proposals with direct word order. In addition, compound nominal predicates attract attention: seemed wonderful; was about forty, medium height, thin and broad-shouldered; were shorn. Verbs (mostly imperfective) indicate the simultaneity of the action. The use of the forms of the past, and not the present tense in a timeless sense, is due to the fact that the narrator tells about a meeting that took place in the past ( was about forty; the eyes kept running; the face had an expression; hair was cut; he had an army coat on). Finally, in almost every sentence you can find members with various kinds of defining characteristics: remarkable; thin, broad-shouldered, black beard; big lively eyes etc.

In the same story, A.S. Pushkin meet and microtexts-narratives, for example:

I actually saw a white cloud at the edge of the sky, which I took at first for a distant mound. The coachman explained to me that the cloud foreshadowed a blizzard.
I heard about the blizzards there, that entire carts were covered by them. Savelich, in accordance with the coachman's opinion, advised him to turn back. But the wind seemed to me not strong; I hoped to get to the next station in advance and ordered to go faster.
The coachman galloped; but kept looking to the east. The horses ran together. The wind meanwhile grew stronger by the hour. The cloud turned into a white cloud, which rose heavily, grew and gradually enveloped the sky. gone fine snow- and suddenly threw flakes. The wind howled; there was a blizzard. In an instant, the dark sky mingled with the snowy sea. Everything is gone. “Well, sir,” shouted the coachman, “trouble: a snowstorm!” ...
I looked out of the wagon: everything was dark and whirlwind. The wind howled with such fierce expressiveness that it seemed animated; the snow covered me and Savelich; the horses walked at a pace - and soon they stopped.

This microtext tells about the snowstorm that Grinev got into while traveling to his duty station. Description of the storm this case it is given exactly as a narrative, since the logical sequence of events is clearly observed, and the whole composition is chronologized: a white cloud appears in the sky; Grinev, despite the hesitation of the coachman and Savelich, decides to continue the journey; the coachman lets the horses run; the wind is picking up; a blizzard begins; a blizzard turns into a snowstorm; exhausted horses stop. The change of events in time is expressed using perfective verbs: I saw a cloud; I ordered to go faster; the coachman galloped; the cloud turned into a white cloud; it is snowing etc. The same events that are included in the same time period are described using sentences with imperfective verbs (cf .: I heard; Savelich advised etc.). Sentences with perfective verbs are indicators of key facts, they signal the change of one event by another, and each new event is thought in relation to the previous one (in this case, this connection is chronological).

specifics reasoning text can be demonstrated by the example of Grinev’s road thoughts after losing a hundred rubles to Zurin and a quarrel with Savelich:

My travel thoughts were not very pleasant. My loss, at the then prices, was important. I could not help admitting in my heart that my behavior in the Simbirsk tavern was stupid, and I felt guilty before Savelitch. All this tormented me.

The reasoning begins with the statement of the thesis: My travel thoughts were not very pleasant. And although further we do not find subordinate reasons, the very arrangement of subsequent conclusions is perceived as an explanation of the reasons for Grinev's dissatisfaction with himself. The arguments are the amount of the loss, "stupid" behavior and guilt towards the old servant. In conclusion, a conclusion is made about the internal state of the narrator, which is perceived as a consequence of "woeful conclusions": All this tormented me.

In general, the most striking examples of reasoning can be found in scientific texts(see the excerpt from the book by Yu.M. Lotman given in exercise 123).

Of course, the text may contain different functional and semantic types of speech. So, very often the narrative is combined with the description (this can also be seen in the example of the above passages). Complementing each other, they often merge so organically that it is sometimes difficult to distinguish between them. Wed a combination of these types of speech in an excerpt from the story of I.S. Turgenev "Bezhin meadow":

I went right through the bushes[narration]. Meanwhile the night drew near and grew like a thundercloud; it seemed that, together with the evening vapors, darkness rose from everywhere and even poured from above[description]. I came across some non-torn, overgrown path; I went along it, carefully looking ahead[narration]. Everything around grew black and subsided, some quails occasionally screamed[description]. A small night bird, inaudibly and low rushing on its soft wings, almost bumped into me and timidly dived to the side. I went out to the edge of the bushes and wandered along the field boundary[narration]. Already with difficulty I distinguished distant objects; the field was vaguely white all around; behind it, with every moment advancing in huge clubs, gloomy darkness rose up. My footsteps reverberated through the freezing air. The pale sky began to turn blue again - but that was already the blue of the night. The stars flashed, moved on it[description].

What is a type of speech? Types of text in - this is a classification of speech according to the functional semantic meaning. The correct answer to the question "What are the types of speech in the language?" there will be an enumeration of these types − narrative, description and reasoning.

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Types of speech

Narration is a type of speech that mentions a sequence of phenomena or events (how it began and how it ended), so the predominant part of speech here will be. A narration is a story about something that starts from the 1st (expressed personal "I") or from the 3rd person (author's narration). In a story there is always a plot (beginning), a development of events and a denouement (end). But the structure does not have to be exactly like this, there are texts that do not fit this category.

Here is an example of a narrative text: “The boys have gone to school. My father left for the forest in the morning, my mother went to day work. Remained in the hut Filippok and grandmother on the stove.

Filippko became bored alone, grandmother fell asleep, and he began to look for a hat. I didn’t find my own, I took my father’s old one and went to school” (an excerpt from L.N. Tolstoy’s story “Philippok”).

Other types of speech in Russian - description and reasoning.

The description mentions various objects, personalities, animals, birds, nature - any living or inanimate object can fit the description. Description texts answer the question "What is it?" or "What's going on with him?" This type of speech is based on a list of temporary or unchanging qualities of an object or phenomenon.

For example, if we describe the appearance of a person, then we will definitely dwell on facial features (eyes, nose, lips, hair color, hairstyle, etc.), his clothes, character, habits and etc.; if this is a description of the room, then we will note the dimensions, interior design (wall color, furniture, layout, etc.); the landscape will be filled with images of trees, grass, sky, sun, weather, etc.

The description is used in any style of speech, it will differ only in that, for example, in a scientific style it will be “dry”, and in an artistic one it will be filled with various turns of speech. “The cat is shaggy, his paw is soft and his fingernail is sharp. The ears are small, but sensitive. Eyes burn like fires ”(G. Naumenko).

Reasoning is a type of speech in which sources of events are highlighted and phenomena, their two-way interaction. With regard to this type, the questions “Why?” and “Why?”, i.e. reasoning is a proof or explanation of one’s point of view.

In this type of speech there is a conditional scheme of education - (what needs to be proved), argumentation and conclusions. The thesis in the argument must be clearly formulated, and between all parts it must be traced logical connection. You seem to be asking: “Why is the subject like this and why is there such an attitude towards it?” An example of reasoning as a type of speech can serve next tex t: “Why is the red color of the traffic light forbidding? Because red is a danger signal.

Remember, fire trucks are painted red, red lanterns flash behind each car when it slows down. This color was chosen to warn of danger for a reason. Red is the most noticeable. It is visible from afar, and you cannot confuse it with any other” (G. Ryumin).

Attention! In one text, several types or styles of speech can be combined at once (if we are talking about big novels).

Speech styles

What is our speech like? Speech style is the application of a language manner in a certain communicative situation. Depending on the purpose of the statement, there are oral style of speech and bookish.

The oral style of speech, or, as it is also called, colloquial, is direct communication, and in a broad sense, any sounding speech. These are conversations in an informal setting (with relatives, friends, acquaintances), friendly correspondence.

Also, it can often be found in written texts in the dialogic speech of the characters, it gives reality to what is happening.

main feature oral speech how style is simplicity of phrases, simplicity, expressiveness. But even in colloquial speech perhaps the presence of scientific terms or specific vocabulary (for example, legal or medical), it all depends on what people are talking about. Quite often there is colloquial vocabulary - "hard worker", "parasite", "doctor", "tel", etc.

The interlocutors use simplified phrases and sentences (now - right now, hello - hello), they can jump from topic to topic, while losing the logical chain of their conversation, they can interrupt each other, etc. As they say, they started for health, ended for peace .

Gesticulation is also inherent in this style. It is difficult to imagine the conversation of people sitting motionless or standing in the pose of the command “Attention!” - Hands at the seams and do not move.

Handwritten examples include essays, essays, notes.

Book style is divided into four types:

scientific;
official business;
journalistic;
art.

Scientific style is used in teaching aids, dictionaries, encyclopedias, scientific papers, monographs, annotations, reviews, coursework, diploma, doctoral studies - in everything that has a base based on scientific facts. In oral form, it is used in reports and lectures. Its main function is reliable transmission of scientific facts.

Characteristic features scientific style– specific terminology, monotony of speech and complex syntactic constructions. At the same time, everything scientific work have a clear logical structure.

For example, “The word “vitamin” is an international scientific term derived from the Latin “vita” (life) and denoting: a substance necessary for life” (L. Uspensky).

Formal business is the style various documents(certificates, acts, receipts, resolutions, orders). It can often be found in Everyday life, for example, in the instructions for medical preparations. Its main function is clear presentation of official information.

For official business documents feature is the full name:

states, state bodies, state institutions, enterprises;
exact determination of dates, sizes, numbers, sizes.

Words and phrases in this style are used exclusively in their direct meaning, the use of artistic techniques in the text is not allowed. Due to the "dry" presentation and the lack of emotionality when presenting information, texts become difficult to understand.

In all official documents there is a well-defined logical structure of information presentation.

Check out the examples:

Dear visitors!

The nearest pharmacy of our network is located at st. Kachinskaya, 4 and operates around the clock and seven days a week.

Administration

Dana ……………………………….

in the fact that he (she) is really a student of the ……… course of Moscow State University.

The certificate is given for presentation in ……………………

Rector …………………………

Journalistic style is the official style of newspapers, magazines, news, i.e., means mass media, as well as public figures and journalists. Its main goals are persuasion and appeal to the reader and a listener to something.

For journalistic style the use of phraseological units and descriptive phrases is characteristic, which contributes to emotionality and figurativeness, a wide range of vocabulary used, but this does not diminish the formality of speech.

This style will be determined by such a quality as appraisal - for example, a reporter in live can express his personal opinion on current events. Thanks to these factors, the journalistic style is easy to understand.

Artistic style belongs to poems, versions of narrative texts, essays, essays, poems, etc. - works fiction. Here the writer describes verbally various images with the help of trails-, epithets, comparisons. The author uses this style to express emotions, feelings, images and phenomena.

Attention! AT art style other styles of speech can be used - it all depends on the subject of the written work. With these styles, the corresponding vocabulary is also borrowed.

Particular attention is paid to the details of what is happening. Artistic style is not so much about telling as it is about makes you feel the atmosphere, mentally transport yourself to the places that the narrator tells about, feel his personal mood.

All of the above makes the art style flexible, because it contains a minimum of restrictions and a maximum of opportunities for imagination.

"Frosty silence. It's evening. The bushes of the unclothed forest darken, as if the forest itself is gathering its thoughts by night. The sun looks through the darkness of the bushes with a ruby eye, through the bushes this red eye is no larger than a human one ”(M. Prishvin).

Speech styles in Russian

Types of speech, what is it, what are

Conclusion

In this article, we considered the questions "What is the type of speech?" and “How are types different from styles?”. Each type incorporates a style depending on the purpose of the statement. It will not be difficult to determine the style and type - each person, to a greater or lesser extent, meets them daily.

AND ) - this is a set of speech elements (special for each style of speech of words and ways of constructing sentences).

A type of speech – it is a way of presenting, building words and sentences in a logical order.

Depending on the content of the text, the following types of speech are distinguished - narrative, description, reasoning.

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Consider the features of each type of speech.

Narration is a story about an event that takes place in a certain period of time. The actions reflected in the event are sequential, logically connected with each other. The narrative can go both from the third person and from the first, and it is characterized by such elements as the plot (the beginning of the event), the development of the action and the denouement (the result of the described event).

Since the narrative is an eventful text, its speech feature is a large number of verbs and chain development of action. The text answers the questions “what? where? when?" - what's happened? where and with whom did it happen? when did it happen?

Narration happens pictorial(emphasis on changing images that “show” the event) and informative(the text not only tells about the event, but also explains it, includes interesting facts).

Narrative text example:

"Woke up in the night strong wind and it started to rain. It drummed softly on the roof and ran down the glass, turning the world outside into a blur. Streams of water washed away dust from trees and sidewalks, murmured in gutters, cooled the city, which was hot from the summer heat. And those who did not sleep opened the windows, inhaled the damp coolness and exposed their faces to the ice drops. They had been waiting for rain in the city for two months, and now, when it came, people silently smiled, blessing the weeping sky ... "

An exemplary text - a pictorial description - answers the following questions:

what's happened? - It's raining in the city

where and with whom did it happen? - city dwellers waited for the rain;

when did it happen? — it rained in the summer.

Description - this is a verbal image of an object, phenomenon, event. The description lists and reveals the main features of the selected item. The goal is to present the reader of the text with an image that is easy to imagine in paint. The unity of time and place of manifestation of signs is important.

The description text consists of the following parts:

general characteristics of the object, general impression;
signs, details;
general assessment of the subject.

For example, the description can be portrait, landscape; anything can be the object of writing - both a person and his emotional condition, and animal, and plant, and place (city, hotel house, park, village), and weather. speech feature- the predominance of nouns, adjectives, adverbs, a minimum of action and static text.

Descriptive text answers the questions “what? what kind?" (What object is described? How does it look? What are its qualities and properties?).

Description text example:

“It was raining for the third day. Gray, small and harmful. Unpredictable, like a low gray sky. Endless. Endless. He restlessly knocked on the windows and rustled softly on the roof. Gloomy and careless. Annoying. Bored."

Sample text answers descriptive questions:

what subject is being described? - rain;

what is the subject? - sulfuric, small, harmful, unpredictable, endless, etc.

reasoning - this is the development and confirmation of thought, the explanation of the phenomenon (properties of the object) and the expression of one's own opinion. Reasoning answers the questions “why? why?".

The reasoning consists of the following parts:

thesis - a thought that needs to be proved;
substantiation of the thesis, supporting argumentation with examples, evidence;
summary - results, conclusions.

The text of reasoning is aimed at convincing, explaining, proving. Reasoning is characterized by the active use of rhetorical questions and introductory words - bundles: firstly ... secondly ... thirdly ... therefore (thus, respectively); meanwhile, because, so.

Reasoning is as follows:

reasoning-proof (why so, and not otherwise? What follows from this?);
reasoning-explanation (what is it? where did it come from? why is the subject like this?);
reasoning-thinking (how to be? To be or not to be? What to do?).

Reasoning text example:

“So, the night will pass, and the rain will stop, the thunder will rumble. So, what is next? Again - the exhausting heat of a stuffy summer? Again - hot asphalt? Again - a city choking in the dust? Or will the weather take pity on tired city dwellers and give at least a week of coolness? Since forecasters' predictions are blurry and hazy, we can only wait and watch."

An exemplary text - reasoning-thinking - answers the following questions:

why? - because the rain will end and the heat that bothers everyone will return;

why? - to imagine what to expect from capricious nature.

Types of speech are ways of presentation that solve the following author's tasks:

narrative - dynamically reflects reality, tells about its events; narration is a clip, a movie, a change of shots;
description - depicts a static reality, studies the object of interest from all sides; the description is a photograph, a frozen frame;
reasoning - looks for causal relationships between events and phenomena, expresses the opinion of the author, "because ..."; this is a diagram with blocks of theses and evidence and arrows - logical questions.

And finally, a reminder: do not confuse functional styles speeches and types of speech. 😉 After all, for example, a newspaper article of a journalistic style of speech can be both narrative (reporting from the scene), and descriptive (a note about a missing person; an advertisement for a new building), and reasoning (an analytical article).

A type of speech that usually reports on actions and events that follow each other in time. The way of connecting sentences in the text is usually chain (1-2-3-4 ...) The first sentence contains a topic: an indication of a figure, a natural phenomenon, etc. It may contain the words once, once, etc., denoting the time and place of the event. The forms of perfective verbs are used, denoting actions that replace each other in time. Imperfect singular forms of verbs indicate the duration or repetition of actions. As a means of connecting sentences, words are used first, first of all, first of all, etc., denoting the beginning of the text; then, then, after that, etc., denoting the course of events; finally, in the end, in conclusion, etc., often concluding the text. The narrative can be represented by a series of denominative sentences.

Description

A type of speech in which, with varying degrees of completeness, the signs and properties of various objects or phenomena are indicated. The method of linking sentences in the text is a parallel link (234). The first sentence contains a topic, the next ones indicate a sign, a property of the subject of speech, characterize any detail of the overall picture. The description is most often static, motionless. Imperfect verbs, compound nominal predicates are used. The means of creating integrity and coherence of the text are single-root words and lexical repetition. Predominantly adjectives and nouns with an estimated value are used. Figurative and expressive means are used more often than in other types of texts. The description can be represented by a series of denominative sentences.

reasoning

A type of speech in which a causal relationship of events and phenomena is established. Reasoning requires a logically coherent system of evidence, since its purpose is to convince the addressee of something. A typical reasoning is built according to the scheme: thesis (a position that needs to be proved), arguments (evidence, arguments), conclusion (general result). The sequence of arguments can be expressed by the words first, second, etc., can be indicated by paragraph division. After a thesis formulated by a declarative sentence, there may be questions: why? why? what does it mean? , the transition to part 2 can begin with the following sentences: And that's why ..., This means ..., This can be proved (explained) like this ... References to authoritative people, quotations from their works, proverbs and sayings are used as arguments, expressing folk wisdom, facts, events, examples from personal life and the lives of others, intermediate conclusions based on cause-and-effect relationships. When listing arguments, use introductory words with different meanings (of course, of course, perhaps, the most important thing, so, therefore, summing up, etc.) In the second part of the argument, complex sentences with conjunctions are used because, since, because, therefore, due to the fact that, etc. . In the artistic style, the type of speech reasoning is most often found in the internal speech of characters and usually does not contain all three parts of the reasoning scheme.

25. Text syntax. The concept of text in linguistics. Types of texts 26. Text as an information structure. Types of information in the text 27.