What are the belts on the map. Climatic zones and climatic regions of the Earth. Description, map and characteristics. Arctic and Antarctic belts

By Earth's climate classifications developed B. P. Alisov, the largest units are climatic zones. They are distinguished by the dominance of certain types air masses, and the boundaries are drawn according to the position of the main climatic fronts. The equatorial belt is dominated by equatorial air masses (EV), in two tropical zones - tropical air masses(TV), in two moderate - moderate air masses(HC), in two cold zones - Arctic and Antarctic - arctic air masses(AB). Between them are transitional belts where air masses change with the seasons. AT subequatorial belts equatorial air masses (EW) dominate in summer, and tropical air masses (TV) dominate in winter. AT subtropical zones Tropical (summer) and temperate (winter) air masses alternate. AT subarctic belt moderate air masses are replaced by arctic ones, and in the subantarctic, respectively, by antarctic ones.

Inside the belts, according to the degree of continentality, they distinguish climatic regions(two or four) with different types climates:
continental and oceanic types of climate(they are in all belts and are primarily due to the properties of the earth's surface - land or ocean); climate types western and eastern coasts of the continents(in the tropical, subtropical, temperate zones) are associated with unequal atmospheric circulation conditions and with sea currents (see map).

equatorial belt - zone low pressure, ascending currents of air, weak winds. Temperatures are high throughout the year (about +28 °C), air humidity is high. There is a lot of precipitation - about 2000 mm. Seasonal fluctuations in average monthly temperatures and precipitation are insignificant.

Subequatorial belts seasonal change of air masses is characteristic: the summer monsoon brings hot and humid equatorial air, in winter dry continental tropical air dominates. Such a climate with wet summers and dry winters is called monsoonal.

tropical belts characterized by an arid (dry) climate, in which the greatest deserts world: Sahara, Arabian, Australian.

The western coasts are washed by cold currents and maritime tropical air masses predominate throughout the year. But despite the high humidity of the air, there is practically no precipitation, fogs and dews are plentiful at night. The air temperature ranges from +20 °c in summer to +15 °c in winter. Cold coastal deserts (Atacama, Namib) are located here. Warm currents flow along the eastern coasts, and winds from the sea bring quite a lot of precipitation (up to 1000 mm). Especially a lot of precipitation falls in summer. It is hot in summer (+25...+28 °c) in summer, warm in winter - about +20 °c. In conditions of high temperatures and excessive moisture, evergreens grow here. rainforests. In the climatic zones listed above, which lie mainly within the hot thermal belt the main causes of seasonal changes and vegetation distribution are regime (length of dry and wet periods) and precipitation (rather than temperature, as in temperate latitudes). Therefore, the strike of landscape zones, sometimes latitudinal, sometimes meridional, is also subject to moistening conditions.

In subtropical regions air masses change from tropical in summer to temperate in winter, and temperatures are above zero throughout the year. However, short-term drops in temperature to negative values and even snowfall. On the plains, the snow melts quickly, and in the mountains it can lie for several months. In the inland areas, the climate is arid, with hot (about +30 °C) dry summers, cool (0...+5 °C), relatively humid (200-250 mm) winters. Change of air masses and frequent passage atmospheric fronts defines unsettled weather. Due to insufficient moisture, landscapes of deserts, semi-deserts, and dry steppes predominate here. Special sharply continental climate with cool summers, harsh winter and insignificant rainfall stands out the largest and highest (4-5 km) highlands of the world Tibet with high-mountainous deserts.

The climate of the western coasts of the continents , most typical for Southern Europe, Western Asia, North Africa, and is called the Mediterranean, but it also captures other continents. It is relatively hot here (more than +20 ° C) dry summer, mild (about +10 °C) wet (500-700 mm) winters and evergreen hard-leaved forests and shrubs dominate.

On the east coasts (this is especially pronounced in Eurasia) in summer, tropical marine air masses from the ocean predominate, which determines hot (+25 ° C) and humid weather. In winter, these areas are dominated by dry and cool (0...+5 °c) flows from the Asian baric maximum - continental polar air masses. In total, about 1000 mm of precipitation falls, which is enough for the development of variable-humid broad-leaved and mixed forests.

In temperate zones during the year, moderate air masses dominate, but both tropical (especially in summer) and arctic air masses (usually in winter) intrusions are possible. In addition, on the fronts between TV and HC, HC and AW, and between sea polar and continental polar air masses, an intense cyclonic activity and weather extremely changeable, especially in winter. In temperate zones, the western transport of air masses dominates. AT southern hemisphere strong steady westerly winds are common and storms are frequent, due to which the name "Roaring Forties" has stuck to these areas. The radiation balance in summer is positive due to quite high altitude Sun and a long day. In winter, the Sun rises low above the horizon, daylight hours do not last long, and a significant part sun rays is reflected from the mostly snowy surface - therefore, the radiation balance in winter is negative. In the southern hemisphere, where there is no major continents, and only a narrow part enters the temperate zone South America, the island of Tasmania and South New Zealand, the climate is oceanic mild with warm winters and cool summers, uniform heavy (about 1000 mm) precipitation. And only in Patagonia the climate is transitional to continental, and moisture is insufficient.

In the Northern Hemisphere, on the contrary, vast land masses dominate and a whole spectrum of climates differing in degree of continentality is developed. From west to east - from a temperate to sharply continental climate - daily and seasonal temperature amplitudes increase, and annual precipitation decreases from 700-600 mm to 300 mm and even to 200-100 mm in the Middle and Central Asia. More precipitation falls in summer than in winter, and this difference is more significant in the center of the continents, especially in Eastern Siberia, due to a very dry anticyclonic winter.

In the temperate zone, the northern part is distinguished with cool summers and relatively severe winters and southern part with warm summer and relatively mild winters. July temperatures vary from -4...-10 °c to +12 °c in the north and up to +30 °c in the south, January temperatures from -5 °c in the west to -25...- 30 °c in the center of the continents, in Yakutia even below -40 °c. Low winter soil and air temperatures and a small amount of snow support the existence of permafrost. Humidification varies from excessive in the north to sharply insufficient in the south. Such conditions determined a wide range of landscape zones from taiga to deserts through mixed and broadleaf forests, forest-steppe (moisture coefficient 1), steppes, semi-deserts.

On the western coasts of the continents under the influence of marine polar air (MPA), which is formed over warm currents and brought by the prevailing western winds, marine temperate climate with cool summers (+10 °c in the north, +17 °c in the south) and mild winters (0 to +5 °c). In winter, in the north, temperatures often drop to negative values, snowfalls. There is a lot of precipitation - 800-1000 mm, in front of the mountains 2000 mm (southwest of Scandinavia), 3000 mm (western slopes of the Cordillera), 5000 mm (western slopes of the Andes). Precipitation is frontal and orographic. Humidification is excessive. Coniferous and deciduous forests grow.

In Primorsky Krai and Northeast China, the monsoon climate with a change from warm and humid maritime polar air in summer to very cold and dry continental polar air from the Asian and Canadian highs in winter. Accordingly, the temperature is about +20 °c in summer and -S...-20 °c in winter. The amount of summer precipitation is 10-20 times more than winter, and total varies from 500 to 1000 mm depending on the orography: there is more precipitation on the eastern slopes of the mountains. Humidification is excessive, mixed and coniferous forests grow.

Subarctic and subantarctic belts seasonal change of air masses is characteristic: in summer, MF, in winter, AW. in the north of Eurasia and North America The climate is continental and sharply continental with cool, damp summers with temperatures below +10...+12 °C and long, severe (up to -40...-50 °C) winters with little snow and large annual temperature ranges. In the area of Oymyakon there is a pole of cold northern hemisphere and the whole planet - (-78 ° c). Such conditions contribute to the maintenance of ubiquitous permafrost. There is little precipitation (200-100 mm), however, due to low temperatures excessive moisture. The tundra and forest-tundra prevailing here are heavily swamped.

For maritime climate of northern and southern coasts cool (+3...+5 °c) damp summers, relatively mild (-10...-15 °c) winters, floating sea and continental ice, constant fogs with a significant amount of precipitation for such low temperatures (up to 500 mm). Tundra is widespread along the coasts of the continents and on the islands.

In the Arctic (Greenland and the islands of the Canadian archipelago) and the Antarctic belts (Antarctica), continental climate . These are the coldest regions of the Earth - the thermometer does not rise above zero all year, and at the inland Antarctic station "Vostok" an absolute minimum temperature of -89.2 ° C was recorded (but the station "Vostok" is located at an altitude of 3488 m). Rainfall is less than 100 mm. Here you can hardly see anything other than icy deserts. The Arctic has an oceanic climate. Dominated negative temperatures, however, during the polar day it can get warmer up to +5 °C. Precipitation is also low, the islands are characterized by tundra.

On Earth, depending on the prevailing type of climate, the following climatic zones are distinguished: two polar (Arctic and Antarctic), two temperate, two tropical, one equatorial and transitional - two subequatorial, two subtropical, two subpolar.

equatorial belt extends to the basins of the Amazon and Congo rivers, the shores of the Gulf of Guinea, the Sunda Islands. The sun occupies a high position all year round, thanks to which earth's surface gets very hot. Average annual temperatures in this climatic zone, they range from 25 to 28 ° C. At the same time, this territory is characterized by high humidity (70-90%). The annual rainfall is usually over 2000 mm and is evenly distributed throughout the year. Due to the constant hot weather and high humidity, prerequisites are created for the development of lush vegetation - the equatorial jungle.

Subequatorial belts cover a vast area, in particular Central Africa north and east of the Congo River basins, the Brazilian Highlands in South America, the Hindustan and Indochina peninsulas, Northern Australia. characteristic feature The climate of this belt is a change in the types of air masses during the seasons of the year: in summer period the entire territory is covered by equatorial masses, in winter - tropical. Accordingly, two seasons are distinguished: summer wet and winter tropical. Most of the belt is covered with woodlands and savannahs.

tropical belt located on both sides of the tropics on the sea and on land. Tropical air masses dominate here all year round. In the presence of high atmospheric pressure and slight cloudiness, it is characterized by high temperatures. Average monthly temperature the hottest month is over 30 °C. There is very little precipitation here (less than 200 mm). It is in this belt that the most extensive deserts of the world are located - the Sahara, the desert of the Arabian Peninsula, the West Australian.

subtropical belt passes between 25° and 40° north and south latitude. The climate here is characterized by a change in the types of air masses according to the seasons of the year. So, in summer tropical air dominates, in winter - air masses of temperate latitudes. This belt is further subdivided into three climatic region: western, eastern and central. The summer of the western region is characterized by clear and dry weather, while the winter is warm and humid. This is the so-called Mediterranean climate. In the central and eastern regions, the climate is somewhat different.

Temperate zone extends north and south of the subtropical and reaches the polar circles. In the Southern Hemisphere, it is characterized by an oceanic type of climate; in the Northern Hemisphere, it is divided into three climatic regions: western, central, and eastern. AT western region and the southern hemisphere is dominated by humid sea air. The annual temperature amplitudes are small. The distribution of precipitation throughout the year is uniform. A decrease in temperature in winter is observed due to the movement of Arctic (Antarctic) air masses. In the eastern region, the climate is monsoonal. Continental air masses of temperate latitudes accumulate in the central region, and sharp temperature drops are typical throughout the year. The transitional subarctic and subantarctic belts extend north of the temperate belts of the two hemispheres. They are characterized by the change of air masses in accordance with the seasons of the year. Summers are short and cold, winters are long, snowy, with frosts and blizzards. The Arctic and Antarctic belts lie in the polar regions. The climate here is formed at high atmospheric pressure by cold air masses. characteristic feature These zones are polar nights and days lasting up to six months. The ice sheet does not melt and covers Antarctica and Greenland.

Related content:

Main questions. What is a climate zone? What features of the climate are characteristic of each of the climatic zones? What impact do climatic conditions to accommodate the population?

climatic (gr. klimatos - tilt) differences on Earth are directly related to the inclination of the sun's rays to the earth's surface. Climatic zoning is manifested in the placement of climatic zones (Fig. 1) Climatic zones are territories that are continuous or interruptedstopband encircle the earth. They are differ from each other in temperature, atmospheric pressure, air masses, prevailing winds, amount and mode of precipitation. They stretch from west to east and replace each other from the equator to the poles. stand out main and transitional climatic zones. In the main climatic zones, one type of air mass dominates throughout the year. In transitional climatic zones - 2 types of air masses. They change with the seasons. Other factors also influence the distribution of temperatures and precipitation within the belts: the proximity of the oceans, warm and cold currents, and relief. Therefore, within the climatic zones, there are big differences and climatic regions are distinguished. Each of them has a certain type of climate.

Main climatic zones correspond to the distribution of four main types of air masses: equatorial, two tropical, two temperate, arctic and antarctic climatic zones (think about their names).

Between the main belts are located transitional climatic zones: two subequatorial, two subtropical, subarctic and subantarctic. Their name depends on the prevailing types of air masses, and the prefix "sub" (lat. sub - under) indicates a secondary role in the general circulation of the atmosphere. For example, subequatorial means located next to the equatorial. Air masses in transitional zones change seasonally: in winter, air masses of the main belt, neighboring from the pole, prevail, in summer - from the side of the equator. (rice.).

equatorial belt formed in the region of the equator between 5 ° S. latitude - 10 ° N sh. During the year, equatorial air masses prevail here. Temperatures are always high here a large number of precipitation. Average monthly temperatures are from –+25 to +28 °С. Precipitation falls 1500-3000 mm per year. This belt is the wettest part of the earth's surface. This is due to the high position of the Sun above the horizon throughout the year and the ascending air currents characteristic of the low pressure zone.

For subequatorial belts(up to about 20 ° N and S) two seasons are characteristic: in summer it dominates equatorial air and very humid, and in winter - tropical air and very dry. In winter, the rays of the Sun fall at right angles in the Southern Hemisphere and therefore, tropical the air mass in this belt comes from the north and dry weather is established. Winter is not much colder than summer. The average air temperature in all months fluctuates between +20 - +30°С. The annual amount of precipitation on the plains is up to 1000-2000 mm, and on the slopes of the mountains - up to 6000-10000 mm. Almost all precipitation falls in summer. (Remember how the trade winds influence climate formation).

tropical belts stretched from 20 to 30 ° north latitude. and y.sh. on both sides of the tropics. Remember why in tropical latitudes the air sinks and prevails high pressure? Continental tropical air dominates here throughout the year. Therefore, the climate in the central regions of the continents is hot and dry. Trade winds prevail. average temperature the warmest month +30 - +35°C, the coldest - not lower than +10°C. Cloudiness is negligible, there is little precipitation far from the oceans, no more than 50-150 mm per year. Their number increases in the eastern parts of the continents, which are under the influence warm currents and trade winds blowing from the ocean. In the west and in the center of the continents, the climate is dry, desert. (Identify on the climate map the differences in the climate of the outlying and central regions tropical zone in Africa).

subtropical belts(30-40 ° N and S) are formed under the influence of tropical air masses in summer and moderate in winter. Summers are dry and hot, with an average temperature of the warmest month of about 30°C. Winter is wet, warm, but short-term temperature drops are possible. Snow falls very rarely. This is Mediterranean climate. (Explain why on the eastern coasts of the continents the climate subtropical monsoon with hot, rainy summers and cool, dry winters?). AT central parts mainland climate subtropical continental, with hot and dry summers and relatively cold winters with low rainfall.

temperate zones stretched in temperate latitudes from 40 to 60 ° N. latitude. and y.sh. They get much less solar heat compared to previous climates. Throughout the year, moderate air masses dominate here, but arctic and tropical air penetrates. Western winds prevail in the west, in the east of the continents - monsoons. Climate temperate zone diverse due to the influence of various climatic factors on its territory. A large annual amplitude of air temperature (+22 - 28°С in summer and -22 - 33°С in winter) is typical for the territories of the central part of the mainland. It increases as you move deeper into the continents. Similarly, depending on the position of the territory in relation to the ocean and the relief, different amounts of precipitation fall. Snow falls in winter. On the western coasts of the continents, the climate nautical, with relatively warm and humid winters, cool and overcast summers, and high rainfall. On the east coasts monsoonal climate with cold dry winters and not hot rainy summers, and in the interior - continental climate.

AT subarctic (subantarctic) arctic (antarctic) air dominates in winter, and air masses of temperate latitudes dominate in summer (Determine the geographical position of the belts on the map). The winter is long, with an average winter temperature of up to -40 °C. Summer (winter in the southern hemisphere) is short and cold, with an average temperature of no higher than + 10°C. Annual rainfall is low (300-400 mm) and evaporation is even less. The air is damp, very cloudy.

About a quarter of the population the globe lives in a temperate climate zone.Only 5% of the world's population lives in a tropical desert climate.

1. Show on physical map world climatic zones. 2.Fill in the table " Climatic zones Earth ": the name of the climatic zone, geographical location, prevailing air masses, climate features (temperature, precipitation). *3. What climate zone is Belarus in? Name the main features of the climate, drawing on knowledge about your area. **4. In which climatic zone (region) are the most favorable conditions for recreation and health improvement of people? Justify your answer.

The climate is decisive for geographical location natural zones. Where it is dry and hot, deserts form, where whole year it rains and the sun shines - lush vegetation equatorial forests. But, in one climatic zone there may be boundaries of several natural zones.

Climatic zones and natural zones

Let's look at the table first.

Table "Natural zones of climatic zones"

Features of the climate of the natural zones of the world

equatorial forests

All year round it is very hot and there are tropical rains. The average temperature in winter is +15°, in summer about 30°. More than 2000 mm of precipitation falls annually. There is no clear distribution for the seasons, all months are warm and humid.

Savannah

Winter is tropical, summer is equatorial. Two periods are pronounced: droughts in winter and rainy season in summer. About 500 mm of precipitation falls annually. The average temperature in winter is +10°, in summer about 26°.

desert

Arid climate, a bright change in temperature is observed throughout the day. AT winter period at night it can even be below zero. In summer, the sun warms dry air by 40-45°C.

Rice. 2. Freezing in the desert

Steppes and forest-steppes

Winter is moderate, summer is dry. Even in warm period At night, the air temperature can drop to minus. Precipitation falls mainly in winter - up to 500 mm per year. feature steppe zone are cold penetrating winds blowing from the north.

Deciduous and mixed forests

Characterized by pronounced winters (with snow) and hot summers. Precipitation falls evenly throughout the year.

Rice. 3. Winter in the deciduous forest

Taiga

It is characterized by cold dry winters, but hot summers that last 4-5 months. Precipitation falls approximately 1000 mm. in year. The average temperature in January is 25°, in summer +16°.

Tundra and forest tundra

The climate is harsh. Winter is long, cold, dry, about 9 months. Summer is short. Arctic winds often blow.

Arctic and Antarctic deserts

Eternal winter zone. Summer is very short and cold.

Total ratings received: 120.

Our planet is extremely unique. Only on Earth are the temperature and weather conditions suitable for Human life. The climate map of the world is divided into 4 main and 3 additional climatic zones, each of which is unique due to its temperature regime, precipitation rate and wind direction. It is thanks to this diversity of climate that a huge number of plants can grow on our planet: both tiny daisies and giant sequoias and eucalyptus. Let's see what these climatic zones are remarkable for.

Main belts

Within these climatic zones the same air masses prevail throughout the year. Extends along the equator equatorial belt. Further, from the north and from the south, other belts adjoin it. closes climate map world arctic and antarctic belts. Now a little more about each of them.

Equatorial climate zone

The smallest of all. It reigns in the southern part of the Indochina peninsula, some islands of Indonesia, in the center of Africa and in a small part of South America. It rains most of the time here. They are so frequent and plentiful that moisture does not have time to evaporate. Therefore, these areas are often swampy. Temperature all year round keeps at around 24-28 degrees.

Impenetrable multi-tiered jungles are an integral part of this climate. A huge number of animal species are found in them, many of which live only here, and some have not even been studied. It is in this belt that the tallest and most powerful trees in the world grow - 100-meter eucalyptus trees.

tropical belt

This type of climate is varied. So, on land, high Atmosphere pressure and precipitation is extremely rare. The average temperature in summer rises to 40 degrees, and in winter it drops to +10. During the day, the fluctuation can be 35-40 degrees. These temperature fluctuations destroy rocks turning them into sand. That is why on the territory of the continental tropical belt lies the majority sandy deserts. Sahara - bright to that example. It occupies almost half of the African continent. On the sea tropical climate very similar to equatorial. Only clear skies and small seasonal temperature fluctuations distinguish it.

Temperate zone

This type of climate can also be divided into maritime and continental. Marine is distinguished by cool summers and mild winters, thanks to westerly winds that blow all year round. This belt extends along west coast America and Eurasia. The temperate continental climate is not so mild, since cyclones rarely pass deep into the mainland. That's why it's a hot summer here Cold winter. For example, in some regions of Siberia, in summer the air warms up to +30, and in winter it cools down to -40 degrees.

polar belt

It dominates in the arctic and antarctic regions of the globe, forming the belts of the same name throughout the year it is cold here. This is where things like Northern Lights, polar day, polar night and permafrost. Clear skies, light winds, ice fields and bitter cold are what make this uninhabitable climate remarkable. Only penguins can live here.