Comparative analysis of the countries Bulgaria, Spain, Northern Cyprus and Egypt. Geography of Bulgaria: relief, climate, nature, minerals

Since Russia supported the Bulgarians in their struggle for independence against Turkey, the Constitutional Assembly adopted an almost identical tricolor, with one difference - instead of a blue stripe, a green stripe was placed on it, symbolizing freedom. White is a symbol of peace and the Slavic spirit, and red is the courage of the Bulgarian people. During the years of communist rule (1947-1990), the state emblem was placed on a white stripe near the flagpole.

Geographical position

In order to appreciate the advantageous geographical position of Bulgaria, it is only necessary to combine a glance at the map of South-Eastern Europe and minimal school climate knowledge. Combined? There is a chance to check your conclusions further in our text ...

Bulgaria is located in the eastern part of the Balkan Peninsula. In the north, the country borders with Romania, in the south with Greece, in the southeast with Turkey, in the west with Serbia and in the southwest with Macedonia. From the east this unique country washed by the Black Sea. And it is in the place of this washing, on about three hundred kilometers of the coastal strip, that the most famous Bulgarian resort areas are concentrated - Golden Sands, St. Constantine and St. Elena, Albena and dozens of other more and less well-known, but equally attractive places. The whole region is characterized by an optimal ratio for a person between air humidity, temperature and its constancy, direction and strength of the winds.

Bulgaria is a small country. Max Straight Distance from west to east is 520 km, and from south to north and even less - 330. However, in this small area (with an area of ​​only about 111 000 square kilometers) contains a uniquely rich climatic and natural diversity.

Climate

Summer season in Bulgaria is 240-300 hours of sunshine, which is why the country is called "Sunny". Mediterranean influences are felt in the southern regions. Atmospheric humidity in summer - 70-75%, water temperature - 23-25 ​​°C.

In most of the country, the climate is temperate continental with clearly defined four seasons of the year, and in the southern regions and the Black Sea climatic region transitional to Mediterranean. Between June and September, the weather is very suitable for sea holidays. The average air temperature in July is about 26 degrees Celsius, and the maximum is up to 30 degrees. Temperature sea ​​water reaches 27 -28 degrees Celsius.

The uniqueness of the climate of this country - transition and diversity - are determined by the geographical position of Bulgaria between the two climatic zones- temperate continental (characteristic of most of Europe) and Mediterranean variant subtropical belt(characteristic of Southern Europe). The diversity of climate in a small area is also determined by the variety of types of relief - forests, water basins, karst surfaces.

Winter temperatures in the country range from 0 to -7 °C. In rare cases, they can drop to -20 °C. Spring is typical for a temperate continental climate. Summer is hot and humid - especially in Northern Bulgaria along the river. Danube. Autumn is mild and fine. Precipitation in the form of rain falls most often in May, October and November.

The local climate contributes to the fact that it is here that the bacterium lives and multiplies, on the basis of which unique product – spoiled milk. It is believed that it is largely thanks to him that the country is famous for its long-livers. In addition, small Bulgaria is one of the world's largest wine producers, along with France, Spain, Italy and Greece. Only here the wine of the ancient Thracians is still produced and drunk - the fragrant red Mavrud.

Natural resources

Relief

As we have already noted, Bulgaria is a relatively small state (111 thousand km2), but the relief is extremely diverse. Most of the territory of Bulgaria is occupied by mountains (28%) and hills (41%). Forests cover about a third (29%) of the territory.

The mountains divide the territory of Bulgaria into two parts: the northern part, which is mainly occupied by almost treeless and heavily plowed Danube Plain, and the southern, more mountainous, into which wedged Upper Thracian Lowland. In two places Stara Planina mountain range dissected by deep valleys Iskar and Kamchia rivers forming picturesque gorges. Especially majestically striking with a variety of bizarre rock sculptures Iskar Gorge, along which, through numerous bridges and tunnels, a railway line was laid from Northern Bulgaria to Sofia basin. The main ridge of the Balkan Mountains is generous with convenient passes. Best known during the turbulent military history country Shipka Pass. The middle part of Stara Planina is adjoined from the south by less high ridge Stara Gora, to the south of which the vast Upper Thracian lowland extends, crossed by the rivers of the basin Maritsa.

The most mountainous southwestern part of the country, where Rila-Rhodope mountain range. It includes the most high mountains and the ridges of Bulgaria - Rila (Mount Musala - 2925 m - the highest point of the Balkan Peninsula), Pirin and the Rhodopes. Particularly distinguished by the variety of relief are the Rhodope Mountains, the western spurs of which are higher and wooded, and the eastern ones are almost devoid of forest vegetation. Bulgaria is a special geographical province The Black Sea coast, stretching for almost 380 km, mostly gently sloping, with beautiful sandy beaches 100 m wide or more. The most major river Bulgaria - Danube, sung by generations of poets, artists, and now photographers.

Forests in Bulgaria are predominantly broad-leaved. grow here oak, beech, hornbeam, ash, linden, hazel. coniferous forests predominate in the high mountains.

Many species of animals live in the mountainous part of Bulgaria: bears, wolves, red deer, chamois, badgers, jackal. There are almost 50 species of amphibians and reptiles. From rare birds found in Bulgaria vultures, bearded eagles and pelicans.

Of the natural beauties, it is worth noting the unique location of huge fragments of rocks in the area. Beat the stones (Driven stones) near the city of Varna. The cliffs are also picturesque. Buinovsky and Tigradsky gorges in the Rhodopes, formed mountain rivers for millions of years; Cape Emine on the Black Sea coast is also good, where water and stone have created a beautiful rocky coast. good tone among those who are interested in landscapes and landscapes, it is considered to see chain of Belogradchik rocks– massive rocks and rock blocks near Belogradchik (Belogradchishki rocks), and a mosaic of sandstone pyramids and old houses in Melnik. Nature will reveal its charms and secrets to you if you rise on Vitosha to the "stone rivers"- streams of moraines, or go down to the underworld Uhlovitsa and Yagodinska caves, and in Stara Planina (Old Mountain) You will hear legends about the hero of folk tales Krali Marko. Krali Marko for the Bulgarians is a hero like our Ilya Muromets and Dobrynya Nikitich (though it's funny, if you just type this name in Yandex, you will get to several pages with an advertisement for a Moscow bowling alley and a Bulgarian cuisine restaurant). You can read more about Krali Marko and his exploits in the "Culture" section of our website.

Flora and fauna

Bulgaria is famous for its vast fertile plains, where plantations are cultivated by human hands. pepper,tomato, cucumber, cotton, tobacco. Older people remember not only Bulgarian lecho, but also the amazing honey tobacco "Golden Fleece". There are gardens of peach, apricot and kiwi trees everywhere. Of the 775 species known to medicine medicinal herbs, growing throughout Europe, 772 species can be found in Bulgaria.

The picturesque slopes of the Staraya Planina sheltered the only one in the world rose valley where millions of delicate rose buds bloom. Based on Bulgarian essential oil rose most of world production of cosmetology. Also every year, during the collection of rose petals, a colorful and magnificent festival is held, led by the Queen of Roses.

Bulgaria has 3 national and 9 natural parks, 89 reserves and 2234 natural attractions, two of which are national park "Pirin" and reserve "Srebarna" are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. The sustainable development of tourism in the country is aimed at preserving local species of plants and animals, natural phenomena, centuries-old trees and virgin corners of nature.

Water

Bulgaria occupies one of the first places in the world in terms of natural mineral springs. Their water, rich in mineral salts and iron, flows from the depths of the earth's interior. Over 75 percent are hot, with temperatures ranging from +37 to +100 °C. The river road of Bulgaria - the Danube - connects the country with the Central and Western Europe. Many rivers flow through the country, the largest of which are Maritsa, Struma, Places, Yantra, Iskar. Rivers, together with numerous reservoirs and mountain lakes, form an impressive water wealth country. One of the highlights are Seven Rila Lakes. reservoirs Dospat, Batak, Iskar, Arda actively used for recreation, sports, tourism and fishing. The Bulgarian Black Sea coast attracts millions of tourists with its spacious beaches with their fine golden sand and the pristine atmosphere of seaside towns and villages.

Territorial and administrative division

Bulgaria is a parliamentary republic, single state with local government. In the Republic of Bulgaria, the formation of autonomous territories is unacceptable. The country is divided into 28 regions and 258 communities. The territory of the country is divided into 6 planned regions in accordance with the requirements of the European Union.

Political life The Republic of Bulgaria is based on the principles of political pluralism. No political party or ideology can be considered or declared state.

Unacceptable education political parties on an ethnic, racial or religious basis, as well as parties pursuing the violent seizure of state power.

The country's constitution was adopted in 1991.

As soon as this city was called - Evmiolpiya, Koliba, Polpudeva, Philippopolis, Deloplys, Trimontium, Pludek ... The city was conquered by the Thracians, Celts, Romans, Goths, Huns, Turks. In 1877 a dragoon captain Russian army Burago, at the head of his squadron, swam across the icy Maritsa and was the first to enter the city. On a hill above Plovdiv there is a Russian monument erected in honor of the fallen officers and lower ranks. In the city […]

Sofia has four names. Serdika - Thracian, Triaditsa - Byzantine, Sredets - Slavic, Sofia - Greek. The emblem of the city of Sofia is a shield divided into four parts, each of which depicts: the goddess Sofia - the patroness of the city; church of st. Sophia, who gave him a name; Vitosha - healing springs; The temple of healing is a symbol of his wealth mineral waters. In the center of the coat of arms is a lion cub, symbolizing […]

In the 1990s in the process of social transformation there was a deep economic recession. The reasons for this are related to the inherited energy and import-intensive production, the loss of traditional sales markets, the difficulties of reorienting foreign trade relations to Western markets, where Bulgarian goods were not competitive enough. Limited domestic demand and increased competition imported goods also had a negative impact on the capabilities of local producers. There were also […]

According to the Constitution (1991), Bulgaria is a republic with parliamentary government, a single state with local self-government. Autonomous territorial formations are not allowed in Bulgaria. Her territorial integrity inviolable. Political life is based on the principle of political pluralism. The economy, according to the Constitution, must be based on free economic initiative. The right of ownership and inheritance is guaranteed and protected by law. The property is private and public. Private property […]

The earliest settlements on the territory of present-day Bulgaria date back to the Paleolithic era. The oldest known population is the Thracian tribes. By the 1st century AD Thracian lands fell under the rule of the Roman Empire, and after its collapse in the 5th century. were within Byzantine Empire. Gradually, the Thracians were assimilated by the Slavs, who in the 6th century. began to massively settle on the Balkan Peninsula. […]

In 1965-85, there was a tendency towards population growth (respectively from 8.2 to 8.9 million people), which in the 1990s. changed to the opposite. By the beginning of 2002, the population had decreased by 11% compared to 1985. In ethnic composition The population is dominated by Bulgarians (about 84%, 2001). Of the other ethnic groups, the most numerous are Turks (9.5%) and Gypsies (4.6%). According to the data […]

Located in the northeast of the Balkan Peninsula between 44°13` and 4°14` northern latitude, 22°22` and 28°36` east longitude. The total length of the state border is 2245 km, incl. 686 km river and 378 km sea. In the north, Bulgaria borders on Romania, in the south - on Turkey and Greece, in the west - on Macedonia and Serbia, the eastern part of […]

The official name is the Republic of Bulgaria (Republic of Bulgaria, Republic of Bulgaria). Located in Southeast Europe. The area is 111 thousand km2. Population - 7.171 million people. (2015). Official language- Bulgarian. The capital is the city of Sofia (1.19 million people, 2002). Public Holiday. Day of liberation from the Ottoman yoke March 3 - Monetary unit - lion. Member of the UN (since 1955), […]

During the years of people's power, labor cooperatives, agricultural and state farms. Agriculture fully provides the needs of the country's population in food, and industry - in raw materials. Cultivated areas occupy 44% of the country's territory - these are arable lands, pastures, pastures, orchards, vineyards. The main branch of agriculture is crop production. Grain crops are grown - wheat, corn, barley; technical — sugar beet, […]

Bulgaria is a country with a transitional economy. Persian move from planned to market economy dragged on. In 1991, the economy collapsed in Bulgaria, which was accompanied by inflation, GNP per capita was (-10.9%). By the time of liberation from Ottoman rule, it was economically weak developed country. From the very first steps of its independence, it increasingly fell into […]

Bulgaria belongs to the I type of population growth reproduction. The growth is negative (-5%). The decrease in natural growth is associated with an increase in mortality (13.6%o) and a drop in the birth rate (8.6%o). The birth rate has declined especially in countryside. The share of the working-age population employed in agriculture, reduced to last decade from 55 to 22%. Life expectancy has decreased (men - 67 years, women - 75 years). […]

The agro-climatic resources of Bulgaria are characterized temperate climate, flat relief - the Danube plain, the Maritskaya lowland, both of them are covered with black earth, gray, forest and brown soils. About 2/3 of the country's territory lies at an altitude of 500 m, which is most convenient for agriculture, 1/3 is occupied by mountains, and 13% of their territory lies at an altitude of more than 1000 m and has a latitudinal strike (Stara Planina). […]

Bulgaria is one of the countries of post-socialist Europe with a favorable economic and geographical position. It is located in the river basin. The Danube, which is the northern border with Romania for 470 km. The country has access to the Black Sea, the length of the coastline is 378 km. It is located at the crossroads of transit routes from the Central European states to the countries of the Eastern Mediterranean. Bulgaria is the shortest way […]

Why is preference given to these countries? Everything is very obvious here. These countries provide not only an opportunity to spend a wonderful sea ​​vacation but are also great places to invest Money in real estate, training and their own health. The specialists of the Land of the Sun company held comparative analysis between Egypt, Northern Cyprus, Spain and Bulgaria.

Which of these countries will dominate? Let's try to compare and evaluate the possibilities of these areas.

1. Climatic conditions All four countries, of course, are the favorites of Russians precisely because of their geographic location. Firstly, sea recreation is a beneficial effect on the human body. If we talk about the sea, then rather, Egypt will be the leader thanks to the Red Sea. After all, it is no secret to anyone that the Red Sea is one of the cleanest and most beautiful, undersea world which annually come to see millions of tourists from all over the world. Also, Egypt remains the main sea destination for those who are considering a sea holiday for themselves during all year round, because air and water temperature allows you to meet even New Year on the beach. But there are those who prefer to spend the winter not at sea, but doing winter sports. It is for such fans, of course, the choice will be for Bulgaria and Spain. And Northern Cyprus will be of interest to those who choose to rest and stay, on the one hand, in the arms unique nature and the most beautiful ecological conditions, and, on the other hand, in a quiet, fertile place.

2. Language, customs, culture If we compare the four countries in terms of this indicator, then most likely Bulgaria can be ranked first. Because both the language and culture of the Bulgarians are very close to Russian realities. Since the times of the USSR, many Bulgarians speak excellent Russian, and even without an interpreter, it will not be difficult to catch the main topic of conversation in Bulgaria. And more exotic country consider Egypt. Still Arabic language is considered one of the most complex, and the culture of the East is considered far enough for a European to understand.

Spain and Northern Cyprus can be "put" on the 2nd and 3rd places, respectively. Whatever it was Spanish, this European country, which is generally understandable to the European. Despite the fact that Northern Cyprus can also be called a secular state, where many foreigners live, however, proximity to Turkey can impose some oriental zest on local Turkish Cypriots.

3. Economic situation and forecasts for 2013 On this issue, most likely, we can put an equal sign between the countries. The thing is that today, whether it be Egypt, Spain, Bulgaria or Northern Cyprus, each of these countries is going through a turbulent period to one degree or another. There are several reasons for this: here are internal political events, and the influence of general economic trends, some echoes of the economic crisis. However, the economies of these countries cannot be called deplorable, on the contrary. Despite some shocks, these four countries are named by economic experts as reliable markets for investment. Moreover, the coming year 2013 and the next, 2014, are considered years that will allow these countries to find stability.

4. Buying real estate - where is it more profitable to invest? Just imagine a picture when a person sits and puzzles over the question of where it is more profitable to buy an apartment, in Egypt, Northern Cyprus, Spain or Bulgaria. Everything compares and compares prices. How to help him? But no way. Don't be surprised by this answer. Exactly no way. Because you will not lose in any of the options. Choosing one of the four countries, you can be sure that it is the attractiveness of the value of real estate that is their main trump card. Moreover, if you buy property in one of the countries we compare, you can be sure that it can work for you even when you are in Russia. Those. apartment rentals are in the highest demand in these areas. If we talk about where the cheapest housing is, probably, the arrow on the scales will tend, nevertheless, to Egypt, as to the country where you can buy the cheapest housing from the countries we are considering. And Northern Cyprus, Spain and Bulgaria will "stand" in second place and the cost of apartments in these countries will be approximately the same.

5. Cost of living - where is it lower? Each person has his own needs, which are expressed in the amount of money that he is willing to spend on himself and on his daily needs. If we talk about the cost of products and daily services, then Egypt can be "put" in first place (in ascending order of cost), then Bulgaria. And the third place will be shared between Spain and Northern Cyprus. And even this scale can be relative, because in Spain and Bulgaria, for sure, you may have financial expenses, for example, for ski equipment, which is not cheap, but in Egypt and Northern Cyprus these expenses will not be for obvious reasons.
However, instead, in Egypt, you can also spend money on buying air conditioners (several!) And monthly payment for their everyday use. Whereas in Spain and Bulgaria, by and large You can live without air conditioning. And there are many, many more such examples. 6. Investment in education - which country to look for to get higher education? If you choose a country for your child to study in European level and subsequently received a European diploma, then you, first of all, should turn your attention to Spain and Northern Cyprus. It is in one of these countries that you can get a decent education, and, importantly, diplomas received at the end of your studies will open the doors of European Universities for your children. And the cost of education will be significantly lower than in Germany, Switzerland or the UK. Bulgaria and Egypt are still inferior to Spain and Northern Cyprus in this matter, although here you can find very decent options for getting an education. As you can see from all the above information, despite the fact that on the one hand, Egypt, Spain, Bulgaria and Northern Cyprus seem to be different countries, they have a lot in common.

Definitely, it is not possible to recommend or vote for this or that country, because each of us has our own priorities and goals in life, and only they can influence the choice of one or another option. If you have already started considering options for purchasing property in one of the four countries, it is important for you to answer a few questions for yourself, the answers to which will help you make your final choice, for example:

(1) What is your purpose of purchasing real estate?
(2) How often will you come and what kind of vacation do you prefer?
(3) Will children come with you, is their education planned?
(4) Are you considering the issue of recovery and treatment abroad?
(5) Do you want to start your own business?

And there may be many more of these questions .... In general, perhaps the most profitable option is to buy real estate in each of the listed countries. That is, for an apartment in Egypt, Spain, Northern Cyprus and Bulgaria Then you will not only be able to compare the advantages of a particular country. You will be able to enjoy all the benefits and get amazing emotions every time, flying from one culture to another! Enrich your knowledge about it beautiful world and have a great rest!

Bulgaria is located at the crossroads of Europe and Asia in the middle of the Balkans, at the crossroads of Western and Central Europe and the Near and Middle East. In the north, Bulgaria borders on Romania, separated by the Danube, with the exception of Dobruja. In the west - with Serbia and Macedonia, in the south - with Greece and Turkey. In the east, the natural border is the Black Sea, which connects it with Ukraine, and the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles - with the Mediterranean countries.
This is one of the smallest countries in Europe, its area is about 111,000 sq.m. and the population does not exceed 8 million people. However, despite its small size, Bulgaria strikes with a variety of landscapes. Starting from the banks of the Danube, the plateaus devastated by the winds pass into the peaks of Stara Planina. This ridge stretches from east to west across the northern part of the country from the Black Sea to Serbia and divides the territory of Bulgaria into two parts: the northern part, which is mainly occupied by the almost treeless and heavily plowed Danubian plain, and the southern, more mountainous, into which the Upper Thracian lowland is wedged. In two places, the Stara Planina mountain range is cut by deep valleys of the Iskar and Kamchia rivers, forming picturesque gorges. Particularly majestic and beautiful is the Iskar Gorge, which strikes with a variety of bizarre rock sculptures, along which a railway line from Northern Bulgaria to the Sofia Basin is laid through numerous bridges and tunnels.
There are a number of convenient passes in the main ridge of the Balkan Mountains. The most famous is the historical Shipka Pass. From the south, the lower Stara Gora ridge adjoins the middle part of Stara Planina, to the south of which the vast Upper Thracian lowland, crossed by the rivers of the Maritsa basin, extends. The most mountainous is the southwestern part of the country, where the Rila-Rhodope mountain range is located. It includes the highest mountains and ranges in Bulgaria - Rila (Mount Musala - 2925 m - the highest point of the Balkan Peninsula), Pirin and the Rhodopes. Particularly distinguished by the variety of relief are the Rhodope Mountains, the western spurs of which are higher and wooded, and the eastern ones are almost devoid of forest vegetation.
Despite the dense river network, Bulgaria, apart from the Danube, has no other navigable rivers. The following rivers flow into the Black Sea: r. Provadiyskaya, Kamchia, Ropotamo, Devil's river, Veleka, Rezovskaya river and others. The rivers Struma, Maritsa and Mesta flow into the Aegean Sea. The basins of the Danube and Maritsa rivers cover two-thirds of the two great plains. Forests cover about a third (29%) of the territory.
A special geographical province of Bulgaria is the Black Sea coast, which stretches for almost 380 km, which is an extensive beach strip interspersed with picturesque sheer cliffs. IN last years Bulgarian Black Sea resorts are among the most preferred resorts in Europe, and most of the Bulgarian beaches have been awarded the "blue flag" European Union- a sign of environmental cleanliness.
Bulgarian flora and fauna are a mixture of European species of the central and northern regions, as well as the Mediterranean. Among big birds bearded eagles predominate. Among the almost extinct mammals, one can meet a bear, a wolf, a hyena, a wild cat, a deer, a chamois and others. Pelicans, partridges, pheasants, hazel grouses inhabit the reserves. There are many types of marine and river fish. There are almost 50 species of amphibians and reptiles, and the variety of insects can satisfy even the most demanding collectors. For example, you can catch more than 1,100 species different butterflies. And let's not forget the cave dwellers, the number of which is more than 75 species.
towering snowy peaks and beautiful green slopes, cool forests, lush rivers and crystal clear lakes, mineral springs and nature reserves, rare plants and wild animals, beautiful resorts and small picturesque villages with living traditions and folklore - all these places in Bulgaria have their own character and personality.

The climate of Bulgaria

By climate feature The country is usually divided into three zones. In northern Bulgaria, moderately - continental climate. The climate of the Thracian Plain is steppe, and on the Black Sea coast, especially in the valleys of the Struma and Mesta rivers, the climate becomes Mediterranean.
Average annual temperature approximately 12°C. The average January temperatures in the Maritsa valley and on the Black Sea coast are approx. +4° C, and to the north of the Stara Planina Mountains they drop to -4° C. In the mountains, winter temperatures are even lower, and there is snow for several months.
Summers are hot (except in the mountains), in most of the low plains average temperature July 23-24°С. Along the Black Sea coast, there are smaller temperature amplitudes. For example, in Varna, the average January temperature is 3°C, and in summer it is about 21°C. Autumn here is mild and warm. The duration of the frost-free period ranges from 180 to 260 days. Droughts often occur on the plains, and a lot of precipitation falls in the mountains (up to 1900 mm per year), mainly in the form of snow. Quantity precipitation is closely related to the features of the relief: the plains and intermountain valleys protected by mountains rarely receive more than 600 mm per year.

Population

Bulgaria has about 8 million inhabitants. In addition to the main part - the Bulgarians, ethnic Turks (comprising about 10% of the population), gypsies, Armenians, Greeks and representatives of other nationalities live here. The official language is Bulgarian, Most Bulgarians profess Orthodoxy (Bulgarian Orthodox Church- 85%), there are also Muslims (13%), a small part - Catholics (0.5%), Jews (0.8%) and Protestants.
The population of the capital of Bulgaria - Sofia, the largest center of industry and culture, is more than 1 million inhabitants. Others major cities The countries are Plovdiv, Varna, Burgas and Ruse.

Currency

The national currency is the Bulgarian lev. One lev consists of 100 stotinki. In circulation there are coins of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 stotinki and 1 lev, and banknotes of 2, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 leva. Well national currency to the euro is approximately 2 leva per euro.