The biggest temperature difference on earth. Where and when was the lowest temperature on earth

Winter has already ended, but memories of frost and cold are still fresh in my memory. With a minus, it takes your breath away, your lips begin to crack, your skin dries up ... Legs and hands freeze. Every year there are reports of people who decide to take a break in a snowdrift. And no amount of civilization, science, medicine, nanotechnology can save us from this most terrible victim of winter.

However, in most cities in Russia, the winter temperature rarely drops below 30-40 degrees from zero, while this is not at all the limit. Even on our warm and cozy planet, there are places with a rather frightening climate. And the most low temperature on Earth can impress anyone.

Oymyakon

A small village in Yakutia is considered a real pole of cold. It is the coldest settlement. About half a thousand people live in it, who are accustomed to the local climate and consider it a worthy retribution for living in native land.

And the climate here is really more than harsh. The village is not only located far to the north, it is also quite high relative to sea level and remote from the oceans. And due to the fact that it lies in a lowland, frosty air flows here in winter. The sum of these factors results in impressively low mean annual temperatures, with an absolute minimum of -64.3 degrees Kelvin. Not very comfortable, but people have adapted to this.

Station "Vostok"

No matter how paradoxical it may seem, but the lowest temperature on south pole. Of course, "southern" in this case means "located at the bottom of the map", and not "in the warm and pleasant south." The coldest continent is frozen through, only in summer a small surface layer of soil thaws in it, allowing a limited amount of flora and fauna to survive.

Nice summer day

People do not live there, with the exception of especially extreme scientists engaged in the study of this inhospitable region. There are stations from many countries, including Russia. And it was the inhabitants of the Russian "Vostok" who recorded the temperature, which long time was considered the minimum - -89.2 degrees. It happened historical event June 21, 1983. And for almost twenty years this record seemed absolute.

Fuji Dome

Antarctica is an extremely inhospitable continent, but there are some impressive places there, for example, Fuji Dome, aka Valkyries Mountain. This hill is located on Queen Maud Land, one of the coldest areas. In addition, it is located at an altitude of 3600 meters above sea level, which makes the climate even more severe. By the way, the Fuji Dome is one of the most high points continent, which contributes to obtaining unique weather conditions.

Bad day

It was in this area that the existing this moment temperature minimum - 91.2 degrees. It is interesting not only that minimum temperature, but also the first recorded one that crossed the line of 90 degrees below zero.

The method of detecting this temperature is also different. The fact is that most often the temperature is measured with an ordinary alcohol or electronic thermometer. The result obtained shows the temperature of the surface layer of air. But the new temperature record was measured not in the usual way, but from a satellite. Thus, the temperature of the earth's surface was measured, and therefore many question the legitimacy of this record.

Somewhere over Sweden

If we talk not about the surface temperature, but about the entire planet, including the atmosphere, then the lowest temperature will differ significantly from the already mentioned values.

So in the Earth's atmosphere at an altitude of 85 kilometers above Sweden in 1963, a temperature minimum was recorded that has no analogues -143 degrees below zero Celsius.

On the other hand, if you continue to rise, the temperature will decrease until it reaches -270 degrees, characteristic of outer space. True, it will no longer be considered a planet.

Somewhere in the laboratory

In 2001 Nobel Prize in physics was given to a group of scientists who were able to develop theoretical basis cooling a substance to ultra-low temperatures and testing them in practice. To do this, the gas is cooled in a magnetic trap, where it cannot come into contact with the walls and be heated by them.

Later, on the basis of this technique, the lowest temperature on the planet and in the entire Universe was obtained - 0.0000000001 Kelvin, which is one picokelvin higher than absolute zero.

It is unlikely that this particular thermometer was used, but the result would be similar

In outer space, it is even higher, because its space is heated due to the radiation background left after the Big Bang. Now average temperature in interstellar space is about 3 degrees Kelvin. Gradually, the Universe cools down, but very slowly, by about 1 degree in 3 billion years.

Therefore, so far the lowest temperature has been recorded on Earth, of course, if there are no other civilizations on other planets with their scientists seeking to learn the secrets of matter and energy.

As a result of climate change, the annual air temperature is rising. Earlier, in the Iranian Desht-Lut, the highest temperature on the Earth's surface was recorded - 70.7 ° C. Your attention is invited to the top 10 hottest places in the world.

10. Al-Kuwait (Kuwait) - 51 ° C. The climate is tropical, dry. During May-October, the air temperature ranges from 40 to 50 °C. Winds carry dust and sand. In December-January, the thermometer shows 12-18 ° C. In winter, cyclones bring rare precipitation.

Al-Kuwait is the capital of Kuwait, the center of culture, trade and entertainment in Asia. Next to the ancient mosques are five-star hotels, and small markets are the neighbors of giant supermarkets. There are garden and park complexes in the city.

Capital - on south coast Gulf of Kuwait. On its outskirts there are salt marshes, which are filled with water during the rainy season. The basis flora- shrubs and hard-leaved grasses. Among the animals near the city there are insects and rodents.

9. Riyadh ( Saudi Arabia) - 52 °C. The climate is tropical, desert. The temperature in summer fluctuates in the range of 40-43 °C. With an air humidity of 10-13%, the heat is hard to bear. In winter, the temperature is 20-28 °C, sometimes it drops to 8-14 °C. Humidity rises to 40-49%. During the year - only 100-130 mm of precipitation.

The capital of Saudi Arabia lies on the territory of the fertile Wadi Hanifa valley. The area of ​​the city is 1600 sq. km. The population is 5 million people. Most of the buildings in Riyadh were built at the turn of the 80-90s of the last century. There are 140 mosques in the capital.

The city is the political and national center of the country. Thanks to super profits from oil production, the capital has developed hotel business, medicine, and built a modern airport.

8. Dallol (Ethiopia) - 53 ° C. The climate is tropical. During 1960-1966, the average temperature in the city was 34.4°C. Now - about 25 °C.

January is the coldest mean annual temperature is 22.4 °C) and the driest month of the year (average precipitation is 0 mm). In hot April, the average temperature is 30 °C. Most precipitation in August - 273 mm, and during the year on average - 874 mm.

Formed 900 million years ago, the crater of the Dallol volcano is considered the lowest in the world, located 45 m below sea level. Nearby - sources of mineral salts.

There are no good roads to Dallol settlement. Only caravans transport salt collected near the city.

7. Tirat Zvi (Israel) - 53.9 ° C. The religious center is located near the border with Jordan. Near the city is the saving river Jordan. From the heat, local residents (759 people as of the end of 2016) hide under awnings and in pools. The city is located 220 m below sea level. The local TIV meat processing plant sells products domestically and internationally.

Pride of Tirat Zvi - 18,000 date trees, thanks to which the settlement is honorary title the largest manufacturer in Israel. The technology developed by scientists from Tirat-Zvi and the Volcani Institute preserves palm leaves for several months. The city supplies tens of thousands of palm leaves for Sukkot - a Jewish holiday that lasts for 8 days, includes meals and an overnight stay in a tent, dedicated to the mention of the ancestors walking in the Sinai desert.

6. Kebili (Tunisia) - 55 ° C. The climate is moderately warm. The average temperature is 18.7 °C. Precipitation falls 605 mm. In July - 0 mm, and in December - 102 mm. Kebili is a classic oasis with palm trees and water. 150,000 people live in the city on an area of ​​22,084 km. In the west it borders on Algiers.

The pride of the city is Lake Chott el-Jerid. The body of water is covered with a rough salt shell that can support the weight of a car. Races on high-speed fireballs are regularly held here.

The road to the city of Tozeur runs along the lake. The driver seems to be moving through a tunnel. This optical delusion is the result of reflection sunlight from the salt surface of the lake. If the thermometer shows 30 °C, mirages appear. Visibility is reduced by winds that blow sand.

5. Timbuktu, Mali - 55°C The climate in the city is arid. The minimum precipitation in January is 0 mm, the maximum in August is 72 mm, and the average for the year is 176 mm. The highest average temperatures are in June - 33.9 °C, the lowest - in January - 20.6 °C. AT warm time the thermometer sometimes shows over 50 ° C. Salvation for the inhabitants of the city is the Niger River. Although it is 24 km away.

Previously, Timbuktu was the commercial, scientific and religious center of Africa. Now the settlement houses a collection of ancient manuscripts.

The city tried to absorb the Sahara. Winds regularly brought desert gifts - dunes - to the city. Therefore, in 1988, Timbuktu was included in the lists of objects world heritage UNESCO. Thanks to the consistent actions of the world community, the advance of the Sahara was stopped. In 2005, the city was excluded from the list.

4. Rub al-Khali, Arabian Peninsula - 56 ° C The desert lies on the territory of Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Oman and the United Arab Emirates. One of the largest in the world - 650,000 sq. km. The average temperature in summer is 47 °C. In this case, the air often warms up to 50 ° C, and the sand - up to 70 ° C. Precipitation falls 35 mm.

Rub al Khali - flat desert. The winds move 300-meter red-orange sand dunes, exposing patches of gypsum and gravel.

Images from space allowed scientists to make sure that settlements were located on the territory of Rub al-Khali 5 thousand years ago. For example, Ubar is the City of a thousand pillars. Also, earlier there was a network of lakes and rivers, flora and fauna flourished. Now The groundwater hid from the hot sun at a depth of 10 meters.

In the desert, camel thorns and saltwort predominate among plants. One hundred species of animals, including: Beyza antelope, camels, snakes, jerboas and scorpions.

3. El-Azizia (Libya) - 57.7 ° C. The city of 4,000 people holds the unofficial record for the highest temperature in the shade. But the World Weather Station does not recognize it, not trusting the means used to determine the temperature. In summer, the thermometer shows 48.9 °C. The average annual temperature is lower than in Dallol or the Deshte Lut desert.

Humidity rarely drops below 80%, so the heat is easier to bear. The winds bring healing air from mediterranean sea. City is important shopping center, and until 2001 it was also administrative. El Azizia is located near the Sahel desert of Jeffar. Tourists are captivated by the unique ancient architecture of the Berbers.

Near the city is a thousand-year-old fortress Qasr al-Haj made of stone and plaster. AT Peaceful time acted as a kind of refrigerator for food.

2. Death Valley (USA) - 56.7 ° C. The lowest stretch of the Mojave Desert and North America- 86 meters below sea level. With an area of ​​7800 sq. km. the park is the largest in the US. Less than 50 mm of precipitation falls annually, which is enough for small rodents and shrubs. Most hot month- July with an average temperature of 46 °C during the day and 31 °C at night. In winter, the thermometer drops to 5-20 °C. The average annual temperature is 24.8 °C.

A feature of Death Valley is the stones that move. This fact is confirmed by traces and photos from space. Do not sit still as tiny stones the size of a soccer ball, and 500-pound giants.

Death Valley was named in the middle of the 19th century. Then numerous gold miners tried to shorten the path to California through the hot lowlands. Not everyone managed to get out alive, hence the names: Funeral Ridge, Last Chance Ridge and Death Valley.

1. Deshte-Lut (Iran) - 70.7 ° C. The salt desert is considered the unofficial winner of the ranking, since in 2005 temperature information was obtained using a space satellite.

Characteristics Deshte-Lut - salt marshes and sands. Constant winds led to the appearance of bizarre stone images that are shaped like pillars and mushrooms.

Even in such a hot place there is a reservoir! drainless salt Lake- in the south of the desert in the lowlands of Nemekzar. Appears on a short time only in spring.

The length of Deshte-Lut is 550 km, the width is 100-200 km. The images from space show numerous sandstorms. Temperatures above 50 ° C are the norm in the desert. The hottest place in the desert is the Henda Beryan plateau with an area of ​​480 sq. km. It is covered with brown lava.

Global warming is knocking loudly on the door of planet Earth. Perhaps we will soon witness new temperature records.

Photo: Bochkareva Bolota / RIA Novosti

Starting Sunday January 14 severe frosts came to the territory of Yakutia. In Oymyakon, the temperature on Sunday dropped to -59 degrees Celsius. The authorities of the republic canceled classes in schools in 13 districts. Forecasters expect in the coming days a further drop in temperature, which brought the Arctic anticyclone. The level is called - 65 degrees. There are already victims. On January 14, the press service of the Investigative Committee of the Investigative Committee of the Russian Federation for the Republic of Sakha disseminated information that the circumstances of the death of two men who froze on the road as a result of a car breakdown are being studied.

How to count correctly

It is customary to record temperature records with a thermometer. It is understood that it is necessary to do this in the process of observation with fixing temperature changes with the help of instruments. Data obtained in some other way will have to be attributed to unofficial records.

So, December 9, 2013 At a conference of the American Geophysical Union, a group of American researchers reported that on August 10, 2010, the air temperature in one of the points of Antarctica dropped to -135.8 degrees Fahrenheit (-93.2 degrees Celsius). This information was identified as a result of analysis of NASA satellite data. But the speaker Ted Sambos himself made a reservation that this temperature record could not be recorded as an official one.

Oymyakon or Verkhoyansk

Verkhoyansk weather station. Photo: V. Yakovlev / RIA Novosti

The Republic of Sakha (Yakutia) remains a unique region for northern hemisphere planets. Its territory, 40% of which is located beyond the Arctic Circle, is the supplier of temperature records. Suffice it to say that the temperature difference between the coldest month - January and the warmest - July is 70 - 75 degrees in the republic.

For the right to be called the "pole of cold" of the Northern Hemisphere of the Earth, two Yakut settlements – Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon. The lowest temperature - minus 77.8 degrees Celsius - was fixed in 1938 in Oymyakon. But these data have not received official status. In Verkhoyansk in January 1892 the temperature dropped to -69.8 degrees. Therefore, the authorities of the republic give him the title of the coldest place in the Northern Hemisphere. Moreover, Verkhoyansk also has the largest amplitude annual temperatures: the maximum summer temperature here reached +37 degrees(the temperature difference is almost 107 degrees).

Earth's absolute cold pole

Antarctic station "Vostok". Photo: G. Kolosov / RIA Novosti

The title of the absolute pole of cold of the Earth belongs to the Antarctic Russian station "Vostok", where meteorological observations are carried out regularly.On July 21, 1983, a record low temperature was recorded there: -89.2 degrees Celsius. True, meteorologists pay attention that the station is located at an altitude 3488 meters above sea level. If we bring the temperature indicators to sea level, then Antarctica will lose both Verkhoyansk and Oymyakon. But here in terms of the average annual temperature, which at the station is −60.2 degrees Celsius, Vostok has no equal.

For those who want to warm up

Death Valley. USA. Photo: Zuma/TASS

If someone is cold from reading such a text - urgently to the hottest places on the planet . September 13, 1922 in the town of El Azizia, Libya, a temperature of +58.2 degrees Celsius was recorded. But to date, this result is not recognized as sufficiently reliable. Therefore, the World Meteorological Organization considers the temperature recorded by July 10, 1913 at the Greenland Ranch in Death Valley (California, USA) - plus 56.7 degrees. It is difficult to find a name more suitable for being considered the hottest place on the planet. Again, according to unofficial data, on the same day, Saudi Arabia (location unknown) recorded +58.4 degrees Celsius. But unofficial - they are unofficial.

by the most warm place on earth can be considered Dallol village in Ethiopia. For 7 years, from 1960 to 1966, the average annual temperature was recorded here equal to +34.4 degrees Celsius.

But the hottest place in Russia is the Utta weather station in Kalmykia . On July 12, 2010, the temperature was recorded here +45.4 degrees Celsius, which is a record high temperature in the history of meteorological observations in Russia.

Naturally, the practice of fixing the results only with the use of stationary devices is not entirely correct. Many scientists believe that there are places on Earth where positive temperatures are much higher than the current records. But it doesn't work there meteorological observations. So, as the possible hottest place on the planet is called Desert Deshte-Lut in the central part of the Iranian plateau in the east of Iran. Some experts, referring to satellite observation data, argue that temperatures in this area reach 70 degrees Celsius. It remains to confirm this with a conventional thermometer.

Sergey Anisimov

Domestic winters are severe, frosty and very long. It is at this time of the year that we are so drawn to where the sun shines warmly and brightly. Do you know which country in the world is the hottest? In what cities of the planet the air temperature rises to unimaginable values? You will find answers to these questions in our article.

Climate records of the planet

When in summer the air warms up to +30 degrees, we languish from the heat and pray to the Almighty for a cool rain. But there are hotter places on our planet, where temperature values ​​can reach +40 ... 50 o Celsius. What are these places? And where is the most hot country in the world? Let's find out.

In meteorology, there is such a thing as "absolute temperature maximum". This is the highest air temperature recorded at a certain point on Earth in the entire history of observations. This is one of the main indicators that allows you to highlight the 10 hottest countries in the world (or cities). So, for example, for Moscow this value is +38.2 o C, but for Athens (the sultry capital of Europe) - +48.0 o C.

A long enough record time for the globe it was customary to consider the temperature +58.2 o C. It was recorded back in 1922 in the desert of Libya, not far from the city of Tripoli. However, in 2012 the World Meteorological Organization denied these figures. According to the data of satellite monitoring of the earth's surface, the absolute maximum air temperature was recorded in 2005 in the Deshte-Lut area in southwestern Iran (+70.7 o C).

So, where is the hottest country in the world located? And how many degrees does the thermometer show on its territory? Read more about this later in the article.

The hottest countries in the world: TOP 10

There are many truly “hot” states in the world. Most often, they are located in the equatorial and tropical latitudes. After all, it is these parts of the globe that receive in a year the largest number solar heat. But which country is the hottest in the world? To be called such, it must have high temperatures throughout the calendar year.

So, the ten hottest countries in the world have next view:

• Ethiopia (10th place).
• Indonesia (9th place).
• Jamaica (8th place).
• India (7th place).
• Malaysia (6th place).
• Vietnam (5th place).
• Bahrain (4th place).
• UAE (3rd place).
• Botswana (2nd place).
• Qatar (1st place).

• Dubai, UAE).
• Baghdad (Iraq).
• Al-Kuwait (Kuwait).
• Riyadh (Saudi Arabia).
• Ahvaz (Iran).

Ethiopia

Ethiopia is located in the eastern part of Africa. Since the country is located in equatorial latitudes, it is not much cooler in winter than in summer. The climate of the eastern regions of Ethiopia is characterized by extreme dryness and sultryness.

Indonesia

The average temperature of the warm season: +31 o C.

As such, there is no division into seasons in Indonesia either. Annual temperature fluctuations here do not exceed 3-5 degrees. The Indonesian heat is significantly complicated by the high humidity of the air, due to the proximity of the open ocean. However, in mountainous areas this island country it is quite possible to freeze even in the hottest months of the year.

Jamaica

The average temperature of the warm season: +31 o C.

The climate of Jamaica is tropical maritime, very humid. It is just as hot here in winter as it is in summer. And here is the distribution precipitation is strictly seasonal. Most of rain falls in autumn. According to historical reports, the first European colonizers in Jamaica had a hard time. It took a long time for the Europeans to adapt to the unusual Jamaican climate.

India

India is a distinctive and colorful country, one of the most popular among tourists. From harsh northern winds it is securely protected by the chain of the Himalayan mountains. But the hot air from the Thar Desert is freely distributed throughout almost its entire territory. Unlike all of the above states, in India there is some seasonality of the climate: in winter, the average air temperature here drops to +15 degrees.

Malaysia

The average temperature of the warm season: +32 o C.

In the middle of our rating is the Asian state of Malaysia. The climate here is humid (due to the proximity of the sea) and hot (due to the proximity to the equator). However, the Malaysian heat is "diluted" a little by the monsoons, which bring heavy and prolonged rains in spring and autumn.

Vietnam

A similar situation is observed in Vietnam: in the transitional seasons of the year, monsoons bring precipitation and, often, typhoons. But the winter in this country is quite dry, even in comparison with the hot summer. In general, Vietnam is the hottest country in South-East Asia.

Bahrain

The average temperature of the warm season: +33 o C.

The tiny kingdom of Bahrain is located on an island archipelago in the Persian Gulf. abundance tropical deserts minimizes the amount of precipitation and, as a result, indicators of air humidity. In summer, air temperatures here are often kept at around +40 degrees, but in winter they drop to +17 ° C.

United Arab Emirates

The average temperature of the warm season: +37 o C.

In the UAE, the climate is characterized by excessive dryness and sultryness. The hottest months of the year are July and August. At the same time, the heat does not subside even at night, remaining at the level of + 34 ... 35 ° C. Almost the entire territory of the UAE is covered with sand. But this did not stop the Arab sheikhs from turning their country into one of the most attractive tourist destinations in the Middle East.

Botswana

The average temperature of the warm season: +40 o C.

Another African country in our ranking is Botswana. Two seasons are clearly distinguished here: hot winter (since it Southern Hemisphere) and relatively cool summer, when the air temperature averages +25 degrees. Even small frosts sometimes occur within the Kalahari Desert.

Qatar

The average temperature of the warm season: +41 o C.

Finally, the hottest country in the world is Qatar. locals they are not particularly surprised when they see +50 degrees on their thermometer. And it's in the shade! Most of the country is occupied by deserts, so sandstorms blow here throughout the year.

One of Qatar's main problems is the shortage drinking water. Solve it by desalination. That is why water in this country is more expensive than gasoline.

In physics, temperature is a quantity that quantitatively expresses the degree of heating of various bodies. Considering that the field of study often includes not only solid bodies, but liquids and gases, there are more general concept temperature, as a degree of kinetic energy of particles.

The system unit of temperature measurement is Kelvin (abbreviated as K), in which absolute zero is taken as the reporting point - the state of matter with zero kinetic energy of particles. In everyday life, degrees Celsius (abbreviated ° C) are most often used, for which the reporting point corresponds to the freezing point of water. One degree Celsius is equal to Kelvin, and corresponds to 1/100 of the temperature difference between the freezing point and the boiling point of water. Absolute zero is −273.15 degrees Celsius.

From point of view quantum physics and at absolute zero temperature there are zero oscillations, which are due to the quantum properties of particles and their surrounding physical vacuum.

Average annual temperature

Our planet is in the life zone of its star. The zone of life is the space far enough away from its star, in which the existence of water in liquid form is possible on the surface of the planet. Modern meteorologists (specialists in terrestrial climate and weather) most often use surface air temperature measurements using mercury or alcohol thermometers (the freezing point of mercury and alcohol is -38.9°C and -114.1°C, respectively).

According to the international methodology, measurements should take place at a height of two meters from the earth's surface in a special meteorological booth, remote from the anthropogenic landscape. The average annual surface air temperature on the Earth's surface is +14°С. At the same time, in some parts of the planet, the surface air temperature differs greatly from this value due to different seasons or days, different geographical latitude, distance from the ocean, elevation above mean sea level, and proximity to volcanic areas.

Earth temperature range

The smallest temperature drop in surface air is observed in the equatorial regions of the World Ocean. So on Christmas Island, which is located in the central equatorial part Pacific Ocean seasonal temperature differences are limited to the range of 19-34 degrees Celsius. However, it is believed that the most even climate is observed in the town of Garapan on the island of Saipan (Mariinsky Islands). During 9 years from 1927 to 1935, the lowest temperature here was recorded on January 30, 1934 (+19.6°С), and the highest - on September 9, 1931 (+31.4°С), which gives a drop of 11 .8°С.

Continents are characterized by much higher temperature differences. In Death Valley (California), +56.7°C was recorded on July 10, 1913, and +57.8°C was recorded on July 13, 1922 (this value was later disputed). At the Russian Vostok station, on July 21, 1983, -89.2°C was observed. The largest temperature difference was recorded in the Russian Verkhoyansk - 106.7°C: from -70°C to +36.7°C. The lowest average annual temperature was recorded in 1958 at the South Pole (-57.8°C). The highest average annual temperature was recorded in the town of Ferandi (Ethiopia) in the 60s of the 20th century (+34°C).

The surface temperature of the Earth is still characterized by extreme values ​​due to the fact that the dark surface during the day can warm up to much higher temperatures compared to air. In Death Valley (California) on July 15, 1972 +93.9°C was recorded. It is likely that such high surface temperatures can cause under conditions strong wind anomalous short-term bursts of air temperature (in July 1967, a sharp increase in air temperature up to +87.7°С was registered in Iranian Abadan).

Distribution of annual maximum temperatures of the Earth

The surface of our planet is a source of thermal electromagnetic radiation, the maximum of which is in the infrared region of the spectrum (according to Wien's displacement law).

Due to this property, near-Earth satellites can measure the temperature of any point on the Earth's surface, unlike ground-based weather stations.

An analysis of the Aqua satellite images for 2009-2013 made it possible to determine that the maximum surface temperature in the Iranian desert in 2005 reached +70.7 °C.

Statistical distribution of annual maximum temperatures surface on the planet shows four clusters (glaciers, forests, savannas/steppes and deserts).

Another analysis of satellite images from 1982-2013 showed that minimum temperatures in Antarctica can reach -93.2 °C.

Despite the fact that earth's surface On average, it receives 30 thousand times more energy from the Sun than from the bowels of the earth, geothermal energy is an important element in the economy of some countries (for example, Iceland).

Drilling record Kola well showed that at a depth of 12 km the temperature reaches +220°C.

Isotherm +20 °C in earth's crust passes at depths from 1500-2000 m (permafrost areas) to 100 m or less (subtropics), and comes to the surface in the tropics. In mountainous areas thermal springs have temperatures up to +50…+90 °C, and in artesian basins at depths of 2000-3000 m water with a temperature of +70…+100 °C and more.

The point where the minimum temperature was observed is not the most high part glacier: its height is about 3900 meters against 4093 meters at Plateau A (Argus).

An earlier analysis of the Aqua satellite images from 2004-2007 confirms that the coldest winter temperatures occur on the B ridge, which connects the A plateau and the F (Fuji) plateau.

In areas of active volcanism, thermal springs appear in the form of geysers and steam jets, bringing steam-water mixtures and vapors to the surface from depths of 500-1000 m, where the water is in an overheated state (+150…+200 °C). Temperatures up to +400 °C are observed in underwater hydrothermal springs (“black smokers”). In volcanoes, the lava temperature can rise up to +1500°C.

Based on laboratory experiments, seismological data and theoretical calculations, it is believed that temperatures in the bowels of the planet can exceed 7 thousand degrees. Several variants of the theoretical temperature of the deep layers of the planet.

If our planet did not have an atmosphere, then according to the Stefan-Boltzmann law, its average temperature would not be +14 ° C, but -18 ° C. The difference is explained by the fact that the Earth's atmosphere absorbs part of the thermal radiation of the surface ( the greenhouse effect). This largely explains why, with increasing altitude above the surface of the planet, not only pressure decreases, but also temperature.

The temperature maximum in the stratosphere (at an altitude of about 50 km) is explained by the interaction of the ozone layer with ultraviolet radiation from the Sun. The temperature peak in the exosphere (ionosphere) is associated with the ionization of molecules in the outer rarefied layers of the atmosphere under the action of solar radiation. Daily fluctuations in this layer can reach several hundred degrees. In the exosphere, the Earth's atmosphere escapes into space.

Temperature fluctuations in other planets of the solar system

A good example of temperature fluctuations if the Earth had no atmosphere is. According to the observations of the LRO satellite, the surface temperature of our satellite varies from +140°C in small equatorial craters to -245°C at the bottom of the Hermite polar crater. The latter value is even less than the measured surface temperature of Pluto -245 °C or any other celestial body Solar System for which temperature measurements were made. Thus, temperature fluctuations on the moon reach 385 degrees. According to this indicator, the Moon ranks second in solar system after .

Measurements of instruments left by the crews of the Apollo 15 and Apollo 17 missions showed that at a depth of 35 cm, temperatures are on average 40-45 degrees warmer than at the surface. At a depth of 80 cm, seasonal temperature fluctuations disappear, and the constant temperature is close to -35 °C. It is estimated that the temperature of the core of the Moon is 1600–1700 K. Much more high temperatures can appear during the fall of asteroids.

Thus, fianites were found in ancient terrestrial craters, for the formation of which from zircon temperatures exceeding 2640 Kelvin are required. Achieving such temperatures is impossible with terrestrial volcanism.

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