family psychology 

Characteristics of the republican form of government in the Republic of Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan has a republican form of government. Legal basis for the choice of this form of government are the following constitutional provisions:

the people as the only source state power:

division of state power into branches: legislative, executive, judicial

supremacy and supreme legal force of the Constitution adopted by the people.

Parliament itself can serve both a monarchical and a presidential form of government. But under the republican form of government, the Parliament is not dominated by the monarch, who, as a rule, has an absolute veto. Parliament is created by the people of Kazakhstan directly (Mazhilis) and through their representatives (Senate). The Parliament of Kazakhstan, as a representative body, carries out the legislative process on behalf of the people. The republican form of government can provide maximum or minimum freedoms to citizens.

The Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan provides citizens with a fairly wide range of rights and freedoms so that they can use them to meet the necessary political, material, spiritual needs. Thus, the electoral legislation creates conditions for a significant part of the population to participate in the elections of deputies of representative bodies. The Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan not only proclaims the people the only source of state power. She spends legal basis to exercise the sovereignty of the people. The people have the right to adopt acts that have the highest legal force. In accordance with the Constitution, the right to speak on behalf of the people and the state belongs to the President and the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan. There is a deep democratic idea here. The Parliament, like the President, speaking on behalf of the people, expresses not its own subjective will, but the will and interests of the people. Only in this case, speaking on behalf of the people is constitutional. The exercise of state power by its three branches within the powers granted to them does not allow the usurpation of power and thus ensures the functioning of state bodies on the basis of democratic principles. Thus, only the Parliament deals with legislation. And only in the cases provided for by the Constitution, the President can use legislative powers. The executive branch shall under no circumstances exercise legislative powers. The same applies to judiciary. This maintains the supreme authority and legal force of laws expressing the concentrated will of the people.

The republican form of government does not recognize hereditary power or the possession of state power for a long time.

The republican form of government is not simply based on the will of the people. It directs state bodies to protect the rights, freedoms and legitimate interests of citizens, to harmonize them with the interests of the state. This ensures the priority of human rights and freedoms over state interests. The state cannot restrict the rights and freedoms of a person, a citizen, except in cases expressly provided for in the Constitution. The Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan states that the rights and freedoms of a citizen can be limited only by laws and only to the extent necessary to protect the constitutional order, protect public order, human rights and freedoms, health and morality of the population. Here we should pay attention to two important facts.

The first is the possibility of restricting rights and freedoms in exceptional cases, and then on the basis of and in accordance with the law, i.e. normative legal act adopted by the Parliament, and in certain cases - by the President. No other by-law, not even the high level, it is impossible to restrict the rights and freedoms of a person and a citizen under the pretext of protecting the constitutional order, protecting public order, etc. etc.

The second is the protection of public morality. Moral standards not as clear and formally defined as legal norms. Nevertheless, they are the basis for the formation of legal norms and serve as a cementing element. public life. The constitutional protection of public morality is the highest manifestation humanism republican form board in Kazakhstan.

The institute of presidency in Kazakhstan began to take shape a few months before the collapse of the USSR. On April 24, 1990, the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR adopted a law establishing the post of President of the Kazakh SSR and making appropriate changes to the Constitution of the Kazakh SSR. The law determined the place of the president in the system supreme bodies state power, as well as its powers. In this law, which had constitutional significance, there was no question of the separation of state power. The omnipotence of the Soviets was still preserved. Moreover, the President was entrusted with the duty "to contribute to the implementation by the Soviets people's deputies sovereignty". The Supreme Council remained the highest state body that had the right to decide all issues of public life. The first President of the Kazakh SSR was elected by the Supreme Council of the KAZSSR by secret ballot. N.A. Nazarbayev became the first President of the Kazakh SSR. An analysis of the powers of the President shows that he largely was dependent on the Supreme Soviet of the Kazakh SSR, although he was called the head of the Republic, was not the head of the sovereign, independent state. The actions and powers of the Kazakh SSR were limited by the competence of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and the President of the USSR.

This status of the President of the Kazakh SSR remained until the collapse of the USSR and the adoption of a declaration on the sovereignty of the Kazakh SSR. At this stage, one can speak of the sovereignty of the Supreme Council, a kind of parliamentary Republic. At the same time, the Constitution of the Kazakh SSR contained powers, which later received further development. These include, in particular, the right of veto, the authority to ensure the interaction of the highest bodies of state power and administration of the Kazakh SSR, the suspension of acts of the Government of the Republic.

Since the declaration of independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the second stage of the formation of the institution of presidency begins.

The main thing at this stage is that the President becomes the head of an independent state. In this regard, the powers associated with interactions with allied bodies, especially with the President of the USSR, disappeared, since there was no such thing. In connection with the adoption of the principle of separation of state power into legislative, executive and judicial branches, the President was recognized not only as the head of state, but also as the executive power of the Republic.

The first, strong breakthrough to the presidential system of government was made by the Supreme Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan in December 1993, when they delegated the right to adopt laws to the President. It was a constitutional novel, adopted by the Supreme Council on the eve of its dissolution. It can be considered that since the adoption of the Law on the delegation of temporary legislative powers to the President, the process of rapid formation of the presidential form of government in the Republic of Kazakhstan has begun. In the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan of 1995, Kazakhstan was proclaimed a unitary state with a presidential form of government. The Constitution uses the expression "presidential form of government". This notion is controversial to some extent. IN scientific literature the "form of government" refers to the republic and the monarchy. Presidential power, just like parliamentary power, is characterized in the literature as a system of government. .

In the Republic of Kazakhstan, under the Constitution of 1995, a presidential system of government was established. The presidential system of government of the Republic of Kazakhstan is characterized by the following points:

The president is the head of state.

The Government is accountable to the President in all its activities, and only in cases provided for in the Constitution is it accountable to Parliament.

The President appoints the members of the Government.

Dismisses members of the Government at its own discretion.

Has the right to veto laws passed by Parliament.

In cases provided for by the Constitution, the President issues laws, as well as decrees having the force of laws.

The President may determine the priority of passing laws:

may dissolve Parliament:

ex officio is the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces:

at its discretion determines the main directions of internal and foreign policy states, and therefore governments:

has the right to convene an extraordinary session of Parliament at its own discretion:

has the right to hold a referendum at its own discretion:

has a limited right to declare a state of emergency in the country:

has a limited right to introduce martial law, partial or general mobilization throughout the territory or in its individual areas:

has the right to pardon, award, grant citizenship:

The specified provisions of the status of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan

testify to the establishment of a presidential system of government with some peculiar features. It is precisely such moments that characterize the powers of the presidents in the presidential system in all states. .

Republic of Kazakhstan as an independent sovereign state was proclaimed on December 16, 1991.

This fact is fixed in the Constitutional Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan ''On the State Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan'' dated 16.12.91.

As a sovereign state, the Republic of Kazakhstan has an independent economic system based on the diversity and equality of all forms of ownership. The Republic of Kazakhstan creates its own armed forces that protect its independence and national statehood.

The main law of our country is the current Constitution, adopted at a national referendum on August 30, 1995.

On October 8, 1998, the Constitutional Law introduced 19 amendments and additions to the current Constitution.

The Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan has fixed the constitutional order, economic and political basis of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

The constitutional system of the Republic of Kazakhstan is a system of fundamental social relations, which is a way of organizing the state, its connection with the individual, fixed by the norms of the Constitution and characterizing it as a constitutional state.

The Constitution provides for the following fundamental principles of the constitutional system of the Republic of Kazakhstan: the principles of democracy, state sovereignty, unitarism, separation of powers, the rule of law, the solution of the most important issues in public life by democratic methods, ideological and political pluralism and others.

Democracy can be cited as the main feature of the constitutional system of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The only source of state power in the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the people. Democracy is determined by a republican referendum and free elections.



In addition, the people delegate the exercise of their power to state bodies. Therefore, democracy is carried out in direct and representative forms.

Economic basis RK- based on diverse forms of ownership. Thus, market relations are constitutionally fixed. The Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan equally recognizes and protects both state and private property.

The Constitution also establishes that land can be privately owned.

The state guarantees the right to property. Alienation of property can only take place in judicial order. The constitution also guarantees the right to inheritance.

The state recognizes and supports the right to freedom entrepreneurial activity and freedom of economic competition. At the same time, monopolistic activity is regulated and limited by law.

In accordance with the Constitution, the land and its subsoil, plant and animal world and others Natural resources. The Constitution establishes that property obliges and its use must simultaneously serve the public good.

The political basis of the Republic of Kazakhstan form diverse organizations, institutions and institutions that carry out the struggle for power, its organization and functioning. The elements of a political system are public organizations, associations and state bodies.

The constitution enshrines ideological and political pluralism, emphasizing that the merger of public and state institutions, creation of organizations of political parties in state bodies.

In the Republic there is a process formation of a multi-party system that assumes the legality of the political opposition and will promote involvement in political life wide sections of the population. Ten deputies of the Mazhilis of the Parliament are elected on the basis of party lists.

The form of the state of the Republic of Kazakhstan is different internal unity three elements of the form of government, the form of government and the form political regime.

By form of government Kazakhstan is a presidential republic.

According to the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the President is the head of state and its highest official. As head of state, the President determines the main directions of domestic and foreign policy, and is also the highest representative of the state in the field of international relations and within the country. The President of the Republic of Kazakhstan is a symbol and guarantor of the unity of the people and state power, the inviolability of the Constitution, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen.

The President is elected on the basis of universal, equal and direct suffrage by secret ballot by all adult citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan for a period of 7 years.

The Constitution establishes a system of guarantees that limit the power of the President. So, firstly, the term of office of the President is limited - 7 years, Secondly, it is not allowed to hold the post of President for more than 2 terms in a row. Thirdly, a constitutional mechanism is provided for the removal of the President from office in case of treason. The institution of removal of the President from office is called impeachment.

Fourthly, a constitutional mechanism is provided for declaring normative acts of the President as inconsistent with the Constitution.

As for the powers of the President, here I would like to note one of the most important ones. Thus, the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, with the consent of the Parliament, appoints the Prime Minister of the Republic, appoints members of the Government and dismisses them, appoints the Chairman of the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Prosecutor General and the Chairman of the National Security Committee.

In addition, the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan exercises a number of other powers.

According to the form of government The Republic of Kazakhstan is a unitary state. As a unitary state, Kazakhstan is characterized by a single, politically homogeneous structure, consisting of administrative-territorial units that do not have their own statehood.

In the Republic of Kazakhstan there is a single citizenship, a single legislation, one system government agencies.

The Constitution stipulates that the unitarity and territorial integrity, the form of government of the Republic cannot be changed.

form of state legal regime in the Republic of Kazakhstan can be classified as democratic.

Thus, the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan recognizes the people as the only source of state power, recognizes the absoluteness and inalienability of human rights and freedoms and guarantees them, proclaims that human rights and freedoms belong to everyone from birth.

The Constitution recognizes a person, his life, rights and freedoms as the highest values. At the same time, mutual responsibility becomes a priority in relations between a person and the state.

The Constitution enshrines a wide range of human and civil rights and freedoms.

The exercise of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen has a restrictive framework, which is expressed in the following:

1) it must not violate the rights and freedoms of other persons;

2) it must not encroach on the Constitutional system;

3) it should not encroach on public morality.

The Republic of Kazakhstan is a secular, social and legal state.

The Republic of Kazakhstan is a secular state. This is ensured by the separation of religious associations from the state and the secular nature of education, i.e. schools are separated from religion.

In Kazakhstan, none of the creeds is recognized as obligatory or preferable. There is no official state religion in the Republic, the activity of parties on a religious basis is not allowed.

The Republic of Kazakhstan asserts itself legal state. By using the word ''approves'' rather than the word ''is'' in the Constitution, it is emphasized that the RK is on primary stage of formation rule of law.

Thus, the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan expresses the following main signs rule of law

Unconditional supremacy of the Constitution and laws over others regulations;

The division of state power into legislative, executive, judicial branches and the interaction of branches of power based on a system of checks and balances;

The principle of the rule of law, the priority of human rights and freedoms, their recognition as natural and inalienable;

The bond between the state and the citizen by mutual rights and obligations;

Independence of the judiciary;

Implementation use civil rights and freedoms of the principle “everything that is not prohibited by law is permitted”;

The principle of equality of all before the law.

The Constitution lays the foundation for building in Kazakhstan social state.

So the state is obliged to take care of the establishment social justice in all areas, especially in the field of production and distribution. To achieve this goal, the state solves the following tasks:

To prevent the formation of social poles and the emergence on this basis class antagonism;

Reasonably and purposefully regulate economic, social, democratic and other relations;

Orient legislation to the person, to meet his vital needs and interests, creating social protection from unemployment, social security for the disabled, pensioners, etc.

test questions

1. Describe the form of government of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

2. What are the features of presidential power in the Republic of Kazakhstan?

3. Indicate the form of government of the Republic of Kazakhstan and link with historical features its development.

4. Highlight character traits democratic political regime in Kazakhstan.

5. Expand the content of Article 1, Clause 1 of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan welfare state whose highest values ​​are man, his life, rights and freedoms.

The idea of ​​presidential power in its development has found various forms implementation in more than a hundred countries of the world. In each of them, political regimes differ from each other, and the presidential power itself is characterized by its own characteristics. The institution of the head of state has essential in any country. Depending on the scope of powers of the Head of State, the system of his election and a number of other important characteristics today the classification of states is being made.

Without studying the institution of the Head of State, it is impossible to talk about a serious study of the system of state and political power one country or another. It is in the features of the institution of the Head of State that the specifics of the political regime of a particular country, the features of its political and historical development, its political culture.

The presidential form of government was established in the Republic of Kazakhstan on April 24, 1990. It was on this day that the law on the establishment of the post of president of the Kazakh SSR was adopted.

This form began to spread to other countries Central Asia, which were previously part of the USSR. This choice is connected with the centuries-old traditions of the regional political culture, as well as the Soviet legacy with a pronounced personification of power. It is no coincidence that after gaining sovereignty in state structure CIS countries have preserved such features as the concentration of power at the top of the executive vertical and hierarchy. At the same time, under other conditions, the outcome political processes As is known, political and cultural norms, values ​​and attitudes largely determine.

Kazakhstan has a special position of the President in the system of separation of powers and the mechanism of checks and balances. The President ensures the coordinated functioning and interaction of state authorities. The president is elected by the people, he is the spokesman of the national interest. We can say that the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan is above all branches of power.

The President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, exercising state power, being the head of state, takes part in the implementation of each of the varieties of the unified state power of his functions, directly interacting with the legislative, executive and judicial authorities. The President of the Republic of Kazakhstan acts as a backbone element of the system under consideration. He is the guarantor of independence, territorial integrity and security of the country, ensures the observance of the Constitution and the interaction of public authorities.

At the same time, the President, who has significant powers, is guided by the parliamentary majority and builds policy in accordance with this. It should be noted that the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan provides for strong control powers of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan, methods effective control for the activities of the Government, etc.

Thus, we can conclude that the presidential form of government of the Republic of Kazakhstan, established by the Constitution of 1995, meets the realities of the transition period and contributes to the stability of the course of the country's gradual political modernization.

Kazakhstan is a country with a clear goal for the future, a country that looks to its future with confidence. This is reflected in our desire to join the ranks of 50 competitive countries in the world. To achieve this height, the indisputable authority of our President - the Leader of the Nation Nursultan Abishevich Nazarbayev, his rich experience and deep knowledge, international recognition serve. President N.A. Nazarbayev is rapidly gaining international prestige and influence as a politician and leader of the nation in the process of developing and becoming a democratic, strong state, which possesses not only in terms of land volume (9th place in the world), but also a huge wealth of mineral resources.

KAZAKHSTAN

(The Republic of Kazakhstan)

General information

Geographical position. Kazakhstan is a state in Central Asia. In the north it borders with Russia, in the east - with China, in the south - with Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, in the west it is washed by the Caspian Sea.

Area. The territory of Kazakhstan occupies 2,717,300 sq.

Main cities, administrative divisions. The capital of Kazakhstan is Astana. Largest cities: Alma-Ata (1,262 thousand people), Karaganda (613 thousand people), Chimkent (401 thousand people), Semey (Semipalatinsk) (339 thousand people)

people), Pavlodar (337 thousand people), Oshkemen (Tselinograd) (330 thousand people). Administrative-territorial division of the country: 20 regions.

Political system

Kazakhstan-republic.

The head of state is the president, the head of government is the prime minister. The legislature is the unicameral Supreme Soviet

Relief. Most The territory of Kazakhstan is occupied by a plain framed by mountains in the east and southeast. The difference in altitude between the east and west of the country is huge. The mountains along the border with Kyrgyzstan rise to almost 5,000 m above sea level, and the Karagie (Batyr) depression on Mangyshlak is located 132 m below sea level.

Geological structure and minerals.

The bowels of the country contain reserves of uranium, lead, zinc, chromium, gold, bismuth, copper, molybdenum, oil, phosphorites, bauxites, iron, manganese.

Climate. The climate of the country is sharply continental. The average temperature in January is from -19°С to -4°С, the average temperature in July is from +19°С to +26°С.

In summer the temperature can reach +45°С, and in winter 45°С.

Inland waters. The main rivers of the country: Ural and Emba, flowing into the Caspian Sea; the Syr Darya, which flows into the Aral Sea; Or, flowing into Lake Balkhash; Tobol, Irtysh and Ishim flow to the north and empty into the Arctic Ocean.

Soils and vegetation.

The soils are chernozem, chestnut, brown, serozem, brown. Plain Kazakhstan is divided into three zones according to the nature of vegetation: steppe (feather grass, fescue, timothy grass), semi-desert (wormwood, tyrsik) and desert (drought-resistant shrubs).

Tien Shan spruce and Siberian fir are widespread in the Dzungarian Alatau. Forests occupy 3% of the area of ​​Kazakhstan.

Animal world. Among the representatives of the fauna - saiga, protected by the state, ground squirrel, hamster, vole, marmot, hare, goitered gazelle, argali. In the forests there is a squirrel, wolverine, lynx, Snow Leopard, Brown bear.

Population and language

The population of the country is about 16.847 million.

people, the average population density is about 6 people per 1 sq. km. km. Ethnic groups: Kazakhs - 41.9%, Russians - 37%, Ukrainians - 5.2%, Germans - 4.7%, Uzbeks - 2.1%, Tatars - 2%. Languages: Kazakh (state), Russian.

Religion

Muslims - 47%, Orthodox - 44%, Protestants - 2%.

Brief historical outline

The territory of modern Kazakhstan has been inhabited by Turkic tribes since the 8th century.

In the XIII century. Kazakhstan became part of the Mongol Empire and remained in it until the 18th century. At the beginning of the XVI century. the first Cossack detachments founded settlements along the Ural River and over time spread to the territory of the northern part of modern Kazakhstan, but until the 30s of the XIX century. Russia did not take active action for the colonization of Kazakhstan.

In the 1830s Russian army organized a campaign to the south, and by 1866 the entire territory of modern Kazakhstan was under Russian rule. In 1918, an autonomous republic was proclaimed in the eastern part of Kazakhstan, but soon it was captured by the Bolsheviks, who in 1920 proclaimed an autonomous republic on the territory of Kazakhstan. Until 1936, it was called the Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, and in 1936 it became part of the USSR as a union republic.

The Republic of Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan declared independence.

Brief economic essay

Mining hard coal, oil, natural gas, iron, copper, lead-zinc, nickel ores, bauxites and other minerals. Leading industries: non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, chemical, engineering, light, food. Oil refining and production of building materials are also developed. Grain crops (mainly wheat), fodder and industrial (sunflower, cotton, flax) crops.

Fruit growing, viticulture, melon growing. Meat and wool sheep breeding, meat and meat and dairy cattle breeding; pigs, camels and horses are also bred. Resorts: Borovoe, Alma-Arasan, Saryagach, etc.

The monetary unit is tenge.

General information about Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan is located in the heart of the Eurasian continent. Its territory is 2,724,900 square meters. km (1,049,150 sq. km). It is the second largest country in the CIS and the ninth largest country in the world. There are more than twelve countries of the European Union on its territory of Kazakhstan!

It borders Kazakhstan with China, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Russia. The total length of the border is 12187 km.

Kazakhstan with a length of more than 3000 km (two time zones) from the lower Volga in the west to the foothills Altai mountains in the east and almost 2000 kilometers from West Siberian Plain in the north to the Kyzylkum desert in the south.

The distance of the state from the oceans and the vastness of its territory are determined climatic conditions Kazakhstan. The climate is strongly continental with average temperature between -19 ... -4 ° C in January and July between +19 ... + 26 ° C.

Temperatures can drop to -45°C in winter and as low as +30°C in summer.

population: 17.948.000 (01.07.2014)
Main capital: Astana (since December 10, 1997) with a population of 828,759 (02/06/2014).

Administrative-territorial division: Kazakhstan is administratively divided into 14 regions, 84 cities, 159 districts, 241 cities and 2,042 villages.

As for the population, the cities of Kazakhstan are divided in the following way:

  • 300-400 thousand

    residents - Karaganda, Shymkent, Pavlodar, Taraz and Ust-Kamenogorsk;

  • 200-280 thousand

    Government of Kazakhstan

    residents - Uralsk, Temirtau, Kustanai, Aktobe, Petropavlovsk and Semipalatinsk;

  • 110-160 thousand inhabitants. Dzhezkazgan, Ekibastuz, Kyzylorda, Aktau, Kokshetau and Atyrau.

language: As official language adopted the Kazakh language.

Russian is widely used.

currency: Kazakh currency - tenge, equal to 100 tui (since 1993).

National symbols: Flag, coat of arms

Holidays in the Republic of Kazakhstan:

National holidays:

  • Independence Day is from 16 to 17 December.

Public holidays:

  • New Year - January 1-2;
  • International Women's Day - March 8;
  • Nauryz meiramy - March 21-23;
  • Day of unity of the people in Kazakhstan - May 1;
  • Father of the Father - May 7;
  • Victory Day - May 9;
  • Capital Day - July 6;
  • Constitution Day of the Republic of Kazakhstan - August 30;
  • The first President of the Republic of Kazakhstan - December 1.
  • The first day of Kurban Ayeta, celebrated in the Muslim calendar, and January 7 is the Orthodox Christmas holiday.

religion: The Republic of Kazakhstan is a multinational country with representatives from more than 120 countries.

The main religion is Islam, but the Kazakhs are tolerant of other religions and peoples living on their territory, such as Christianity, Judaism, etc. In last years many mosques and churches were built in the country.

geography: There are 8500 rivers on the territory of Kazakhstan. The length of seven of them (the longest), exceeding 1000 km, including the streams of the Ural and Emba in the Caspian Sea, Sir Daria, which flows into the Aral Sea, Irtysh, Ishim and Tobol, carries its waters in the North Arctic Ocean. There are 48 thousand lakes in Kazakhstan.

The largest of them are Balkhash, Zaisan, Alakol, Tengiz and Seletengiz. Kazakhstan occupies the north and half east coast Caspian Sea. The Kazakh coast of the Caspian Sea is 2340 km. Most of the territory of Kazakhstan is occupied by deserts and steppes. The rest of the area is occupied by semi-shells and forests. Flora and fauna consist of 155 species of mammals, 480 birds, 150 species and 250 species of medicinal plants, among which are very rare occurrences.

minerals: Large territory Kazakhstan is rich in minerals.

Companies engaged in the extraction and processing of coal, oil, gas, non-ferrous and ferrous metals play a leading role in national economy. The main minerals are: non-ferrous and ores from ferrous metals, uranium.

Kazakhstan explores the world's largest reserves of chromium, vanadium, bismuth, fluorine, iron, zinc, tungsten, molybdenum, phosphorite, copper, potassium, cobalt, cadmium and kaolin. There are about 160 oil and gas fields, including the largest - Tengiz. On the Tengiz and Royal fields, it is measured from 750 mills. 1.1 billion. Tone. Kazakhstan has 160 million tons of coal reserves in 155 points, including ten coal, bitumen and brown coal. Sources iron ore in Kazakhstan are among the cleanest pollutants in the world. Kazakhstan has the world's second largest phosphate rock reserves (Russia) due to the Zhanatas and Karatau deposits. Kazakhstan is the world's leading aluminum producer. Huge reserves copper ore located in Dzhezkazgan, the second largest oil field in the world.

Kazakhstan has significant resources for salt and building timber.

The Republic of Kazakhstan is a unitary state with a presidential form of government. According to the Constitution, the country asserts itself as a democratic, secular, legal and social state, the highest values ​​of which are a person, his life, rights and freedoms.

Kazakhstan gained independence on December 16, 1991. The capital is the city of Astana. Official language- Kazakh, Russian has the status of a language of interethnic communication. Monetary unit - tenge.

The President of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the head of state, its highest official, who determines the main directions of the domestic and foreign policy of the state and represents Kazakhstan within the country and in international relations. The President is a symbol and guarantor of the unity of the people and state power, the inviolability of the Constitution, the rights and freedoms of man and citizen

The government is implementing executive power, heads the system of executive bodies and manages their activities.

Legislative functions are performed by the Parliament, which consists of two Chambers - the Senate and the Mazhilis, acting on a permanent basis. The Senate is formed by deputies representing two people from each region, city of republican significance and the capital. Fifteen deputies of the Senate are appointed by the President, taking into account the need to ensure the representation of national, cultural and other significant interests of society.

The Mazhilis consists of one hundred and seven deputies, nine of them are elected by the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan. The term of office of deputies of the Senate is six years, deputies of the Mazhilis - five years. Currently, three parties are represented in the Majilis - Nur Otan, Ak Zhol and the Communist People's Party of Kazakhstan.

The administrative-territorial structure of the country includes 14 regions and 2 cities of republican significance.

The population of Kazakhstan exceeds 18 million people. The ethnic structure of society, according to the 2009 national census, is as follows: Kazakhs - 63.07%, Russians - 23.7%, Uzbeks - 2.85%, Ukrainians - 2.08%, Uighurs - 1.4%, Tatars - 1.28%, Germans - 1.11%, others - 4.51%.

Occupying an area of ​​2 million 724.9 thousand square kilometers, the country is in ninth place in terms of area in the world. In the north and west, the republic has common borders with Russia - 7,591 km (the longest continuous land border in the world), in the east with China - 1,783 km, in the south with Kyrgyzstan - 1,242 km, Uzbekistan - 2,351 km and Turkmenistan - 426 km. The total length of land borders is 13,200 km.

Kazakhstan is the most large country in a world that does not have direct access to the oceans. Most of the country's territory is desert - 44% and semi-desert - 14%. Steppes occupy 26% of the area of ​​Kazakhstan, forests - 5.5%. There are 8.5 thousand rivers in the country. The northeastern part of the Caspian Sea is within the boundaries of the republic. The Aral Sea is divided between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. There are 48 thousand large and small lakes in Kazakhstan. The largest of them are Balkhash, Zaisan and Alakol. Remoteness from the oceans determines sharply continental climate country.

The country's mineral resource base consists of more than 5,000 deposits, the estimated cost of which is estimated at tens of trillions of dollars. The republic ranks first in the world in explored reserves of zinc, tungsten and barite, second in silver, lead and chromite, third in copper and fluorite, fourth in molybdenum, sixth in gold.

Kazakhstan also has significant oil and gas resources (9th in the world in terms of proven oil reserves), which are concentrated in western regions. In addition, the republic ranks 8th in terms of coal reserves and 2nd in terms of uranium reserves.

Kazakhstan is among the top ten world grain exporters and is one of the leaders in the export of flour. 70% of arable land in the north is occupied by grain and industrial crops - wheat, barley, millet. Rice, cotton and tobacco are grown in the south of the country. Kazakhstan is also famous for its orchards, vineyards and gourds. One of the leading directions Agriculture is animal husbandry.

The main export commodities are mining, fuel and energy, metallurgical and chemical industries, as well as the grain industry. The main trading partners of the republic are Russia, China, the states of Europe and the CIS.

To diversify the economy, the country is successfully implementing a program of industrial and innovative development, in accordance with which old enterprises are modernized and new enterprises are opened.

Kazakhstan is implementing a large-scale project "The New Silk Road", which should revive the country's historical role as the main connecting link of the continent and turn it into the largest business and transit hub of the region - a kind of bridge between Europe and Asia. By 2020, the volume of transit cargo traffic through the republic should almost double.

In 2014, the Head of State announced the program of large-scale infrastructure construction "Nurly Zhol", designed to connect the regions of Kazakhstan by main routes, to modernize the logistics, social and industrial infrastructure.

Kazakhstan has embarked on the implementation of the "Plan of the Nation - 100 Concrete Steps", which provides for fundamental changes in order to implement the Five People's Reforms: the formation of a professional state apparatus, the rule of law, industrialization and economic growth, identity and unity, the formation of an accountable state.

A large-scale social modernization of the country is being carried out - new schools, professional colleges and universities are being built, modern medical clinics and hospitals, the system is being improved social support population.

At present, representatives of 130 ethnic groups live in the republic, a consultative and advisory body for the harmonization of interethnic relations- Assembly of the people of Kazakhstan. Astana regularly hosts Congresses of Leaders of World and Traditional Religions.

As a leader in Central Asia, the republic makes a significant contribution to strengthening the stability of the region. The country has also achieved great success on the world stage. This is evidenced by the chairmanship of Kazakhstan in the OSCE and the holding in Astana of the Summit of this authoritative international organization in December 2010. A significant initiative of the country was the launch and development of the CICA project - the Asian analogue of the OSCE. Positive reviews received the creative activity of Kazakhstan as the chairman of the leading organization Islamic world- OIS. The country is also a recognized leader in the global anti-nuclear movement.

Kazakhstan is a member of the Eurasian Economic Union.

Stable growth of all sectors of the economy, international recognition, political stability became the basis for the prosperity of Kazakhstani society. Kazakhstan is a country looking to the future, which preserves its cultural traditions and successfully realizes its huge creative potential in today's dynamic world.

Video tour of Kazakhstan