Psychology of feelings 

United Mexican States. Mexico tourist resources

Picturesque Mexico is located in the central part of America. Its total area is 1,964,375 km2 and occupies several climatic zones: from tropical to desert.

Mexico is a country rich in natural resources such as gold, silver, copper, lead, zinc, natural gas and oil. The mineral industry in Mexico is an economically profitable sector and the main source of income for the state.

Resource Overview

The main oil-producing regions of Mexico are located in the eastern and southern parts countries, while gold, silver, copper and zinc can be found in the north and west. Recently, Mexico has become the world's leading silver producer.

As for the production of other minerals, since 2010 Mexico is:

  • the second largest producer of fluorspar;
  • third in the extraction of celestine, bismuth and sodium sulfate;
  • the fourth producer of wollastonite;
  • fifth in terms of production of lead, molybdenum and diatomite;
  • the sixth largest producer of cadmium;
  • seventh in terms of manufacturing graphite, barite and salt;
  • eighth in terms of production of manganese and zinc;
  • 11th in the ranking of reserves of gold, feldspar and sulfur;
  • 12th largest producer of copper ore;
  • 14th largest producer iron ore and phosphate rocks.

In 2010, gold mining in Mexico accounted for 25.4% of the total mineral industry. The gold mines produced 72,596 kg of gold, up 41% from 2009.

In 2010, Mexico accounted for 17.5% of the world's silver production, with 4,411 tons of the raw material produced by the silver mines. Despite the fact that the country does not have significant iron ore reserves, its production is sufficient to meet domestic demand.

Oil is the country's main export. Moreover, according to statistics, Mexico's oil industry ranks sixth in the world. Drilling rigs are located mainly along the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. The sale of oil and gas is 10% of total number export earnings to the treasury.

Due to the decline oil reserves, state in last years reduced oil production. Other reasons for the decline in production are the lack of exploration, investment and development of new projects.

Water resources

The Mexican coast has a length of 9331 km, and stretches along the Pacific Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea. These waters are rich in fish and other marine life. The export of fish is another source of income for the Mexican government.

Along with this, the increase in industry and the dry climate have depleted both ground and underground reserves. fresh water states. Today, special programs are being created to preserve and restore the country's hydrobalance.

Land and forest resources

A truly rich region is rich in everything. Mexico's forests cover an area of ​​about 64 million hectares, or 34.5% of the country's territory. Forests can be seen here:

  • tropical;
  • moderate;
  • foggy;
  • coastal;
  • deciduous;
  • evergreen;
  • dry;
  • wet, etc.

The fertile soil of this region has given the world many cultivated plants. Among them are well-known corn, beans, tomatoes, squash, avocados, cocoa, coffee, different kinds spices and more.

Mexico is the 13th the globe country by area. The variety of resources that nature has bestowed on Mexico are due not only to the unique geographical location between the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans, and at the same time being in the tropics and subtropics, as well as a very peculiar, predominantly mountainous terrain.

All of these factors lead to very diverse agro-climatic resources of Mexico.

Relief

Mexico spread out on an area of ​​1972550 square kilometers. It is located in the south North America. The east coast is washed by the Atlantic (with the help of the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea), the west - Pacific Ocean(not without the participation of the Gulf of California).

Mexico includes and a number of islands located on both sides of the land.
The highland covers the lion's share of the state and consists of 2 parts: Northern and Central mesa. large area has a plateau, which is located at an altitude of one to two thousand meters above sea level. Highlands from the side of the oceans are limited by mountainous the Sierra Madre ranges: respectively Western (about 3 km high) and Eastern (about 4 km high).

In the south of the country, the Transverse Volcanic Sierra stretches, consisting of extinct, dormant and active volcanoes. There are over 300 of them in total. This is one of the largest volcanic belts. Its length is 880 km, and its width varies from 50 to 100 km.

The highest peaks of volcanoes are covered with snow caps. The most high point countries - Orizaba Peak Volcano(Pico de Orizaba, 5611 m.). The California Peninsula is formed by a mountain range about a kilometer high. Plains in the country are present mainly in Yucatan.

Climate

As we wrote above, Mexico located in two climatic zones. If in the north and west of the country, as a rule, the weather is dry and cool ( annual rate rainfall 90-250 mm, temperature fluctuations from + 10-15 ° С from November to April, up to + 20-25 ° С from May to October), then in the south and east of the country it is humid and warm (annual rainfall is 2000-3000 mm , temperature fluctuations from + 20-25 ° C from November to April, up to + 30-35 ° C from May to October). In the central regions on the territory of the highlands, precipitation is unlikely, and the temperature is + 10-20 ° С.

Due to the pronounced relief, there is also a significant temperature difference depending on the height above sea level. Humidity, in turn, depends on tropical cyclones And highest value has on the territory Gulf of Mexico.

Water resources

Marine water resources Mexico has it in abundance. But because of climatic conditions and due to the peculiarities of the relief, the distribution of fresh water resources is extremely uneven. While in the north and west of the country there are only fleeting mountain rivers, on the east coast and in the south of Mexico flow longest rivers.
The most significant are the following waterways(data are given without tributaries and only the part that flows through the territory of Mexico).

Gulf of Mexico Basin:
Aktopan (length 112 km, basin area 2001 sq. km);
Antigua (length 139 km, basin area 2827 sq. km);
Grijalva (length 608 km, basin area 83213 sq. km);
Candelaria (length 150 km, basin area 9628 sq. km).
Kasones (length 910 km, basin area 62881 sq. km);
Coatzacoalcos (length 325 km, basin area 17,369 square kilometers);
Nautla (length 124 km, basin area 2785 sq. km);
Nekasha (length 375 km, basin area 7903 sq. km);
Panuko (length 510 km, basin area 84956 sq. km);
Papaloapan (length 354 km, basin area 46517 sq. km);
Rio Bravo del Norte (length 2018 km, basin area 226280 sq. km);
San Fernando (length 400 km, basin area 17744 sq. km);
Soto la Marina (length 416 km, basin area 21183 sq. km);
Tonala (length 300 km, basin area 5679 sq. km);

Hamapa (length 368 km, basin area 4061 sq. km);
Pacific Basin:
Acaponeta (length 233 km, basin area 5092 sq. km);
Aquillilla (length 50 km, basin area 194 sq. km);
Ameka (length 205 km, basin area 12214 sq. km);
Atoyak (length 200 km, basin area 17109 sq. km);
Baluarte (length 142 km, basin area 5094 sq. km);
Balsas (length 771 km, basin area 112,320 sq. km);
Cañas (length 203 km, basin area 7114 sq. km);
Colorado (length 179 km, basin area 5180 sq. km);
Culiacan (length 875 km, basin area 15731 sq. km);
Magdalena (length 335 km, basin area 25808 sq. km);
Mayo (length 386 km, basin area 15113 sq. km);
Matape (length 205 km, basin area 6606 sq. km);
Ometepek (length 115 km, basin area 6922 sq. km);
Papagayo (length 140 km, basin area 7410 sq. km);
Piashtla (length 220 km, basin area 473 sq. km);
Presidio (length 200 km, basin area 6479 sq. km);
Rio Grande de Santiago (length 562 km, basin area 76416 sq. km);
Rio Fuerte (length 540 km, basin area 590 sq. km);
San Lorenzo (length 315 km, basin area 8919 sq. km);
San Nicolás (length 201 km, basin area 2330 sq. km);
San Pedro Mezquital (length 255 km, basin area 26,480 sq. km);
Sinaloa (length 400 km, basin area 260 sq. km);
Sonoyta (length 311 km, basin area 7653 sq. km);
Sonora (length 421 km, basin area 27,740 sq. km);
Suchyate (length 75 km, basin area 203 sq. km);
Tehuantepec (length 240 km, basin area 10,090 sq. km);
Tijuana (length 181 km, basin area 3231 sq. km);
Tomatlán (length 203 km, basin area 2118 sq. km);
Tushpan (length 150 km, basin area 5899 sq. km);
Yaki (length 410 km, basin area 72540 sq. km);
Caribbean Sea Basin:
Rio Hondo (length 150 km, basin area 2688 sq. km).

Despite the apparent abundance of rivers, and there are more than 150 of them, they are unevenly distributed, and about half of the country's population suffers from a lack of drinking water. Agriculture also mainly depends on irrigation by river waters.

Navigation is possible only on a few rivers. But nevertheless, the rivers, especially in the east of the country, have sufficient water resources, and the energy potential is approaching fifteen million kilowatts. In total, more than 50 hydroelectric power plants have been built on the rivers of Mexico. The most ambitious project is a series of four dams on the river Grijalva.

Mexico has many small lakes. The largest - Chapala - has a mirror area of ​​​​1100 square kilometers, with maximum depth- 10 meters. national park Montebello- This is a group of almost six dozen small lakes with completely unimaginable colors from sky blue and dark blue to rich turquoise. In general, Mexico has a wide variety of lakes - from volcanic to underground.

Where the water surface resources insufficient, use underground sources. For example, on the peninsula Yucatan is the only source of drinking water. Preliminary estimate groundwater reserves is positive, and assumes twice the amount of available surface water.

Soil resources

Land Resources of Mexico largely dependent on soil cover. And he, in turn, solo depends on the climate and relief. Much of Mexico and virtually all agricultural land is heavily eroded.
20-25% of the soil cover is gray soil. They predominate in the north and northwest in the desert regions and are suitable for cultivation only if there is constant irrigation.

Chestnut soils are inherent in the more arid regions of the steppe, while at the same time, where the climate is more humid, the steppes are covered with brown soils. Red-brown and red-brown soils of mountain volcanic origin are especially fertile. Humid climate tropics formed in southern region countries red-yellow ground cover. The southeast of Mexico is covered with swampy soils.

Agricultural enterprises skillfully enough use natural conditions and resources of Mexico by growing consumer crops specific to each region.

Vegetation

Forest resources of Mexico occupy about 20% of the entire territory. On the this moment the largest forest areas remained only in the tropics and on mountain ranges. The most common forests are coniferous and mixed, their volume reaches 60%, while rainforests occupy only 40% of the forested area.

mexican vegetation, the main stereotype, occupies only the desert northern part of the country and consists of all kinds of acacias and mimosas, rubber plants, three-toothed larrea (with a depth of penetration of roots up to 100 meters), about five hundred varieties of cacti and Mexican pride - agave. By the way, the agave is represented by almost 150 species, for example, sisal is made from the Fourcree-shaped agave for the production of paper, ropes and packaging fabric.

Wet central regions Mexico covered with mixed forests, in which hornbeams, plane trees, lindens, hickories, magnolias, etc., and conifers grow. The latter are represented by firs, cypresses, cedars, Monte Summa pine. In the temperate region, oaks and liquidambr adjoin the evergreens. And if deciduous species dominate at an altitude of up to 1500 meters, then pine already predominates higher. Alpine meadows stretch around the snow caps of the volcanoes.

Southern tropical regions of Mexico still contain mixed forests but only in the highlands. Basically, there are dense evergreen forests with an abundance of palm trees, bamboos, as well as valuable tree species - mahogany, logwood, cedrela, guayacán.
The eastern slopes with high humidity are dressed in broadleaf forests with some species of vines and tree ferns.

Industry breeds with industrial value, is pine, red cedar and oak. Most of the cut wood is exported. A part goes for the needs of the pulp and paper and wood-chemical industries (production of tanning and dyeing reagents). Mexico produces over 80% of chicle juice, being the world leader.

Fauna

Natural resources of Mexico include rich wildlife. The location of the state provides for being in two belts at once: neoarctic and neotropical wildlife.

In northern forest areas common representatives are the bear, the forest lynx, the raccoon, the steppe coyote, the wolf and other forest animals.
In deserts and steppes meet wild representatives feline, prairie dogs, kangaroo rats, hares and others. A frequent visitor is a cougar, also wild boars, pronghorns and other animals of the neotropical zone.

Fauna of the south of the country There are also many representatives of nature: howler monkeys and spider monkeys, jaguars, Central American tapirs, Mexican tamandua (anteater), opossums, raccoons and Mexican porcupines.

Variety of birds represented by a variety of hummingbirds, parrots (red macaw and others), as well as toucans, bare-necked umbrella birds, American and royal vultures and others.

world of reptiles presented common iguanas, olive sea and land turtles and numerous reptiles.

Maritime representatives, especially shrimp, lobster, orange crabs, oysters, bluefin tuna, sardines, marlins and others have great importance industrial catch.

Recreational resources

Recreational Resources of Mexico include worldwide resort areas in Acapulco and Cancun, as well as the Riviera. More than fifty corners of wildlife have the status national parks. They have an area of ​​about one million hectares.
These are the White Sands of the Tularosa Desert, and the mountain forests of Bosanchev and Cumbres de Monterey, the volcanic reserves of Pico de Orizaba and La Molinche, the national park of all kinds of birds. Water pearls of Garrafon, and. And the famous Crocotown Reserve, where they breed the Yucatan species of crocodiles.

is a natural aquarium located in a mountain cave and filled with sea and fresh artesian water. Incredible clear water and variety of colors tropical fish, as well as many different algae have unusual color combinations.

Crococoon Park famous not only for breeding a local variety of reptiles, but also for a rich collection of flamingos, tiger pythons, rare parrots, spider monkeys and white-tailed deer.

natural parks Bosenchev and Cumbres de Monterey amaze with the beauty of pine thickets.
The water world of the Garrafon park is full of colors of coral reefs and the ruins of the Mayan civilization.

Rich in mangroves, lagoons of incredible beauty and wild jungle. Here you can easily meet not only turtles, but also exotic birds.
This is only a small part of Mexico's tourism resources. This country is so multifaceted that every visit will be filled with new experiences.

Mineral resources

Mineral resources of Mexico contain many different kinds of minerals. Natural resources graphite in Mexico ranked first in the world. BUT general reserves various fossils have a fifteen percent share in the region. Among the industrially produced are antimony, sulfur, mercury, gold, cadmium, bismuth, tin, tungsten. The mined ores are of high quality composition. Hydrocarbon resources in Mexico are rich in oil, natural gas and anthracite. The country also has significant reserves silver, iron and uranium. In terms of manganese ore reserves, Mexico is also among the leaders in the region.

A wide variety of fossils is caused by a special geological structure. Natural resources for development industry in Mexico also include deposits of lead-zinc ores. In general, the country occupies one of the leading places in terms of reserves and development of various deposits.

Mexico also has a leading position (second in Latin America after Venezuela) in the production of oil and gas. Offshore deposits are especially rich.
The country has more than two hundred deposits mercury. This allows Mexico to confidently occupy the 3rd position in the world.

More than half of the stock silver on the American continent is also found in Mexico. A quarter of the gold reserves are located right there.
Mexico is also one of the leading developers of sulfur deposits. Almost half all reserves of the American continent are located in this country.

Mexico is the second most populous country in Latin America; occupies an exceptional geostrategic position, located between two oceans and two continents: the North and South America. In the north it borders on the United States, in the south - on Belize and Guatemala.

Natural conditions and resources. The nature of Mexico is diverse. This is largely due to the complex geological history of the country and the structure of the relief.

Relief. Mexico is a mountainous country; more than half of its territory lies at an altitude of over 1000 m above sea level; about 2/3 is occupied by the Mexican Highlands, bordered on the west, south and east by mountain ranges. The coastal lowlands are located along the Gulf of Mexico; the largest in area is the karst lowland of the Yucatan Peninsula. The country has many volcanoes.

The complexity of geological structures and volcanic activity determine the richness and diversity mineral. Mexico has numerous reserves of ore minerals confined to the world's largest Pacific ore belt. She firmly holds the first place in the world in the extraction of silver, the abundance of which at one time so struck and attracted the Spanish conquistadors; the main deposits are Las Torres (Guanajuato state) and Lampasos (Sonora state). Mexico is one of the world's leading producers of polymetallic, copper ores, mercury. The richest deposits of lead-zinc and copper ores are located in the north of the country; Mexico is one of the world's leading exporters of zinc and lead. Reliable and probable reserves of iron ore with an iron content above 60% are 350 million tons. The main developed deposits are Las Truchas (Michoacan), Cerro de Mercado (Durango) and La Perla (Chihuahua). There are gold resources in the country. From non-metallic ores, it has large reserves of sulfur (Tehuantepek Isthmus), fluorspar ores (Musquis deposit, Coahuila state); graphite, bismuth, antimony. The presence of balneological and hydrothermal resources is associated with volcanic activity. But Mexico's largest natural wealth is oil and natural gas. With the opening in the 70s of the XX century. the largest oil fields in the states of Chiapas and Tabasco, offshore in the Gulf of Campeche, Mexico has taken one of the leading places in the world in terms of oil reserves and production. Its reliable and probable reserves are estimated at 14 billion tons; Mexico concedes in Latin America only to Venezuela (17 billion tons). Stocks hard coal are estimated at 3 billion tons. Coal deposits are covered by sediments formed as a result of marine transgressions and regressions, which makes it difficult to exploit deposits. The main coal deposit - Sabinas - is located in the northern part of the country. Sabinas coal contains a lot of ash and other impurities, but it is suitable for burning coke.

Several significant uranium deposits have been explored (the states of Chihuahua, Nuevo Leon, Durango). In terms of antimony reserves, Mexico in the Western Hemisphere is second only to Bolivia.

In terms of mercury reserves, estimated at 250 thousand tons, Mexico in the capitalist world is second only to Spain and Italy. There are over 200 mercury deposits, most of which are located in the northern part of the country.

Political system. Mexico is a federal republic. The head of state is the president, who is directly elected for a term of 6 years. The constitution prohibits the re-election of the president. Legislative power is exercised by the National Congress, which consists of two chambers - the Senate and the Chamber of Deputies.

Administratively, Mexico is divided into 31 states and a federal capital district.

General characteristics of the economy. Mexico is one of the most economically developed countries Not only Latin America, but also of the entire "third world", which has a diversified economy and a rich mineral resource base.

It ranks second in Latin America (after Brazil) in terms of GDP, although in terms of its size per capita it is inferior to a number of countries on the continent (Argentina, Venezuela, Chile). GDP is distributed in the following way: 6% in rural and forestry, 33% - for industry and construction and 61% - for the service sector.

Some Features economic development distinguish Mexico from other Latin American countries. Mexico is the only country in Latin America in which, as a result of the bourgeois-democratic revolution of 1910-1917. a fairly radical agrarian reform was carried out. It did not abolish large landownership, but cleared the way for the development of capitalism in agriculture. Mexico is one of the first Latin American countries to embark on the path of nationalizing natural resources and creating a public sector. According to the constitution of 1917, the state's ownership of the land, its subsoil and water was proclaimed. Until the reforms of the 80-90s of this century, Mexico stood out in Latin America strong positions public sector and its active participation in the economic life of the country, especially in the oil industry. Mexico was the first in the capitalist world to nationalize the oil industry (in 1938); oil company PEMEX has become the backbone of the public sector. This is especially important because of the high role of the oil factor in economic history country.

Mexico ranks second in Latin America (after Brazil) in terms of industrial potential, and together with Brazil and India is one of the "troika" developing countries with the largest and most diversified industry. Her share in industrial production Latin America is about 1/4 and continues to increase. Mexico has a fairly diverse industry based on a rich raw material base and has a large reserve of cheap labor. In the 1980s and 1990s, its scientific and technical component increased significantly.

The structure of Mexican industry is characterized by a relatively high proportion of extractive industries. Over 70% of the cost of industrial production falls on heavy industry; its main industries are oil refining and petrochemical, as well as metallurgy and mechanical engineering. These industries are dominated by large, modern technical equipment enterprises. Most of them belong to foreign capital (mainly the USA, Japan, Germany).

But in Mexico there are many small and medium-sized enterprises owned mainly by national capital, and this is one of the features of the Mexican industry, due to the demographic factor: they provide a significant number of jobs and help solve the employment problem, therefore they have always enjoyed state support. In addition, the problem of small industry is closely related to the need to decentralize production.

In the Mexican industry, the position of the public sector has always been strong, but in connection with the new reforms, many enterprises have been transferred to private hands.

A specific phenomenon in the Mexican industry has become the so-called "maquiladoras" - enterprises for the export processing of semi-finished products from the United States in the north of the country. They are based on American capital and Mexican cheap labor force: the United States is undertaking capital-intensive complex operations, in Mexico - labor-intensive. These are mainly enterprises producing components for automobiles, electrical household appliances, electronics, as well as footwear, clothing, and furniture industries. Nearly 90% of their products go to the US market. Mexico is the largest partner of the United States in assembly operations, which is primarily due to its geographical location.

Agriculture. Natural and climatic conditions in most of Mexico are unfavorable for agriculture. About 40% is occupied by deserts and semi-deserts, 40% - by mountains and forests, on the rest of the land, agriculture is possible almost exclusively with artificial irrigation. In terms of the area of ​​irrigated land - more than 6 million hectares - Mexico occupies one of the leading places in the world (over 1/4 of the sown area, constituting 23 million hectares, in 1994).

A characteristic feature of the agrarian system in Mexico is the combination of large landownership with communal. In this respect, it differs from other Latin American countries. Communal land ownership was inherited from the Indians. In communities - echidos - land, water and forests are in common use; cultivated land can only be inherited, while pastures and forests are shared. Mexican agriculture developed under the influence of agrarian reform 1910-1917, as a result of which the positions of large landownership were undermined, part of the land was transferred to the echidal sector. But on present stage echidal farms cannot compete with capitalist farms, whose importance is growing in the agricultural production of the country. They became the basis for the creation of the agro-industrial complex. The capitalist structure occupies a dominant position in modern Mexican agriculture.

Minerals of Mexico. Indigenous people Mexico has long mined gold, silver, lead and tin ores. At present, mineral deposits have been explored in the country: bismuth, graphite, reserves of ores of zinc and lead, copper, iron and gold have been found. In addition, more than 300 oil and about 200 gas fields have been found in Mexico. These are mainly small deposits, they are concentrated mainly in the Gulf of Mexico. The country has quite significant reserves of ores. Thus, the minerals of Mexico are very diverse.

Slide 17 from the presentation "United Mexican States". The size of the archive with the presentation is 3824 KB.

Geography Grade 11

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Mexico has always fascinated me and I hope one day I will see this country with my own eyes. In the meantime, it remains for me to read and watch programs about it, so I know the features of this camp quite well. Today I will talk about natural resources Mexico.

Minerals of Mexico

The abundance of underground wealth in this country is due to geological factors. First of all, these are volcanoes, and some are still active. As is known, most of rare minerals is precisely of a volcanic nature, and therefore the places of outpouring of magma become rich deposits. Volcanism is a manifestation of active geological processes, which leads to the formation of geological structures different nature, which also contain valuable elements. Mexico is rich in such geological units as:

  • folding;
  • blocks;
  • deflections.

The largest are folding areas composed of volcanic rocks. They are rich in silver and gold, zinc, lead, copper and other elements. In general, Mexico can be called a country that has reserves of almost all minerals. I will especially note the large oil and gas basin of the Gulf of Mexico.


Mexico: natural resources of the country

the main problem- scarce water resources, however The groundwater many times the surface volume. Actually, due to this, it is possible to somehow stabilize the water supply. Water problems have become an obstacle to the plowing of new lands, so much of the center and south remain untouched.

Forests cover up to a fifth of the territory of Mexico, but are concentrated in that part of the country that is located in the tropics. The wood is exported to other countries and used in the domestic market, but the main wealth of the local forests is chicle juice, the main component of chewing gum. More than 85% of this raw material is produced in Mexico.


I would like to note the huge energy potential of Mexico in the field of alternative energy supply. Today, projects are being implemented that will help to implement it in the near future.