Official business style of speech (2) - Abstract. Official business style of speech, its main features. Genres of formal business style

Official business style (ODS) serves the sphere official relations in which communication participants perform certain social functions. Situations in such communication are as typical as possible, which gives rise to the standard speech behavior of their participants, so many documents are ready-made forms, in which it is necessary to enter only the passport data of the submitter of the document.

The term "official business style" is used to denote the features of the language of official (organizational and administrative) and diplomatic documents. The main function of the official business style is that, by requiring known form in writing the content, gives the text the character of a document and translates the various aspects of human relations reflected in this text into the category of official business documents.

The main features of the ODS are the accuracy of the wording, the standard arrangement of the material, the regulation (a limited set of language tools), the rigor and simplicity, the richness of information, the written form of presentation and the impersonality of the statement.

ODS is subdivided into three sub-styles - legal, diplomatic and clerical and business. Each of them is reflected in a number of genres. The genres of the legal sub-style include the constitution, code, law, charter, resolution, the genres of the diplomatic sub-style include a letter of credence, protest note, declaration, communiqué, the genres of the clerical and business sub-style include an order, contract, notification, order, as well as all types of documents. personal nature (statement, complaint, receipt, power of attorney, letter, memorandum / service / explanatory note, autobiography, etc.).

From language features official business style, the following should be highlighted. To lexical features ODS includes the presence of stable expressions and terms denoting the realities of social life, as well as clericalism, which immediately catch the eye, are imprinted and later emerge in a spontaneous and unprepared form in colloquial speech (proper, undersigned, hear, plaintiff, individual, consumer and etc.). In the texts of the ODS, there is no emotionally expressive vocabulary, evaluative and introductory-modal words ( good, bad, like, want, probably, maybe, etc.). The words used in the texts are characterized by limited lexical compatibility, for example, official letter not spelled, a is drawn up.

In morphological terms noted the use short forms adjectives with the meaning of duty ( obligated, responsible, accountable) and participles ( the decision was made, the candidacy was supported), an abundance of denominative prepositions and conjunctions ( accordingly, in continuation, for the purposes of, due to the fact that). To express imperativeness, infinitive constructions are used, reinforced with adverbs and modal words ( repairs should be made, I order measures to be taken, it is necessary to proceed to ... etc.).

To syntactic features ODS texts include the active use of passive constructions ( order completed, not possible, negotiations completed) and an abundance of sentences with homogeneous members and isolated phrases, various kinds of clichés and clichés with elements of archaism ( according to the deed, the punishability of the act).

SDS texts are characterized by sentences with inversion - the subject with an objective meaning follows the predicate ( Everyone is guaranteed freedom of conscience). Sentences with participles and participle turns allow you to make the text informative rich. The texts are dominated by constructions with "stringing" genitive cases of nouns without prepositions ( Any form of restriction of the rights of citizens of the Russian Federation is prohibited).

Official business texts are characterized by a high degree of segmentation, which allows you to clearly structure the text, dividing it into articles, paragraphs, paragraphs, subparagraphs. The text is built according to a template (form), which includes all the elements required for a given genre.

The texts of the ODS, or documents, occupy a significant place in the life of a modern person. They regulate our social life, so we feel the need for them every day. That is why each of us must be able not only to correctly interpret the document, but also to compose it correctly. The author compiling this or that document must use in it those linguistic means that the genre of the document requires from him, and not “invent” his own, different from the standard phrases.

The document is created in accordance with the genre model of the text with an unchanged composition, which includes the obligatory thematic blocks, i.e. details.

For example, a job application contains the following details:

1) indication of the addressee (name of the head and enterprise);

2) indication of the addressee;

3) the name of the genre of the document (statement);

4) the main content of the request (please accept me ...);

5) indication of the date of preparation of the document;

6) signature (handwritten signature).

It is necessary to strictly observe the requirements for the location of details in relation to each other. In the application, the addressee and the addressee are indicated in the right upper corner sheet. Document title (with capital letter and without a dot at the end, if the addresser with the preposition "from", or with a lowercase letter and a dot at the end, if the addressee without the preposition "from") is located in the middle, and the main content is the width of the sheet. The date is placed on the bottom left, and the signature is placed on the right, on the same line as the date. In this case, blank lines are left between the details. Under the date and signature, free space is left for resolution. Resolutions are also located in the upper left corner.

The official business style is the most common style that functions not only in office work and diplomacy, but also in any official relations, for example, at work, at a university, in medical institutions, in a newspaper, etc.

When compiling documents, generally accepted stable speech turns are used: I ask for your permission to…; I, the undersigned ...; reference is given ... that ... really ...; let me invite you…; I, who live at the address ..., trust ...

It is essential for documents correct usage verbs like trust, assure, guarantee, declare, notify, insist, confirm, notify, offer, order etc. These verbs are used in the form of the first person plural or singular in sentences without a subject, as well as the third person singular when referring to the addressee, for example: “I ask” and not “I ask”; “commit” not “we commit”.

The drafter of the document should be able to accurately and concisely state his point of view on the problem of interest to him. To do this, he must know the language means expressing causal and other logical relationships, which, first of all, include complex conjunctions and denominative prepositions: due to, for the purpose of, on the basis of, in order to avoid, according to, according to, thanks to, due to etc.

In official business papers, etiquette formulas of address should be used correctly, indicating the respectful attitude of the addressee to the addressee: Thank you for…, We kindly ask you…, Unfortunately… It should be borne in mind that in a business letter, second person pronouns ( you, your) are written with a capital letter, while in the usual writing such spelling is contrary to the norms of Russian spelling.

In official business papers, familiar address to the addressee is not allowed ( Expensive…), indication of the response time in the ultimatum form ( Please answer me immediately...) or refusal to the addressee's request without giving reasons.

To the typical business speech Errors include the following:

1) unmotivated use foreign words (roll over instead of extend; appeal instead of address);

2) the use of archaisms ( which instead of which, this year instead of this year);

3) incorrect use of paronyms ( graduated from high school instead of graduated from high school; introduce the products instead of familiarize yourself with the products);

4) violation of the rules for the use of prepositions ( thanks to, according to, in spite of, according to combined with dative case; as a result, during differ in their spelling from prepositional case combinations an experienced detective is involved in the investigation; there are rapids along the river.

Here are two options for writing a statement.

Option 1 (statement from whom):

prof. A.M. Shammazov

from a second year student

Faculty of Technology

Nikolaev Denis Yakovlevich

Statement

I ask you to transfer me to a correspondence course for family reasons. An extract from the academic certificate of the tests and exams I passed is attached.

07/25/2012 Personal signature

Option 2 (whose statement):

Rector of the Ufa State

oil technical university

prof. A.M. Shammazov

second year student

Faculty of Technology

Nikolaev Denis Yakovlevich

statement.

In connection with the request of the enterprise that sent me to study at its own expense, I ask you to transfer me to the specialty “Drilling oil and gas wells”. The letter from the HR Department of Burintekh LLC is attached.

Introduction. 3

1. Features of the official business style. 4

1.1. Substyles of official-business style 5

1.2. Linguistic features of the official business style 6

2. Culture of business communication. eleven

Conclusion 17

References 18

Introduction.

The official business style would be wrong and unfair, it would be inaccurate to call it clerical. This is a whole variety of the Russian literary language. And this style is expedient, having its own means of expression, ways of naming objects and phenomena, and even expressive in its own way. Observing the norms of official business speech, we pay tribute not to clichés and clericalism, but to the objectively established tradition of constructing speech in accordance with the expressed content, situation and purpose of the statement. Among the book styles of the language, the official business style stands out for its relative stability and isolation. Over time, it naturally undergoes some changes caused by the nature of the content itself, but many of its features, historically established genres, specific vocabulary, phraseology, and syntactic turns give it a generally conservative character. A characteristic feature of the official business style is the presence in it of numerous speech standards - clichés. If in other styles templated turnovers often act as a stylistic flaw, then in the official business style in most cases they are perceived as a completely natural belonging to it. Many types of business documents have generally accepted forms of presentation and arrangement of material, and this, of course, facilitates and simplifies their use. It is no coincidence that in certain cases of business practice, ready-made forms are used that only need to be filled out. Even envelopes are usually inscribed in a certain order (different in different countries, but firmly established in each of them), and this has its own advantage both for writers and for postal workers. Therefore all those speech cliches, which simplify and speed up business communication, are quite appropriate in it. The modern official business style is one of the book styles and functions in the form of written speech. The oral form of official business speech - speeches at ceremonial meetings, meetings, receptions, reports of state and public figures, etc. The official business style serves purely official and extremely important areas of human relations: relations between state power and the population, between countries, between enterprises, institutions and organizations, between the individual and society. In fact, from birth to death, a person is in the sphere of official business speech. The main purpose of my work is to consider descriptions, features, varieties of official business style in modern society, as well as to consider the role of such an important component in everyday work as documentation.

1. Features of the official business style.

The modern official business (hereinafter referred to as OD) style is a functional variety of Russian literary language used in the field of public relations. Business speech serves as a means of communication between states, states with individual and society as a whole; a means of communication between enterprises, institutions, organizations; a means of official communication between people in production and in the service sector.

The official business style refers to the book-written styles of the literary language. It is implemented in the texts of laws, orders, decrees, orders, contracts, acts, certificates, certificates, powers of attorney, in business correspondence of institutions. The oral form of official business speech is represented by a speech and report at meetings and conferences, judicial speech, official telephone conversation, and oral order.

The general extralinguistic and proper linguistic features of this style include the following:

1) accuracy, detail of presentation;

2) standardization of presentation;

3) the obligatory prescriptive nature of the presentation (voluntariness).

Indeed, the language of laws requires, above all, accuracy, which does not allow any discrepancies; speed of understanding is not important, since the interested person, if necessary, will read the article of the law two or three times, striving for a complete understanding. The standardization of the presentation is manifested in the fact that the heterogeneous phenomena of life in a business style fit into a limited number of standard forms(questionnaire, certificate, instruction, application, business letter, etc.).

Business speech is impersonal, stereotyped, it lacks an emotional beginning.

A specific property of business speech is the expression of will. So, in management documentation, we constantly meet with the forms of the first person of the verb (I ask, offer, order, congratulate), with modal forms, must (should, must, should, proposed).

1.1. Substyles of the official-business style

Depending on the scope of business speech and the stylistic originality of the corresponding texts, they are usually distinguished within the OD three substyles:

1)diplomatic(types of documents: international treaties, agreements, conventions, memorandums, notes, communiques, etc.; oral forms are practically not used);

2) legislative(types of documents, such as laws, decrees, civil, criminal and other acts of state significance; the main oral form is judicial speech);

3) managerial(types of documents: charters, contracts, orders, orders, statements, characteristics, powers of attorney, receipts, etc.; oral forms - report, speech, office telephone conversation, oral order).

Diplomatic style. This type of OD style serves the field of international relations. The scope of documenting the diplomatic sub-style is law, and to a greater extent than in other sub-styles. - politics, as it is connected with the implementation of the international policy of the state.

Legislative framework. Legal documents are more stylistic and linguistically homogeneous than documents of other sub-styles. In these texts, one can note the extensive use of legal terminology (appeal, plaintiff, tribunal, immunity, breadwinner). The legislative substyle uses abstract vocabulary and practically lacks expressive-emotional language means, evaluative vocabulary. Estimated words of this kind, such as a parasite, a criminal acquire a terminological meaning in legal texts. There are many antonyms here, since legislative speech reflects opposing interests, opposes and compares concepts: rights and obligations, work and leisure, personal and public, plaintiff and defendant, crime and punishment, marriage registration and divorce, adoption of a child and deprivation of parental rights, voluntarily and forcibly, withhold and accrue.

The language of laws big influence on the formation of the entire official business style, it has traditionally been the basis of business speech. Of course, the language of laws should be a model for the language of management documentation. But the managerial substyle, like the diplomatic one, has its own norms and linguistic diversity, due to the content and composition of documents.

Management style. The scope of the managerial substyle is a variety of administrative, departmental, industrial relations. The types of documents of the administrative substyle differ most from each other in compositional, stylistic and linguistic terms.

In the texts of the administrative substyle, along with neutral and bookish vocabulary, words and set phrases with official business style coloring are used (undersigned, proper, following, housing tax, lump sum, notify). The managerial substyle has its own administrative and managerial terminology, for example: the name of institutions, positions, types of official documents. Due to the fact that this substyle serves various areas of social and industrial activity (culture, education, trade, agriculture, various industries), the most diverse terminology is used in the texts of the substyle. It is not recommended to use synonyms in official texts, replacing the direct names of objects and actions with them. Unlike the legislative sub-style, there are few antonyms here. Abbreviations, abbreviated words, various means of codification (names of institutions and enterprises, car brands, etc.) are often used in the texts of the managerial substyle. Only in the texts of the managerial sub-style are used forms of the verb in the 1st person, sometimes personal pronouns. This is due to concretization, with an exact indication of the author of the text (I order, I ask you to send me, I inform). In the managerial style, verbs in the imperative mood are not used and relatively rarely - constructions with the words must, must. The meaning of obligation is softened in the texts by the use of such phrases as oblige, oblige, impose an obligation.

1.2 Linguistic features of the official business style

Vocabulary and phraseology. OD speech reveals an inclination towards a lexicon that is extremely generalized in a semantic sense, where everything sharply peculiar, specific, unique is eliminated, and the typical is brought to the fore. For an official document, it is not the living flesh of this phenomenon that is important, but its "legal" essence. OD speech prefers generic designations with broad and poor semantics, with a limited number of semantic features:

premises (cf .: apartment, workshop, hangar, lobby, shelter, monastery, apartments), person (cf .: individual, person, man, girl, guy, small, owner, tenant, passerby), parent (cf .: mother , father, father, mother, ancestor), soldier (cf .: soldier, lieutenant general, artilleryman, rookie, warrior, serviceman, sailor), penalty (cf .: reprimand, fine, arrest, scolding, scolding), arrive ( cf .: come, arrive, sail, jump, tumble in, swoop in, welcome) and others.

Word-formation and morphological features. The word-formation and morphological features of the OD style are inextricably linked with its common features: the desire for accuracy, standardization, non-personal and obligatory prescriptive nature of presentation.

Of the conjugated forms, the forms of the present tense are most often used here, but with a different, in comparison with scientific style, value. This value is usually defined as the present prescription. The verb form does not denote a permanent or ordinary action, but an action that is prescribed by law to be performed under certain conditions:

"The accused is guaranteed the right to defense."

When naming a person in the OD style, nouns are used, denoting a person on the basis of some action or attitude, which is intended to accurately indicate the "roles" of the participants in the situation: defendant, tenant, tenant, reader, guardian, adopter, plaintiff, witness, etc.

Nouns denoting positions and ranks are used in the form male and when they refer to females: police officer Smirnov, defendant Proshina and the like.

Of the word-building models of nouns, verbal formations are widely represented, including sometimes with a prefix and non-: non-compliance, non-recognition, decision, execution. For example:

"Children left without parental care and staying in educational institutions, medical institutions, institutions of social protection of the population and other similar institutions have the right to: maintenance, upbringing, education, comprehensive development, respect for their human dignity, ensuring their interests .... "(Family Code of the Russian Federation, p. 149).

The stringing of nouns with the suffix -nie can be considered a clear sign of the OD style:

"Preparation for a crime is the search for and adaptation of means or tools or the deliberate creation of conditions for the commission of crimes...."

The OD style is rich in constructions with a verb that takes on purely grammatical functions. The number of verbs that act as a grammatical reference word and serve to express almost only grammatical meanings is many dozens:

conduct (agitation, installation, observation, negotiations, preparation, search, development, investigation ...);

make (additions, corrections, clarifications ...);

give (consultation, appointment, justification, explanation, refutation, refusal, assessment, assignment, permission, clarification, order, recommendation, consent, indication ...);

pass (examination, training, testing ..) etc.

Extremely characteristic of official speech are the methods of composite word formation - basic and word formation, fusion, as a result of which in the lexicon business language two- (or more) root formations are represented by a very extensive collection:

marriage, offense, taxation, land use, passenger transportation, disability, tenant, landlord, country owner, paper holder, cultural and entertainment, logistical, repair and construction, administrative and economic, autumn-winter, bakery, apartment brokerage, science-intensive, transport saturated, low-paid , low-income, person-ruble, ships-day, passenger-seat-mile and many others.

Passion for business style difficult words easily explainable: they are transparent in structure and meaning, have idiomatic effects. To an even greater extent, the need for semantically clear names is answered by the phrase, the number of OD style names created in this way has many thousands of units:

vehicles, wages, official, confectionery, securities, travel document, collection point, executive committee, cashless payment, work injury, bodily injury, common areas, occupational disease, public catering enterprise, high-demand goods, training without interruption, right to rest, search warrant, demotion, disqualification....

With particular clarity, the convenience of "analytical" models is expressed in the nomenclature of institutions, professions, positions, etc., which constitutes a giant layer of official names: Chief Researcher, Deputy Regiment Commander for Engineering Service, Moscow State University, St. Petersburg State Mining Institute (Technical University). Transcaucasian Railway, Volyn plant of household chemicals, deputy of the State Duma ...

Syntax. From syntactic constructions having the coloring of the OD style, we note phrases that include complex denominative prepositions: in part, along the line, on the subject, in order to avoid, as well as a combination with the preposition on, expressing a temporary meaning: upon return, upon reaching. For example:

"Civil capacity arises in full with the onset of adulthood, that is, upon reaching the age of eighteen".

Simple sentences in the OD style are often complicated by homogeneous members, the number of which can reach up to 8-10 or more, due to the need to exhaust the subject of the message. For example:

"Objects of common property of a peasant economy are property: a land plot, plantings, utility or other buildings, reclamation and other structures, productive and working livestock, poultry, agricultural and other machinery, equipment, vehicles, inventory and other property ... "

As in the scientific style, passive construction and complex sentences with an allied connection of parts are widely used here, and complex sentences with a conditional clause occupy a large place (26% of all complex sentences, which is 4 times greater than their use in scientific speech).

The syntax of the OD style knows "stringing the genitive case", i.e. the use of complex combinations with several dependent components in the form of the genitive case (R.p.) without a preposition. Examples: In order to apply measures of public influence, in order to widely publicize the work of the Ministry of Higher Education ...

Thus, the process of standardization of business speech covers all levels of the language - vocabulary, morphology, and syntax. As a result, a stable speech stereotype is formed, which is perceived by the speakers as a special, functionally oriented type of linguistic norming of texts, i.e. special functional style.

Those who see the "impoverishment" and even "damage" of the literary language in the standardization of business speech are absolutely wrong. The development of the business language corresponds to the general laws of the evolution of modern society, for example, the increasing mechanization of labor, the introduction of machine methods for processing, transmitting and storing information.

A negative linguistic phenomenon should be considered not the standardization of OD style, but the use of verbal cliches in oral and written speech. A kind of cliche, which is increasingly penetrating into live colloquial speech, is the so-called "clericalism" (according to the apt definition of K.I. Chukovsky), the use of stereotyped expressions from business papers for other purposes.

The coloring of the OD style is possessed, first of all, by the lexical and phraseological units of the language (to notify, forward, plaintiff, protocol, housing, prosecutor's supervision, lump-sum allowance). The use of the name "clericalism" in relation to this vocabulary and phraseology in all cases seems unfair, since this name has a negative emotional connotation. It is more expedient to distinguish between two concepts and, accordingly, two terms: "lexicon with coloring of OD style" and "clericalism".

The first name reflects the place of the corresponding layer of vocabulary in the system of the general literary language, its functional and stylistic coloring. The second name, "clericalisms", refers to the same lexical units, but when they are used in speech with a different stylistic coloring, for example, in colloquial speech, or in the language of a work of art. If at the same time they are used unintentionally, accidentally, then their use should be regarded as a violation of the stylistic norm, as a speech error.

The OD style itself, like the scientific one, is alien to emotionally expressive coloration. Indeed, in the language tools of the OD style there are no additional, additional assessments of the speaker (writer), which would be layered on linguistic units beyond their lexical, nominative or grammatical meaning. On the contrary, the language units selected here, as already mentioned, are designed to convey the relevant concepts and facts as accurately and unambiguously as possible.

2. Culture of business communication.

A business conversation is understood in the broadest sense of oral speech contact between people connected by the interests of the business, who have the necessary authority to establish business relations and solve business problems. Business conversation is primarily oral business speech, which has significant differences from its written form. First of all, a business conversation is a direct communication that involves a specific interlocutor (or interlocutors), which makes it possible to directly influence him (or them). The presence of an interlocutor allows the use of facial expressions, gestures, intonation and other communication techniques, which significantly distinguishes oral business speech from its written form.

Direct communication excludes the possibility of preliminary reflection, and therefore a business conversation is full of relaxed forms of communication, as well as some grammatical and stylistic features. Thus, this variety of business speech is characterized by a certain departure from the usual morphological norms of the general literary language, which in business communication are often considered as an excess that does not allow to accurately and briefly convey the meaning of the statement. In order for speech to be correct, words should be used in strict accordance with their meaning. Meanwhile, errors in word usage are the most common speech deficiency of participants in business conversations. Let's take this example: "The weather WAS ACCOMPANIED with the unloading of platforms" (instead of "FAVORABLE"). In this case, the word is used without regard to its semantics. Such errors arise as a result of the stylistic negligence of the speakers, inattention to the word or poor knowledge of the language.

The use of words without taking into account their semantics often changes the meaning of the statement. For example: “The construction of the main building of the plant coincided with sharp deterioration CLIMATIC CONDITIONS". The speaker meant, of course, weather conditions ( bad weather), the climate cannot change in a few months, during which the construction of the mentioned factory building was carried out.

The use of words without taking into account their semantics can cause illogicality and even absurdity of the statement. Thus, in the phrase "DECADE of the technical book will be FIVE DAYS", the speaker forgot or did not know that the word "decade" means "ten days". But more often, incorrect word usage leads to logical errors, which are usually expressed in the substitution of the concept.

Speakers do not always skillfully use antonyms in their speech. Consider the following phrase, quite often heard in business conversations: "DUE TO WEAK control ...". Here, the first of the words of the antonymic pair, acting as a preposition, should not have retained its original lexical meaning, but due to the close proximity of its antonym, this meaning “manifested itself”, and the combination of incompatible concepts caused the utterance to be illogical.

A careless attitude to the language can cause speech insufficiency - skipping the words necessary to accurately express the thought: "THE DEPARTMENT BEGINS at exactly 12 o'clock" (the "session" was missed). Speech deficiency usually occurs when the speaker is in a hurry and does not follow the correctness of the statement, which causes serious damage to the semantic aspect of speech.

In some cases, the omission of words can completely distort the thought: “To speed up the loading of goods, it is necessary to combine all port services” (it is necessary: ​​to combine the EFFORTS of all port services).

The reason for stylistic errors very often becomes an unsuccessful choice of a synonym. For example, in the phrase “It is necessary to PROTECT the goods from shrinkage”, instead of the verb “protect”, its synonym “SAVE” should be used.

If the speaker finds it difficult to give an exact definition of a particular concept, an unjustified stringing of synonyms may arise that express an idea approximately, generating speech redundancy, for example: “Our employees have had a lot of PASSES and absenteeism lately. We need to ensure RHYTHMIC and UNINTERRUPTED work.”

Very often in business conversation there is a mixture of paronyms (that is, words that have similarities in morphological composition and, therefore, in sound, but differ in meaning), which leads to gross lexical errors. Most often, this causes a violation of lexical compatibility, for example: BOW YOUR HEAD (should: bow); beautiful and PRACTICAL clothes (it is necessary: ​​practical).

A lexical error is close to mixing paronyms, consisting in replacing the desired word with its distorted version. So, instead of the adjective "extraordinary" they say "unscheduled", instead of "loan" - "mutual".

Gross lexical errors in speech can be caused by false associations, which often arise under the influence of the wrong choice of a paronym. The words “statute” and “status” are often confused, “test” (i.e. give official approval based on verification) and “test” (i.e. test, sample before use). For the correct use of words in speech, it is not enough to know their exact meaning, it is also necessary to take into account the lexical compatibility of words, i.e. their ability to connect with each other. Involuntary violation of lexical compatibility is a very common disadvantage of oral speech. So, they often say: the meeting is convened, the conversation is read, to complete the obligations, increase attention, increase one's horizons. It is not uncommon to hear the phrase "MEET THE NEEDS OF THE MODERN NEED" mixed up with the words "MEET THE REQUIREMENTS" and "MEET THE NEEDS". Or another example: “MATERIAL DAMAGE IS RECOVERED from the supplier in favor of the customer” (material DAMAGE can be REFUNDED, MONEY can be RECOVERED).

It is impossible to combine colloquial words with bookish ones or combine high, solemn turns with ordinary, neutral ones, for example: “After that, he became a CHAMPION of savings on every operation” (it could have been simpler: “He proposed saving on every operation”).

BRIEF - the most important requirement for any form of business speech, since such a speech is characterized, as we have already noted, by a purely applied nature in the presentation of the reported information. This means that the speaker does not abuse the listener's time and patience by avoiding unnecessary repetition, excessive detail, and verbal garbage. Every word and expression serves a purpose here, which can be formulated as follows: to present the essence of the matter to the listeners as accurately and briefly as possible. Therefore, words and phrases that do not carry any semantic load should be completely excluded from business speech.

Verbosity, or speech redundancy, most often manifests itself in the use of extra words, which indicate not only stylistic negligence, they also indicate the fuzziness, uncertainty of the speaker's ideas about the subject of speech, which often comes to the detriment of information content, obscuring the main idea of ​​the statement.

Versatility appears in various forms. So, very often participants in business conversations obsessively explain to everyone known truths or repeatedly repeat the same thoughts, thereby unintentionally dragging out a business conversation.

Speech redundancy can take the form of PLEONASMA, which is understood as the simultaneous use of words that are close in meaning and therefore superfluous (anticipate in advance, dark darkness, the main essence, everyday routine, valuable treasure, etc.). Often pleonasms are born when synonyms are combined (long and long; bold and courageous; only; however, nonetheless). A variation of pleonasm is TAUTOLOGY, that is, the repetition of the same thing in other words. Everyday conversations of business people are literally overflowing with repetitions of the same or similar words in meaning, for example: “in August”, “SCHEMATIC plan”, “five PEOPLE miners”, “seven PIECES of transformers”, etc.

Tautology can occur when repeating words with the same root (to tell a story), as well as when combining a Russian and a foreign word that duplicates its meaning (first debuted, a memorable souvenir). The latter usually indicates that the speaker does not understand the exact meaning of the borrowed foreign word. This is how the combinations “interior interior”, “break interval”, “ young child prodigy”,“ scanty little things ”,“ leading leader ”, etc.

However, individual combinations of this type have become so entrenched in speech that they can no longer be attributed to speech shortcomings. These include, for example, such as "period of time", "monumental monument", "reality", "exhibits of the exhibition", "second-hand book".

The use of unnecessarily foreign words that duplicate Russian words and thereby unnecessarily complicate the statement should also be attributed to the speech redundancy of business speech. Why, for example, say "nothing extraordinary" when you can say "nothing special"; instead of "ordinary" - "ordinary", instead of "indifferent" - "indifferent", instead of "ignore" - "not notice", instead of "limit" - "limit", instead of "roughly" - "approximately", instead of "function" - “act”, instead of “diversification” - “diversity”, instead of “determine” - “determine”, instead of “test” - “check”, etc.

Incorrect or parallel use of foreign vocabulary leads, as a rule, to unnecessary repetitions, for example: “industrial industry” (the word “industry” already contains the concept of “industrial”), “to speed up construction at an accelerated pace” (“force” and means “to conduct accelerated pace"), "come to a complete fiasco" ("a fiasco" is a complete defeat).

Conclusion

In conclusion, we summarize the main results of the abstract. In the course of business communication, there is an exchange of information, opinions and views between people. Communication is interaction. It's a way to get to know other people, the world around. Business communication is based on all moral principles of communication. You need to be able to emphasize the importance that this or that interlocutor makes for you. The concept of communicative culture in business communication is an interaction that leads to the establishment of psychological contact with partners when perception and understanding between them is established. Here, knowledge of the features of human interaction is important in order to be able to direct the actions of partners to the desired result for you. Generally accepted norms for any type of communication, and business in particular, contain requirements for its participants. These include courtesy, correctness, modesty, tact, accuracy and courtesy..

In a number of book styles, the formal business style is most clearly outlined. It serves legal and administrative activities when communicating in government institutions, in court, in business and diplomatic negotiations: business speech provides the sphere of official business relations and functions in the field of law and politics. The official business style is implemented in the texts of laws, decrees, orders, instructions, contracts, agreements, orders, acts, in business correspondence of institutions, as well as in legal certificates, etc. Despite the fact that this style undergoes serious changes under the influence of socio-historical shifts in society, it stands out among other functional varieties of the language for its stability, traditionalism, isolation and standardization. The analysis showed that standard syntactic phrases, cliched expressions, structural and compositional features, etc. are the result of intralingual selection, the use of those structural and syntactic features of the language that the best way meet the challenges of a business letter. And it is these features, which have arisen under the influence of extralinguistic factors and as a result of the internal laws of language development, that determine the face of the genre of business correspondence, delimiting it from other genres of official business style and maintaining their thematic and genre attachment for decades.

Bibliography

1. Rakhmanin L.V. Stylistics of business speech and editing official documents: Proc. allowance for Wednesdays. specialist. education, institutions. 3rd ed., Rev. - M.: Vyssh. school, 2004.

3. Leonova G.V. On some features of the use of borrowed words in business speech // Secretarial business. - 2007, No. 4;

4. Basovskaya E.N. Language difficulties associated with the preparation of documents // Secretarial business. - 2007, No. 1

5. Culture of oral and written speech of a business person: a Handbook. - M.: Flinta, Nauka, 2005. S. 100

6. Rakhmanin L V Stylistics of business speech and editing official documents Proc. allowance for the environment of special education institutions, 3rd ed., corrected. -M Higher. school, 2004, p. 16.

7. GOST R. 1.5-92 State standardization system of the Russian Federation General requirements for the construction of the presentation, design and content of standards P. 4.12. Abbreviations.

8. Culture of Russian speech. Textbook for universities, ed. Graudina L.K., Shiryaeva E.N.

Business. Of course the language...

Officially - business written speech

Abstract >> Foreign language

Transformation of the state apparatus of Russia. Russian officially – business written speech has centuries-old traditions and deep ... and patterns of formation of a special style language serving the sphere of official business relationships, highlighting...

Among the book styles of the language, the official business style stands out for its relative stability and closure. The official business style is characterized by the presence in it of numerous speech standards - clichés.

Many types of business documents have generally accepted forms of presentation and arrangement of material. It is no coincidence that in business practice, ready-made forms are often used, which are proposed to be filled out. Even envelopes are usually inscribed in a certain order, which is convenient for both writers and postal workers.

The official business style is the style of documents: international treaties, government acts, legal laws, business papers, etc. Despite the differences in content and variety of genres, the official business style as a whole is characterized by a number of common features. These include:

1) conciseness, compactness of presentation, economical use of language tools;

2) the standard arrangement of the material, the frequent obligation of the form (identity card, various kinds of diplomas, certificates, monetary documents, etc.), the use of clichés inherent in this style;

3) the widespread use of terminology, the nomenclature of names (legal, diplomatic, military, etc.), the presence of a special stock of vocabulary and phraseology (official, clerical), the inclusion of complex abbreviated words and abbreviations in the text;

4) frequent use of verbal nouns, denominative prepositions (on basis), as well as various stable phrases that serve to connect parts of a complex sentence (according to the reason that...);

5) the narrative nature of the presentation, the use of nominative sentences with enumeration;

6) direct word order in a sentence as the prevailing principle of its construction;

7) tendency to use complex sentences reflecting the logical subordination of some factors to others;

8) almost complete absence of emotionally expressive speech means;

9) weak individualization of style.

There are two types of official business style: official documentary style and everyday business. In the first one, one can single out the language of legislative documents related to the activities of state bodies, and the language of diplomatic acts related to international relations. In everyday business style, correspondence between institutions and organizations, on the one hand, and private business papers, on the other, differ in content and genre.

The language of legislative documents includes vocabulary and phraseology of state, civil, criminal law, various codes, as well as vocabulary and phraseology related to the work of administrative bodies, official activity citizens.

The language of diplomacy is characterized by a bookish, “high” vocabulary used to create a certain solemnity and give the document an underlined significance. Diplomatic materials also use expressions related to etiquette and which are generally accepted formulas of politeness: I ask you, Mr. Ambassador, to accept...

5. Journalistic style of speech, its main features. The main genres of journalistic style.

The word journalistic is derived from the Latin word publicus, which means "public, state."

The words journalism (socio-political literature on modern, topical topics) and publicist (author of works on socio-political topics) are cognate with the word journalistic.

Etymologically, all these words are related to the word public, which has two meanings:

1) visitors, spectators, listeners;

2) people, people.

The purpose of the journalistic style of speech - informing, transferring socially significant information with a simultaneous impact on the reader, listener, convincing him of something, suggesting certain ideas, views to him, encouraging him to certain actions, actions.

Scope of publicistic style of speech - socio-economic, political, cultural relations.

Genres of journalism - article in a newspaper, magazine, essay, reportage, interview, feuilleton, oratory, judicial speech, speech on radio, television, at a meeting, report.

For journalistic style of speech characteristic:

logic,

Imagery,

emotionality,

appraisal,

Invocation

and their corresponding language tools.
It widely uses socio-political vocabulary, various types of syntactic constructions.
Publicistic text is often built like scientific reasoning: an important public problem, possible ways of solving it are analyzed and evaluated, generalizations and conclusions are made, the material is arranged in a strict logical sequence, general scientific terminology is used. This brings him closer to the scientific style.
Publicistic speeches differ in reliability, accuracy of facts, specificity, strict validity. It also brings him closer to the scientific style of speech.
On the other hand, for journalistic speech is characteristic passion, lust. The most important requirement for journalism is public accessibility: It is designed for a wide audience and should be understood by everyone.
The journalistic style has much in common with the artistic style of speech. In order to effectively influence the reader or listener, his imagination and feelings, the speaker or writer uses epithets, comparisons, metaphors and other figurative means, resorts to the help of colloquial and even colloquial words and phrases, phraseological expressions that reinforce emotional impact of speech.
Publicistic articles by V. G. Belinsky, N.A. Dobrolyubova, N.G. Chernyshevsky, N.V. Shelgunov, historians V.S. Solovieva, V.O. Klyuchevsky, V.V. Rozanova, N.A. Berdyaev, speeches by prominent Russian lawyers A.F. Koni, F.N. Plevako.
To journalistic genres M. Gorky addressed (the cycles “On Modernity”, “In America”, “Notes on Philistinism”, “Untimely Thoughts”), V.G. Korolenko (letters to A.V. Lunacharsky), M.A. Sholokhov, A.N. Tolstoy, L.M. Leonov, I.G. Ehrenburg.
The writers S. Zalygin, V.G. Rasputin, D.A. Granin, V. Lakshin, Academician D.S. Likhachev.
The journalistic style (as mentioned earlier) includes the speech of the defender or prosecutor in court. And from them oratory, the ability to speak a word, often depends on the fate of a person.

6. Artistic style of speech, its main features. Sphere of use.

The artistic style of speech is the language of literature and art. It is used to convey emotions and feelings, artistic images and phenomena.

Artistic style is a way of self-expression of writers, therefore, as a rule, it is used in writing. Orally (for example, in plays), texts written in advance are read out. Historically, the artistic style functions in three types of literature - lyrics (poems, poems), drama (plays) and epic (stories, novels, novels).

The art style is:

2. Language means are a means of transmission artistic image, emotional state and mood of the narrator.

3. The use of stylistic figures - metaphors, comparisons, metonyms, etc., emotionally expressive vocabulary, phraseological units.

4. Multi-style. The use of language means of other styles (colloquial, journalistic) is subject to the fulfillment of a creative plan. These combinations gradually form what is called the author's style.

5. The use of verbal ambiguity - words are chosen so that with their help not only “draw” images, but also put a hidden meaning into them.

6. Information transfer function is often hidden. The purpose of the artistic style is to convey the emotions of the author, to create a mood, an emotional mood in the reader.

7.Text. Signs, text structure. Information processing of the text. Paragraph.

Tex-. these are two or more sentences or several paragraphs, connected into a whole by a topic and a main idea, forming a statement, a speech work.

Theme- this is the designation of the subject of speech, that is, those life phenomena or issues that are selected by the author and depicted in his work (often the topic is reflected in the title).

Maintext features are:

1) completeness, semantic completeness, which manifests itself in the full (from the point of view of the author) disclosure of the idea and in the possibility of autonomous perception and understanding text;

2) connectedness, manifested, firstly, in the arrangement of sentences in such a sequence that reflects the logic of the development of thought ( semantic connection); secondly, in a certain structural organization, which is formed with the help of lexical and grammatical means of the language;

3) stylistic unity, which is that text always formalized stylistically: as a colloquial, official business, scientific, journalistic or artistic style.

4) integrity, which manifests itself in the combined coherence, completeness and stylistic unity.

The structure of the text is understood as its internal structure.. The units of the internal structure of the text are:
- statement (implemented proposal);
- a series of statements combined semantically and syntactically into a single fragment;
- fragments-blocks (a set of interphrase units that provide the text with integrity due to the implementation of distant and contact semantic and thematic connections).

The units of the semantic-grammatical (syntactic) and compositional levels are interconnected.

Its stylistic and stylistic characteristics are closely related to the semantic, grammatical and compositional structure of the text.

Each text reveals a certain more or less pronounced functional and stylistic orientation ( scientific text, artistic, etc.) and has stylistic qualities dictated by this orientation and, moreover, by the individuality of the author.

The construction of the text is determined by the topic, the information expressed, the conditions of communication, the task of a particular message and the chosen style of presentation.

Paragraph - 1) an indent at the beginning of the line, a “red” line .. Each new paragraph reflects one or another stage in the development of actions, one or another salient feature in the description of the subject, in the characterization of the hero, this or that thought in the argument, in the proof. There are paragraphs consisting of one sentence. Direct speech is often written from a paragraph, as well as the text following it.

Information processing of the text- extraction process necessary information from the source text.

8. Functional and semantic types of speech. Forms of speech. Types of speech.

Depending on the content of the utterance, our speech is divided into three types:

· description;

narration;

· reasoning.

The description speaks of simultaneous signs, the narrative speaks of successive actions, and the reasoning speaks of the causes of properties and phenomena.

Description: A huge bird swam on the black water. Her plumage shimmered with lemon and pink. A beak with a red leather bag was glued to the head.

Narration: The pelican hurriedly climbed ashore and hobbled to our halt. Then he saw a fish, opened his beak, clicked it with a wooden thud, shouted "wack" and began to desperately beat his wings and stamp his paw.

Reasoning: Pelicans cannot dive. This is due to the special structure of the bones and the presence of subcutaneous air sacs (according to K. Paustovsky).

The description can be used in any style of speech, but in the scientific description of the subject should be as complete as possible, and in the artistic - the emphasis is only on the most bright details. Therefore, the language means in the artistic style are more diverse than in the scientific one. In the first there are not only adjectives and nouns, but also verbs, adverbs, comparisons, various figurative uses of words are very common.

The peculiarity of the narrative lies in the fact that it talks about successive actions. The message about changing events is the "new" in the sentences of such a text. “Data” is the person doing the action. The narrative often uses verbs in the past perfect tense. But in order to give the text expressiveness, other forms are used simultaneously with these forms.

Every argument has two parts. The first contains the thesis, i.e., the statement that needs to be proved. In the second part, the substantiation of the expressed idea is given: arguments and examples are given. In reasoning, there is often a third part - a conclusion. The thesis and justification are usually associated with unions because, since. The conclusion is joined by the words therefore, thus, therefore. Full reasoning, parts of which are connected by unions, is especially common in scientific and business speech. In colloquial and artistic speech, incomplete reasoning is more common, and unions are omitted.

9. Word in the lexical system of the language. The ambiguity of a word. Homonyms, synonyms, antonyms, paronyms and their use.

Word is a specific unit of language. It is impossible to imagine language without words.

The set of words forms the vocabulary of the language, or vocabulary. Vocabulary reflects reality, names various concepts - objects, signs, phenomena, processes: forest, trees, deaf, leaf fall, spinning.

One word can have multiple meanings. It names a number of interrelated objects, concepts: earth is both `land`, and `surface`, and `soil`, and `territory`, and `state`, which are located on the planet.

The meaning of the word is also related to its origin. In Latin, a person is called homo (from humus - `earth`, `soil`, `fertile layer`). This emphasizes that man is an earthly being.

One meaning-concept can be expressed in different words. `The one who teaches` - a teacher, mentor, teacher, educator.

Polysemantic words- words that have two or more lexical meanings.

Examples of polysemantic words:
hand(part of the body - left hand ; handwriting, creative manner - hand of the master).

Homonyms These are words that have different meanings but the same spelling:
(example) In fields not mowed with a scythe,
It had been raining all morning.
Synonyms- these are words of the same part of speech, very close in their lexical meaning. These words are the most accurate means of expression:
(example) The sun shone, the steppe sighed, the grass shone in the diamonds of the rain, and the grass sparkled with gold.
Synonymous series consist of words of one part of speech: face - physiognomy - mug. May include words different styles.
Synonyms that link parts of the text, allow you to avoid repetitions of the same word, bring together words that are not synonymous in the language (in terms of the text), are called contextual synonyms:
(example) The blue summer passed
The blue summer is gone.
Absolute synonyms are words that are exactly the same in meaning.
Antonyms are words of the same part of speech that have opposite meanings.
(example) They agreed. Water and stone.
Poetry and prose, ice and fire.
Not so different from each other.
Antonyms allow you to see objects, phenomena, signs in contrast, as in extreme opposites.
Paronyms- these are words with the same root, the same part of speech, close in meaning and sound. In the sentence, they perform the same syntactic functions: deep - deep, heroism - heroism.
Confusion of paronyms- a gross violation of the literary forms of word usage.

The official business style is used in the field of business and official relations between people and institutions, in the field of law and legislation. Official business speech is characterized by accuracy of wording (which would eliminate ambiguity of understanding), some impersonality and dryness of presentation (submitted for discussion, not we submit for discussion; there are cases of non-fulfillment of the contract, etc.), a high degree of standardization, reflecting a certain order and regulation of business relations.

In connection with these properties of the official business style, stable, clichéd turns play an important role in it: to make it a duty, due to absence, to take action, in the absence of, after the expiration of the term, etc. Combinations with verbal nouns are a striking sign of business style: establishing control, eliminating deficiencies, implementing a program, checking performance, etc.

A significant number of speech genres stand out here: law, resolution, communiqué, diplomatic note, treaty, instruction, announcement, report, explanatory note, complaint, statement, different kinds judicial and investigative documentation, indictment, expert report, sentence, etc.

It is also necessary to take into account the conditions of communication, which in the business sphere determine the appearance of such a feature typical of the official business style as standardization (template, form). Because in legal relations everything is regulated, and communication is carried out according to certain standards, which facilitate this communication, insofar as speech standard, the template turns out to be inevitable, necessary and even expedient and justified here.

In connection with the obligatory prescriptive nature and the need to formulate the legal norms of business speech, a special way of presentation is also characteristic. Narration, reasoning and description are not presented here in their “pure” form.

Since in the texts of state acts one usually has not to prove something (analysis and argumentation precedes the compilation of these texts), but to establish, regulate, then these texts, in general, are not characterized by reasoning. The absence of this method sharply distinguishes the official-business style from the scientific one, which converges among themselves in a number of other features. This way of presentation, like narration, is also not typical for business sphere communication, since there is no need to tell about any events. Only in such genres as a protocol, a report, partly an agreement, some parts of a decision (stating), there is an appeal to the narrative manner of presentation.

There are almost no “clean” descriptions in business speech. What outwardly looks like a description, in reality turns out to be a special prescriptive-stating way of presentation, in which, for example, the subtext of obligation is assumed behind the present tense forms of the verb.

The official business style is divided into two varieties, two sub-styles - official documentary and everyday business.

Each of the subspecies of the official business style is unique. So, for example, the language of diplomacy has its own lexical system, saturated with international terms (communique, attache, doyen); it uses etiquette words (king, queen, prince, shakhinshah, His Highness, His Excellency, etc.); the syntax of the language of diplomacy is characterized by long sentences, extended periods with branched allied connections, participial and participial phrases, infinitive constructions, introductory and isolated expressions.

The language of laws is official language, language state power, in which she speaks to the population. It requires the accuracy of the expression of thought, generalization, the complete absence of individualization of speech, standard presentation.

Official correspondence is characterized, first of all, by high standardization. The existence of models and their speech variants, i.e. standards, greatly facilitates the preparation of business letters. Business letters are written, not written. Brevity and accuracy are also necessary attributes of business letters.

Business papers (statement, autobiography, receipt, etc.) should also be written briefly and clearly. They are compiled in a certain form.

Language features of the official business style

Vocabulary. 1. The lexical system of the official business style includes, in addition to general and neutral words, words and set phrases that have the coloring of the official business style. For example: appropriate, above, forwarded, recipient, present (meaning "this").

• 2. The second feature of the lexical system of the official business style is the presence in it of a large number of words belonging to professional (legal and diplomatic) terminology. For example: legislation, conduct, act, powers, collection, entity, recall, review.
• 3. The vocabulary of the official business style is characterized by the complete absence of jargon, colloquial words, dialectisms and words with an emotionally expressive coloring.
• 4. A feature of this style is also the presence of stable phrases of an attributive-nominal type with a coloring of an official business nature: a cassation complaint, a one-time allowance, an established procedure (usually in the prepositional case: “in the prescribed manner”), preliminary consideration, a guilty verdict, the acquittal.
• 5. The specificity of the lexical system of the official business style is the presence in it of archaisms, as well as historicisms. Archaisms: this, this, such, an assurance of reverence. Historicisms: His Excellency, Your Majesty. The named lexical units are found in certain genres of official business documents, for example, historicisms - in government notes.
• 6. From a number of synonyms in an official business style, words are always chosen that express the will of the legislator, such as, for example, decide, oblige, prohibit, allow, etc., but not say, advise.
• 7. Many of the words of the official business style appear in antonymic pairs: rights - duties, plaintiff - defendant, democracy - dictatorship, prosecutor - lawyer, accusatory - acquittal. Note that these are not contextual, but linguistic antonyms.

Morphology. 1. Among nouns, the names of people are commonly used in official business style on the basis of some action or relationship; for example: tenant, tenant, adopter, plaintiff, defendant.

• 2. Nouns denoting positions and titles are used here only in the masculine form: witness Ivanova, police officer Sidorov.
• 3. Verbal nouns are widely represented: exile, deprivation, fulfillment, finding, liberation; among them, verbal nouns with the prefix non-: non-fulfillment, non-compliance, non-recognition occupy a special place.
• 4. The noun, in order to avoid inaccuracies, is not replaced by a pronoun and is repeated even in a nearby sentence.
• 5. The “morphological sign” of the official business style is the use of complex denominative prepositions: in order, in relation to, on the subject, in force, in part, etc. Their stylistic coloring is revealed when compared with simple prepositions and conjunctions involved in the design of similar relations ; compare: in order to prepare - to prepare, for preparation; due to violation - due to violation.
• 6. In the official business style, there is the highest percentage of the infinitive among the functional styles of the Russian language compared to others verb forms. Often this ratio reaches a proportion of 5:1, while in scientific speech it is 1:5.

Such a quantitative increase in the share of the infinitive is associated with the target setting of most official business documents - to express the will, the establishment of the legislator.

7. Of the conjugated forms, the forms of the present tense are most often used here, but with a different meaning compared to the scientific style. This meaning is defined as "true precept", as opposed to "true timeless", which has a scientific style distribution.

Syntax. 1. Of the syntactic constructions that have the coloring of the official business style, we note phrases that include complex denominative prepositions: in part, along the line, on the subject, in order to avoid, as well as a combination with the preposition according to and the prepositional case, expressing a temporary meaning: upon return, upon reaching.

• 2. The need for detailed presentation and reservations explains the complication simple sentences numerous isolated turns, homogeneous members, often lining up in a long chain of points. This entails an increase in the size of a sentence (including a simple one) up to several hundred word usages.
• 3. The percentage of complex sentences is relatively low, especially with subordinate clauses; the number of means of expressing logicality and consistency of presentation in business speech is three times less than in scientific speech. Characteristic, however, is the widespread use of conditional constructions, since in many texts (codes, charters, instructions) it is required to stipulate the conditions of offenses and the rule of law.
• 4. In many genres of official business texts, infinitive constructions with the meaning of obligation are widely represented, for example: These decisions must be announced to the public.
• 5. The syntax of the official business style is characterized by “stringing the genitive case”, i.e. the use of complex phrases with several dependent components in the form of the genitive case without a preposition.
• 6. The official business style, as well as the scientific one, is also characterized by an objective word order, and

Grammatical features of the official business style

Comparison of business, scientific, journalistic (newspaper) and literary texts allows us to highlight some grammatical features official business style:

1. The predominant use of simple sentences (as a rule, narrative, personal, common, complete). Interrogative and exclamatory sentences are practically non-existent. Of the single-compound ones, only impersonal ones are actively used, and in some types of documents (orders, official letters) - definitely personal: For the purposes ... it is necessary to highlight ...; In case... you have to cut...; I command...; Draw your attention to...

Of the complex sentences, non-union and complex sentences with subordinate explanatory, attributive, conditional, causes and goals, as well as constructions like ... fulfilled contractual conditions, which allows ... Wide use of constructions with denominative prepositions (In order of supervision ...; In connection with the refusal ...; ... due to underdelivery of materials) allows you to avoid the use of complex sentences with subordinate clauses of reason, purpose, conditional. The subordinate parts of place and time are generally of little use.

Used for drafting documents, letters and business papers in institutions, courts and in any kind of oral business communication, this is an official business style of speech.

general characteristics

This is a long-established, stable and rather closed style. Of course, he also underwent some changes over time, but they were minor. Genres that have developed historically, specific syntactic turns, morphology and vocabulary give it a rather conservative character.

To characterize the official business style, it is necessary to give the language dryness, compactness of speech, conciseness and remove emotionally charged words. Language tools already exist in a complete set for every occasion: these are the so-called language stamps or clichés.

A list of some documents that require official business style:

• international treaties;
• state acts;
• legal laws;
• various regulations;
• military charters and charters of enterprises;
• instructions of all kinds;
• official correspondence;
• various business papers.

General characteristics of language style

Genres can be varied, content can be different, but the official business style also has common essential features. First and foremost: the statement must be accurate. If the possibility of different interpretations is allowed, this is no longer a formal business style. Examples are even in fairy tales: execution cannot be pardoned. Only a comma is missing, but the consequences of this error can go very far.

To avoid such situations, there is a second main feature, which contains the formal-business style of documents, is the locale. It is he who helps to choose lexical, morphological, syntactic language means in the preparation of business documents.

The order of words in a sentence is especially rigorous and conservatistic, here much goes against the inherent structure of the Russian language direct order words. The subject precedes the predicate (for example, the goods are released), and the definitions become stronger than the defined word (for example, credit relations), the control word comes before the controlled one (for example, allocate a loan).

Each member of the sentence usually has its own place, which is determined by the structure of the sentence and its type, its own role among other words, interaction and relationships with them. AND specific traits official business style - long chains of genitive cases, for example: the appeal of the Head of the regional administration.

Style vocabulary

The vocabulary system includes, in addition to commonly used neutral book words, certain clichés - clericalism, that is, language clichés. This is included in the features of the official business style. For example: based on the decision, incoming documents, outgoing documents, after the expiration date, follow-up and so on.

Here, it is not complete without professional vocabulary, which includes neologisms: shadow business, arrears, black cash, alibis, and so on. The official business style also includes the inclusion of some archaisms in the lexical structure, for example: this document, I certify it.

However, the use of ambiguous words and words that have figurative meaning, is absolutely not allowed. There are very few synonyms and they are included in the official business style extremely rarely. For example, solvency and creditworthiness, supply and delivery, as well as security, depreciation and amortization, subsidies and appropriations.

It reflects social experience, not individual, so the vocabulary has generalized character. The conceptual series prefers generic concepts that fit well into the official business style. Examples: arrive instead of arrive, come, fly in, and so on; vehicle instead of a car, plane, train, bus or dog sled; locality instead of a village, a city, the capital of Siberia, a village of chemists, and so on.

So, the following elements of lexical constructions belong to the official business style.

• A high percentage of terminology in texts: legal - law, owner and property, registration, transfer and acceptance of objects, privatization, act, lease, and so on; economic - costs, subsidies, budget, sale and purchase, income, expense, and so on; economic and legal - sequestration, implementation period, property rights, loan repayment and so on.
• The nominal nature of the construction of speech due to the large number of verbal nouns, most often denoting an objectified action: shipment of goods, deferred payment, and so on.
• High frequency of prepositional combinations and denominative prepositions: to the address, to the force, in relation to the case, to the extent and so on.
• The transition of participles into adjectives and pronouns to enhance clerical meanings: this contract (or rules), current rates, appropriate measures, and so on.
• Regulated lexical compatibility: the transaction is only concluded, and the price is set, the right is granted, and the payment is made.

Style morphology

Morphological features of the official business style include, first of all, the frequent (repeated) use of certain parts of speech, as well as their types, which help in the language's striving for accuracy and ambiguity of statements. For example, these:

• nouns that name people based on their actions (tenant, taxpayer, witness);
• nouns that call people by position or rank, including women strictly in the masculine form (salesman Sidorov, librarian Petrov, sergeant Ivanova, inspector Krasutskaya, and so on);
• particle non- in verbal nouns (non-compliance, non-recognition);
• the use of derivative prepositions in a wide range (due to, in connection with, to the extent, by virtue of, on the basis of, in relation to, and so on);
• constructions in the infinitive (to help, to inspect);
• the present tense of verbs in a different meaning (a fine is charged for non-payment);
• compound words with two or more stems (employer, tenant, maintenance, logistics, below named, above, and so on).

Style Syntax

The characteristic of the official business style consists of the following syntactic features:

• Simple sentences are used with many rows of homogeneous members. For example: An administrative penalty may be fines for violation of labor protection and safety in construction, industry, agriculture and transport in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation.
• There are passive structures of this type: payments are made strictly at the specified time.
• Nouns prefer Genitive and strung with beads: the results of the activities of customs control units.
• Complex sentences are filled with conditional clauses: in cases of disagreement of subscribers to the processing of their personal data in terms of the methods and purposes of processing or in full, subscribers sign a corresponding statement when concluding an agreement.

The sphere of official business style in genre diversity

Here, you first need to highlight two areas of subject matter: official-documentary and everyday business styles.

1. The official documentary style is divided into two categories: legislative documents related to the work of state bodies - the Constitution, charters, laws - this is one language (J), and diplomatic acts related to international relations - memorandums, communiqués, statements, conventions are another language (K).

2. Everyday business style is also subdivided: correspondence between organizations and institutions is the j language, and private business papers are the k language. The genres of everyday business style include all official correspondence - commercial correspondence, business letters, as well as business papers - an autobiography, a certificate, an act, a certificate, a statement, a protocol, a receipt, a power of attorney, and so on. The standardization characteristic of these genres facilitates the preparation of papers, saves language resources and does not allow information redundancy.

Standardization of business papers

Specially selected official business style words provide communicative accuracy that gives legal force to documents. Any piece of text must have a unique interpretation and meaning. For such high precision the same words, terms, names are repeated many times.

The form of the verbal noun complements the features of the official business style with an analytical expression of actions and processes: instead of the word "complete" the phrase "make additions" is used, instead of "decide" - "make decisions" and so on. How much harsher it sounds to be "responsible" instead of just "responding."

Generalization and abstractness in the most high degree and at the same time the specific meaning of the entire lexical system - these are the main features of the official business style. This unthinkable combination, used simultaneously, gives the document the possibility of a single interpretation and, in the aggregate of information, legal force. The texts themselves are saturated with terms and procedural vocabulary, and, for example, annexes to treaties contain nomenclature vocabulary. Questionnaires and registers, applications and specifications help the terminology to be deciphered.

In addition to emotionally colored text, the use of any swear words, reduced vocabulary, jargon, colloquial expressions. Even professional jargon is out of place in the language of business correspondence. And most of all, because it does not meet the requirements of accuracy, since it is assigned purely to the sphere of oral communication.

Oral business speech

Emotionlessness and dry logic of texts, the standard arrangement of material on paper differs significantly from oral speech, which is usually emotionally colored and asymmetric according to the principles of text organization. If oral speech is emphatically logical, the communication environment is clearly official.

Features of the official business style is that oral business conversation, despite the professional theme, should proceed in the sphere of positive emotions - sympathy, trust, respect, goodwill.

This style can be considered in its varieties: clerical and business style is simpler, but the language government controlled, diplomatic or legal requires special attention. The spheres of communication in these cases are completely different, therefore the style of communication must also be different. Statements, protocols, orders, decrees - everything that is thought out, written down, read, is not as dangerous as oral negotiations, business meetings, public performance etc. The word, like a sparrow, cannot be caught if it flies out.

The main features of the official business style of speech are brevity, accuracy and influence. To achieve these goals, it will be necessary to use the appropriate choice of words, the right constructions, the correct syntax, and the standardization in the mind of entire blocks of prepared speech. Just like in a written business text, there is no place for emotionally colored vocabulary in oral speech. It is better to choose a neutral one, to be closer to the standards of clerical language means, in order to state your plan as accurately as possible.

Requisites

The most striking characteristic of the official business style is not even the text itself, but all the indispensable elements of its design - the details. Each type of document has its own information set provided by GOST. Each element is strictly fixed in a certain place on the form. Date, name, registration number, information about the compiler and all other details are always located in the same way - one at the top of the sheet, the other at the bottom.

The number of details depends on the content and type of document. The sample form shows the maximum details and the order in which they are located on the document. These are the State Emblem of the Russian Federation, the emblems of an organization or enterprise, images of government awards, the code of an organization, enterprise or institution (All-Russian classifier of enterprises and organizations - OKPO), document form code (All-Russian classifier of management documentation - OKUD) and so on.

Stenciling

Machine processing, computerized office work - a new era in the standardization process. Economic and socio-political life is becoming more complicated, technological progress is gaining momentum, therefore, the features of the official business style are to justify economically the choice of one language option from all possible ones and consolidate it in practice.

Using a stable formula, an accepted abbreviation, a uniform arrangement of all material, it is much faster and easier to draw up a document. This is how all standard and template letters, tables, questionnaires, etc. are compiled, which allows information to be encoded, providing an informative capacity of the text, with the possibility of deploying its full structure. Such modules are introduced into the text of contracts (on lease, performance of work, sale and purchase, etc.)

Fifty to seventy percent of the word usage in a document is procedural vocabulary and terminology. The topic of the document determines the unambiguity of the context. For example: The parties undertake to comply with the above rules. The word "parties", used outside the document, is very ambiguous, but here it is read purely legal aspect- persons who enter into a contract.