Psychology of public and personal security - document. Service of internal affairs bodies in transport

Characteristics of personal security. The right to personal security integrates a number of constitutional and other subjective rights and freedoms. However, its comprehensive understanding preliminary analysis the concept of "personal security", because Unfortunately, there are vague ideas about this concept in the legal literature and Russian legislation.

Personal security is to a certain extent derived from public security, but at the same time it is an independent category, which needs to be discussed separately. This category is not new and is found in the Charter on the Prevention and Suppression of Crimes, adopted in the reign of Nicholas I2. Unfortunately, in the administrative-legal literature there is no scientifically substantiated concept of personal security. Yes, on-

Krylov I.A. Cit.: In 2 vols. T. 2. M., 1984. P. 90.

Code of laws Russian Empire. T.14. SPb., 1857.

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For example, I.I.Veremeenko in his works often operates with this concept without deciphering it1. A.M. Kononov, defining the concept public order, reduces it to personal safety and thus explains one unknown quantity in terms of another, also unknown2.

Personal security, like public security, is also a state of security, but the security of an individual who is in some isolation. In the most general terms, personal security should be understood as a system of subjective rights (obligations) enshrined in the law that a citizen can use to protect himself and his loved ones from unlawful encroachments and threats of a different kind. Explaining this preliminary definition, we note the characteristic features of the concept under consideration:

1. Personal security is a legal concept. The Law of the Russian Federation on the Police and the Charter of the Patrol and Guard Service distinguish between “personal security” and “public security”, and personal security is put in the first place. In Art. 1 of the Charter emphasizes: “The main tasks of the patrol service are: ensuring the personal safety of citizens; protection of public order and provision public safety; prevention and suppression of crimes and administrative offenses; participation in solving crimes and apprehending criminals”.

2. Personal security is an individual, personal concept that is related to a concrete and living person, this “most intense reality of all realities” (T. Carlyle)3. If public security is an objective category, then personal security is a subjective category associated with the problem of the subjective "I". With public security, the security of a certain circle of people, “one and all”, society as a whole, is ensured. When the Law of the Russian Federation of March 5, 1992 "On Security" speaks of "security of the individual", "security of every citizen" on the territory of Russia, then, I think, it means the built-in

1 See: Veremeenko I.I. The mechanism of administrative and legal regulation in the field of public order. Ch. 1-2.

2 See: Kononov A.M. Local self-government and public order. Obninsk, 2000. S.31-32.

3 Carlyle T. Heroes and the heroic in history. SPb., 1909. S.227.

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of an individual into the system of “all”, it is emphasized that “all” consists of “everyone”1. When there is a security risk in public place(for example, a demonstration that turned into riots) a situation of general danger is created: an attack on the life, health and dignity of many citizens, a danger of harm to everyone is created, and, conversely, an encroachment in a public place on the life of an individual citizen (for example, a terrorist act) threatens life and the health of many.

3. Personal security is a concept of a universal nature, reflecting all aspects and needs of the human person. This is “the security of all the main components of an individual” (I.I. Veremeenko)2. This includes the dignity of the person, honor and good name, her life and health, property and home, loved ones. Personal security is informational, ecological, technogenic, natural security, security from all types of unlawful encroachments.

4. Personal security is closely related to the position of a person in which he freely and in a peaceful environment realizes his duties and rights. With this aspect in mind, W. Humboldt rightly wrote: “Security lies in the free and confident use of each of his rights”3. Special meaning have those duties and rights on the basis of which the category of personal security is formed. First of all, it is a constitutional obligation (Article 15) to comply with the laws of the country, orienting each citizen towards lawful behavior, which creates for him “material peace” (M. Oriou’s words) and, thus, removes the problem of the threat of being attracted to any type of legal liability.

The rights and freedoms, without which the personal security of a citizen is unthinkable, should include: the right to life, liberty and personal integrity, inviolability privacy, personal and family secret, secrecy of correspondence, telephone conversations, postal, telegraphic and other communications,

1 See: Vedomosti Congress people's deputies RSFSR and the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. 1992. No. 15. Art. 769.

2 Veremeenko I.I. Decree op. P.25.

3 Humboldt V. Experience in establishing the limits of state activity - С88.

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the right to the inviolability of the home, to banking and notarial secrecy, etc. At the same time, the state provides a citizen with the opportunity to seek assistance from the competent authorities (courts, executive authorities) for the unhindered and safe use of these rights, and also provides the right to personally protect themselves and their loved ones from unlawful encroachments. Therefore, it is quite reasonable to talk about the right of a citizen to personal security, which involves the use for these purposes of both state funds and own funds. This right is closely related to the right to privacy, which is reflected in Article 23 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation and in Art. 12 of the 1948 Universal Declaration of Human Rights, which states: “No one shall be subjected to arbitrary interference with his personal or family life, arbitrary infringement of the inviolability of his home, the secrecy of his correspondence or his honor and reputation. Everyone has the right to the protection of the law against such interference or such encroachments.”1

5. Characteristic personal security lies in the fact that it is in real life exists in a legal relationship: either in a general regulatory, or in a specific - administrative. This is a legal relationship, the obligatory subject of which is a citizen whose security is ensured, and any other subject that ensures the security of this citizen by legal means. These entities include: the state represented by the competent authorities, private police, public associations(people's squads), citizens exercising the right to necessary defense. Naturally, the main subject that ensures personal security is the state represented by the competent authorities (Ministry of Internal Affairs, fire control, traffic police, FSB, etc.). According to one of the first Russian police scientists, N.F. Rozhdestvensky, “only in the state can we enjoy security and prosperity. The means to achieve security depend more on the government; the means to achieve well-being depend on the subjects themselves. These words, in terms of the pro-

1 See: Collection of international documents. M., 1998.

2 Rozhdestvensky N.F. Foundations of state improvement with application to Russian laws. SPb., 1840. P.37.

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The problems can be rethought as follows: the main part of the means for ensuring personal security is used by the state, a certain part is used by private detective and security services, voluntary people's squads, citizens acting in a position of necessary defense. Therefore, other legal relations are possible, the object of which will be the personal security of a citizen.

6. Analysis of the concept of "personal security" leads to the conclusion that an individual perceives this concept as a legal feeling. Objectively, personal security means a situation in which a particular person is not in danger. So, objectively, the personal security of a citizen who is in a public place (street, restaurant, train station, house entrance) manifests itself in the following forms: 1) his own behavior is lawful and does not provoke excesses and conflicts; 2) he is not threatened or encroached on his life, health, dignity and property by other citizens; 3) in the event of a threat of danger, he is entitled to apply for help to state bodies designed to protect his life and health, as well as to apply measures of state coercion against offenders. Subjectively, a citizen perceives such a situation, experiencing positive legal emotions, in which there is no sense of fear and which form a state of confidence and personal security.

When there is an unlawful encroachment on a particular citizen by other citizens (for example, hooligans), i.e. one individual will breaks into the area of affirmation of another will, then the suffering side, whose safety is threatened, experiences a feeling of injustice and "wrong", which is expressed in feelings of suffering. If the level of such encroachments in the country grows, then a particular citizen gradually leaves the legal state of security, such a situation makes him live under the yoke of constant fear for his life and the lives of his loved ones, the citizen less often seeks help to ensure personal security in state bodies and ensures personal security by his own means.

According to LI Petrazhitsky, the study of legal emotional states (he calls them "emotional acts") convinces that they are carriers of objective content. These legal states are characterized primarily by

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a special focus on such values of the state as the ability to protect the individual, assist him, help1. If these values do not “work”, then the citizen negatively assesses the activities of the state and may even state its absence2.

Constitutional provision of personal security. The right to personal security consists of such fundamental rights and freedoms as the right to life, personal inviolability of the home, freedom of speech, freedom of movement. In other words: this right is provided at the constitutional level. But, being a constitutional entity, the right to personal security is based on Art. 15 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, which obliges every citizen to comply with the laws and orients him, as mentioned above, to lawful behavior, and, above all, in public places, because there is a very high risk of a threat to personal security. For example, observance by a citizen of the Rules traffic eliminates the risk of traffic accidents and ensures personal safety.

Righteous behavior is behavior that is in accordance with the rules legal norms. This refers to the usual lawful behavior that is observed in everyday official and domestic life. Such behavior, firstly, helps to avoid conflict with the state, i.e. elimination of the threat of bringing to administrative or criminal liability, which could occur if a citizen commits an offense (crime). Secondly, lawful behavior does not provoke conflicts with other persons who, by their way of life, are inclined to commit negative acts. Naturally, such a conflict (for example, a fight) can threaten the safety of the citizen himself, his health and life.

The main element in the system of rights and freedoms that form the right to personal security is the constitutional,

1 See: Petrazhitsky L.I. The theory of law and state in connection with the theory of morality. T.I. SPb., 1909. S.20-22; Alekseev N.N. Fundamentals of the philosophy of law. pp.65-67.

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the right to live. The right to life (Article 3 of the Declaration of Human Rights, Article 6 of the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 20 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation) is traditionally recognized as a natural and inalienable right of every person. The state is obliged to protect this right by the force of law: the norms of the Constitution, criminal legislation, through the system of law enforcement agencies. In the Constitution of the Russian Federation, this right is expressed in a laconic formula: "Everyone has the right to life."

An essential element that forms the right to personal security is the constitutional right to the inviolability of the person. The right to freedom and personal integrity (Article 3 of the Declaration of Human Rights, Article 9 of the Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Article 22 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation) is one of the most important natural and inalienable human rights. The Covenant in paragraph 1 of Article 9 determines that "everyone has the right to liberty and security of person."

The inviolability of the individual is manifested in specific social relations, which makes it possible to individualize this right of a citizen. It is based on the ability of the individual to freely act in accordance with his personal desires and subject to established rules of conduct, as well as the ability to carry out his activities, being sure that no one will encroach on his life, dignity and property.

Of particular importance for the personal security of a citizen is the right to the inviolability of the home enshrined in Article 25 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation: “The home is inviolable. No one has the right to enter a dwelling against the will of the persons living in it, except in cases established by federal law, or on the basis of judgment". The concept of "dwelling" covers: living rooms, common areas (corridor, bathroom, toilet, balcony, veranda), basement, attic, outbuildings1.

The right to inviolability of the home means that no one can enter the home without legal grounds against the will of the person living there. Two aspects can be seen in this right: the right to the inviolability of the dwelling itself, which means

1 See: Petrukhin I.L. Personal secrets (Man and power). M., 1998. P.96.

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ensuring the inviolability of the building in which the person lives; this right can be considered as the right to security of the person living in the dwelling.

The concept of dwelling in the best way ensures the personal security of a citizen. The English proverb cited above is deeply true: “My house is my fortress”-. In England, the inviolability of the home was proclaimed as early as 1215 in the Magna Carta. The famous English statesman W. Pitt wrote: “The poorest of the poor in his house can resist all the forces of the Crown. A house may fall apart, the roof may shake, it may blow through, and rain may seep through the roof, but the King of England and all his forces have no right to step over its threshold.

Legal entry into a dwelling is possible in two situations: 1) under unforeseen emergency circumstances (fire, earthquake, water supply failure); 2) in the protection of law and order (to solve a crime, suppress a crime). Illegal entry into a dwelling against the will of the person living in it is, in accordance with Art. 139 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation as a crime.

Along with the indicated rights and freedoms that ensure personal security and form the right to personal security, a citizen has the right to privacy, which the Constitution of the Russian Federation has taken under its protection in Art. 23, 24, 25, 26. The right to privacy coincides with the right to personal security, since nothing offends a person so much, and nothing threatens life, health, honor and dignity so much as the interference of third parties in his private life. The spheres of private life include: the secrecy of correspondence, telephone conversations, postal, telegraphic and other messages, cash deposits in bank accounts.

The right of a citizen to apply for assistance to state bodies in order to ensure personal security. Along with those proclaimed in ch. 2 subjective rights and freedoms - to life, personal integrity, privacy, freedom of thought and speech, etc. - the Constitution of the Russian Federation secured for every citizen the right to state protection of the constitution

1 See: Petrukhin I.L. Decree op. P.96. 362

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new rights and freedoms. Article 45 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation states: “State protection of the rights and freedoms of man and citizen in the Russian Federation is guaranteed. Everyone has the right to protect their rights and freedoms by all means not prohibited by law.” In the spirit and meaning of this article, every citizen is guaranteed personal security, and for this he can use all legal means, including seeking help from state bodies.

Outstanding philosophers and jurists T. Hobbs, V.G. I.A. Ilyin wrote: “No one should be excluded from state system protection, care and assistance”1. And this protection and assistance is often based on a citizen's appeal to state bodies to protect him, to ensure personal safety. Article 4 of the Law of the Russian Federation of April 27, 1993 “On Appeal to the Court of Actions and Decisions Violating the Rights and Freedoms of Citizens” states: “A citizen has the right to file a complaint against actions (decisions) that violate his rights and freedoms, or directly to court, or to a higher state body, local self-government body, institution, enterprise or association, public association, official, civil servant”2.

Among the state bodies where a citizen has the right to apply for help in ensuring personal security is the police. This right of a citizen, wherever he is - in his home, office or public place - corresponds to the corresponding duties of the police, its officials to ensure the personal security of the citizen and the implementation of other rights, to take active measures to ensure that these rights are not violated.

The law of the Russian Federation on the police establishes that a police officer, regardless of his position, location and time, is obliged if citizens contact him with a statement about events that threaten personal and public safety,

1 Ilyin I.A. Op. T. 2. M., 1994. P. 260.

2 See: Vedomosti of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR and the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. 1993. No. 19. St. 685.

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take appropriate action. Article 18 of the Law of the Russian Federation on the Police speaks of this duty of a police officer as follows: “A police officer on the territory of the Russian Federation, regardless of his position, location and time, is obliged: to provide assistance, including first aid, to citizens who have suffered from crimes, administrative offenses and accidents, as well as being in a helpless or other state dangerous to their lives; in the event that citizens turn to him with statements about events that threaten personal or public safety, or in the event that a police officer directly detects such events, take measures to save people, prevent and suppress an offense, detain a person on suspicion of committing it, protect the scene and inform about it to the nearest police station.

The quoted paragraph suggests that it is necessary to distinguish between the assistance of the militia (police) provided on their own initiative by virtue of the duty established by the Law, and the assistance provided also ex officio, but at the request of a citizen. The second assistance requires more time, trouble and energy from the police officer, such assistance is not always convenient for him, the request for it is not perceived particularly willingly. As a result, the right to appeal to state bodies to protect rights and freedoms and, in particular, to ensure the realization of the right to personal security should be accurately recorded in the relevant legal acts, for example, in the Charter of the patrol service, where assistance to a citizen is in this form missing 2.

The right to personal defense. The state cannot fully guarantee the protection of an individual person from unlawful encroachments in all conceivable situations. Therefore, it provides certain opportunities for self-defense to the citizen himself, establishing in the law the institution of necessary defense, which is based on the right of a citizen in certain situations to defend himself, his own

1 See: Vedomosti of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR and the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR. 1991. No. 16. Art. 503.

2 See: Charter of the Patrol Service of the Public Security Militia Russian Federation. M., 1993.

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their loved ones, legally protected interests of society from unlawful encroachments. “The secret of help is self-help,” the English say. Indeed, the right to personal defense lies in the nature of man. “By nature, man,” writes M.A. Yushkov, “is an active being. Necessary defense as an act of human behavior is based on the instinct of living beings to protect themselves from danger. In response to a threat, a person tries to counteract or neutralize it. In most cases, people protect themselves or their property from danger.

One of the principles of criminal law reads: “The criminal legislation of the Russian Federation ensures the safety of a person” (Part 1, Article 7 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). The same principle is inherent in the spirit of administrative legislation. Specifically, this principle is manifested in the fact that, under the current administrative and criminal legislation, every citizen has the right to personal defense or to necessary defense. The Code of Administrative Offenses of the Russian Federation establishes in Article 2.7 that “it is not an administrative offense for a person to cause harm to legally protected interests in a state emergency, that is, to eliminate the danger that directly threatens the person and the rights of this person or other persons, as well as the legally protected interests of society or the state, if this danger could not be eliminated by other means ... "2. It seems that in this interpretation, this article, which has the heading "Urgent Necessity", does not fully contribute to the involvement of citizens in the active protection of the person and the rights of the defender himself, in the fight against offenses, their prevention and suppression.

It seems that the norm on necessary defense is more clearly and correctly formulated in the new Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (Article 37), which states: “It is not a crime to harm an offending person in a state of necessary defense, that is, when protecting the personality and rights of the defender or other persons interests of society or the state protected by law from a socially dangerous encroachment, if in this case the limits of necessary defense were not exceeded.

"Yushkov M.A. Necessary defense // State and law. 1992. No. 4. P. 61. 2 See: Collection of legislation of the Russian Federation. 2002. No. 1 (1). Art. 1.

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Necessary defense is permitted by law to protect a citizen personally from an unlawful attack, as well as to protect other persons and the legally protected interests of society and the state. Necessary defense is an important socio-legal institution designed to ensure, first of all, the personal safety of a citizen and, at the same time, contribute to the suppression of offenses and crimes. Necessary defense is permissible from any socially dangerous actions that threaten the rights and legitimate interests of the defending citizen himself or state or public interests. A state of necessary defense is not recognized in cases where a person deliberately provoked an attack in order to be able, under the pretext of defense, to harm the attacker1.

According to the meaning of the law, necessary defense implies active opposition to the committed encroachment. Therefore, a citizen has the right to the necessary defense, regardless of whether he could avoid the imminent danger, evade the attack, flee, turn to the authorities for help.

the federal law of November 13, 1996 "On Weapons" (first edition 1993) allows for the threat of the use of weapons and even their actual use in cases of necessary defense. Article 24 of the Law says: “Citizens of the Russian Federation may use their legally available weapons to protect life, health and property in a state of necessary defense or emergency. The use of weapons must be preceded by a clearly expressed warning about this to the person against whom the weapon is used, except in cases where delay in the use of weapons creates an immediate danger to human life or may lead to other grave consequences.

The issue of the right to own a firearm and use it in cases of necessary defense is complex and, when deciding on it, the political leadership of the country must take into account many factors: the psychology of the people,

1 See: Fomin ML. The right of citizens to the necessary defense // Bulletin of the Moscow University. Series "Right". 2000. No. 5. P.87-88.

2 See: Collection of Legislation of the Russian Federation. 1996. No. 45. St. 2740.

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the level of its legal culture, the degree of criminalization of public relations in the state, the effectiveness and authority of the police apparatus, the presence of a “sense of legality” among citizens (words by G.F. Shershenevich). The right to personal security is a "natural right" of a person, and he is aware of it from childhood. The right to defend yourself with firearms, as a natural right, one can doubt. Historical experience shows that the state reveals its weakness and weak ability to ensure the security of the individual, if it transfers part of its functions to the citizen, as evidenced by the Federal Law "On Weapons". A strong and authoritative state does not provide such functions to ordinary citizens. The outstanding ancient Greek historian Thucydides (in the interpretation of the historian Curtius) gave the following definition of the state: “The state is a society where everyone ceases to be forced to carry weapons (for self-defense), where public peace is guaranteed by the community, a society whose members can safely go about their own affairs. .. "". Thucydides further argued that in the civilized Hellenic states, the law forbade ordinary citizens to have weapons, but ensured their peaceful security. On the contrary, in the barbarian states, a diametrically opposite picture was observed.

Analysis Russian legislation and the foregoing considerations provide some basis for defining generalized personal security. Ultimately, personal security is understood as the legal status of an individual citizen, in which the state guarantees him personal protection from unlawful encroachments and threats of a different kind, and also grants him the right to personal defense, and in cases strictly specified by law with the use of weapons to protect life and health and property.

The category of "personal security" is revealed through the understanding of the administrative and legal status of the individual, his rights and obligations, but mainly through his right to personal security. Without the right to personal security, there can be no personal security at all.

1 Cited. Quoted from: Oriou M. Fundamentals of public law. P.87.

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Safety of finding and maintaining economic activity on the territory of St. Petersburg is an important factor in the quality of life and a condition for increasing the attractiveness of the city, both for residents and for tourists and investors. As the second largest city in Russia with a high standard of living, St. Petersburg faces a number of challenges in ensuring personal and public safety. These include: transport problems due to high traffic intensity; the presence of many especially valuable objects cultural heritage with reduced degrees of fire resistance; difficulties associated with a large flow of migrants.

Public safety policy, including road safety, is a priority for the city. A significant goal is to create a new approach to solving the problems of protecting the life and health of citizens, their rights and legitimate interests from criminal and other unlawful encroachments.
To ensure the personal and public safety of citizens, it is necessary to implement a set of measures. Improving the state of affairs with ensuring public safety in the city can be achieved through the use of modern forces and means of protection, the introduction of advanced technologies, by creating a well-functioning state mechanism to prevent the occurrence and development of emergencies, reduce losses among the population and material damage to the economy.

Among the main directions of development in this area are the improvement of road safety, the reduction of crime, including corruption. To improve road safety, it is necessary, first of all, to conduct a comprehensive study in order to identify the causes of road accidents and develop a system of measures to combat them. Efforts should be directed to the most stressful sections of the roads of St. Petersburg, where a large number of traffic accidents. To improve the situation in such places, it is necessary to install additional traffic lights, road signs with integrated LEDs, pedestrian crossings (including unregulated and off-street crossings), the application of noise strips near pedestrian crossings, the installation of artificial bumps, the creation of sidewalks or the expansion of the roadway.

It is necessary to carry out activities to teach children and adults safe behavior on the roads, to release social videos on television. Schools and kindergartens should set aside special time for regular road safety training. It is necessary to use the special children's centers available in the city for teaching the rules of the road, conducting periodic classes in them with students from St. Petersburg schools.
Measures to improve fire safety should be aimed at increasing the coverage of the territory by fire brigades and reducing the arrival time of the fire brigade on alarm. In addition, it is necessary to improve the system of warning the population about the threat of emergencies. The system is needed to timely inform citizens about a threat or an emergency.

In order to reduce the level of crime for such types as theft and crimes related to drug trafficking, it is necessary to ensure a prompt response to applications from citizens arriving at law enforcement agencies, to distribute a video surveillance system throughout the city and to encourage the city's population to be more active and contribute to solving crimes . The introduction of a system for monitoring the actions of police officers upon receipt of citizens' appeals will help increase the detection of crimes and will contribute to their prevention. Citizens should be given the opportunity to promptly appeal to the regulatory authorities with a complaint about the lack of proper attention to their statements from the police.
Prevention of repeated offenses should be carried out and work should be carried out with minors. Work with youth in schools, secondary vocational and higher educational institutions should be, in particular, focused on preventing the involvement of adolescents and young people in criminal gangs and on cutting off channels for the distribution of drugs among them. Social videos about the dangers of primary drug use should be actively distributed. Videos should be distributed in places most popular among young people - in in social networks at various youth events. Must be created hot line for the treatment of people who are faced with the problem of drug addiction.

One of the key components of the work to improve the level of security in the city is the fight against corruption. It is necessary to concentrate all efforts for the maximum inclusion in this process of the widest circles of society and business. To prevent corruption, it is necessary to carry out explanatory activities among citizens and, in particular, civil servants, aimed at forming a negative attitude towards all types of bribery. Citizens should be able to promptly report cases of extortion by officials or other cases of dishonest work. It is also necessary to strengthen control over the provision of information by civil servants on their income and expenses. Conducting a more thorough check of employees at the stage of employment in public authorities will avoid many problems in their future work.

The implementation of the measures listed above will increase the satisfaction of the population with the level of their personal safety (up to 90%). Other positive results to be achieved by 2030 include:

Reducing the number of deaths in road accidents per 100 thousand people by 40% compared to 2012;
- reduction in the number of thefts and crimes related to drug trafficking to 15.2 thousand and 8.9 thousand per year, respectively;
- increase in the number of precinct police stations up to 632 units. per 10 thousand people.

Section 3

Psychology of social and

personal security

Problems of ensuring the safety of citizens, employees law enforcement and societies are attracted to recent decades increasing attention of researchers and legal psychologists as well. This is due to both objective reasons and important role psychological factors in ensuring the safety of people in Everyday life, professional activity and in situations of natural disasters, man-made and environmental disasters, traffic accidents, etc. In addition, psychologists focus on the problems of psychological support for the activities and personal safety of employees, services and divisions of law enforcement agencies in the protection of public order and security, protecting the population from criminal encroachments. In accordance with the law of the Russian Federation "On Security", security is defined as the state of protection of the vital interests of the individual, society and the state from internal and external threats. Vital interests are a set of needs, the satisfaction of which reliably ensures the existence and possibilities for the progressive development of the individual, society and the state. Threat to security - a set of conditions and factors that create a danger to the vital interests of the individual, society and the state. As the main functions of ensuring security, the law names: identification and forecasting of internal and external threats to the vital interests of security objects; implementation of a set of measures to prevent and neutralize threats; creation and maintenance in readiness of forces and means of ensuring security; management of forces and means of ensuring security in everyday conditions and under emergency situations; implementation of a system of measures to restore the normal functioning of security facilities in the regions affected by the emergency. The main directions of ensuring the security of the individual, society and the state include: ensuring political security; ensuring economic security; ensuring military security; ensuring scientific and technical safety: ensuring information security; ensuring safety from natural disasters; ensuring security from man-made threats; ensuring security from environmental threats; ensuring security from criminal encroachments and terrorist acts. In the system of ensuring the security of the individual, society and the state, the application psychological knowledge and methods takes its representative place. Security Psychology is a relatively young branch of legal psychology. She studies actual problems behavior of law-abiding people before the commission of an unlawful encroachment against them, in the process of a tort and after it, as well as their actions in other life-threatening situations and develops recommendations for the psychological security of the individual, groups of people and the population in the activities of public security services of POO. Knowledge on security psychology is also actively used in other sections of legal psychology: preventive and criminal psychology, operational-investigative psychology, investigative psychology, penitentiary psychology and the psychology of law enforcement personnel management, etc. Historically, security psychology has developed on the basis of the accumulation of data from various areas research. Thus, it extensively presents the results of a psychological analysis of the behavior of crime victims obtained by various authors in the framework of criminal victimology by Khenting (1941), R. Gasser (1965), L.V. Frank (1972), V.V. Vandyshev (1977), D.V. Rivman (1977), V.P. Konovalov (1979), V.Ya. Rybalskaya (1980), L.M. Kiselevskaya (1981), V.S. Minskoy, G.I. Chechel (1988), V.I. Polubinsky (1980, 1999), A.I. Gurov (1997) and others. Of psychological interest is the definition of the concept of "victimity", the classification of victims of crimes, the analysis of the "contribution" of the victim to the dynamics of a criminal event and the study of victimization of the victim's personality. Security psychology as a branch of legal psychology uses data obtained from the study psychological aspects ensuring labor safety in production and developing recommendations for the prevention of industrial injuries (I. Balint, M. Murani - 1968, S.A. Eliseev - 1977, M.A. Kotik - 1981, etc.). In particular, it is significant to study the phenomena denoted by the concept of "accident", the analysis of stable and temporary factors influencing accidents with an employee, the identification of the connection between the states and qualities of a person and his safety. Research in the field of safety psychology in the last 10 years is reflected in a number of scientific and methodical works of Seregin A.V. (1985). Alekseeva, Yu.V. Vasilyeva, G.G. Smirnova (1990), N.V. Andreev (1996), A.B. Antonova, V.G. Balashova (1996), A.V. Budanov (1997), V.I. Vorontsova (1996), A. Gostyushin (1994), F.M. Zezyulina (1995), V.V. Kozhevnikova (1996), B.P. Kondrashova, Yu.P. Solovey, V.V. Chernikova (1992), A.F. Maidykova (1992), N. Naritsyna (2000), I.I. Patsakuly (2001), A.I. Papkin (1996,2000), V.I. Polubinsky (2000), T.A. Khvan, P.A. Khvan (2000) and others. A significant share of them is occupied by information on the psychological support of personal professional security of law enforcement officers. Less information is provided on the psychological provision of public security and personal security of citizens. A separate area of security psychology is the analysis of the activities of employees and units that protect public order and security. Psychological analysis such activity made it possible to create psychograms and formulate professional and psychological requirements for employees (V.G. Bovin, N.I. Myagkikh, A.D. Safronov - 1997), tactics for ensuring safety and survival (A.D. Safronov and V.S. Karpov - 1997, A.V. Budanov - 1997, A.I. Papkin -1996, L.S. Uzun -1998), to develop a methodology and methods for their psychological preparation (A.M. Stolyarenko - 1987), to show effective ways of professional motivation and increasing the level of responsibility in the brigade form of organizing the protection of public order and security in a fixed area (A.I. Papkin (1990), etc. Five main areas of research in the framework of security psychology should be noted ( see Security Psychology) as a branch of legal psychology:

firstly

see Psychological security Life safety psychology, Victim psychology).

(see Psychology of activities of law enforcement officers to ensure the safety of citizens)

mass events

see, Ensuring (psychological) safety of citizens during mass events, Ensuring traffic safety, psychology, etc.);

(see Security psychological support, Psychovictimology, Psychology of the security of citizens from various kinds crimes)

Psychology of training POO employees to ensure personal security, Psychology of personality and professionalism of employees of public security services of POO);

(see Promotion of psychological knowledge about the optimal tactics of behavior in a dangerous situation, Psychology of preparing citizens to ensure personal safety, Victim qualities of citizens, Safe behavior in a crowd, Safe behavior in a panic, etc.). .

to one of important issues Psychology of safety, without detracting from the importance of other problems and directions already mentioned, should include the study of a person's predisposition to accidents during criminal attacks and in other dangerous life situations. This predisposition is often explained by the presence of victim qualities and states in the individual. (see Victim qualities of citizens, Victim states), leading a victim lifestyle (See Victim Lifestyle) and insufficient preparedness for actions in dangerous life situations (see Psychological readiness of the individual to act in dangerous situations). In the process of analysis from the point of view of security psychology, recognizing victimization (see Victim psychology) as the most important factor in the predisposition to be a victim, one should go further, including among the determinants safe behavior installation for survival and safety ( see Set to Survival, Safety setting), psychological readiness for safe actions in risky situations, psychotechnical skills to relieve fear and regulate mental states, as well as preparedness for safe behavior as a result of special education and education. One of the key problems of security psychology is psychological study of the tactics of people's actions in cases of criminal attacks and other dangerous situations. vital activity (see The concept of psychological personal security). In the case of ensuring group and mass security, researchers turn to socio-psychological mechanisms inherent in the actions of unorganized large groups, crowds, and mass panic.( see Crowd Safety, Panic Safety). The tasks of further research in the framework of security psychology include:

(see Psychology of activities of POO employees to ensure the safety of citizens);

see Psychology of preparing citizens to ensure personal security);

see Levels of victimization psychological)

(see Psychovictimology);

(see Types of victimization);

psychological methods

(see Security psychological support);

psychological reasons

(see Psychovictimological examination);

psychological help

Assessing state of the art security psychology, it can be noted that sufficient clarity has been introduced in understanding the meaning of this section of legal psychology, its main directions, methodology and categories. Against the background of theoretical comprehension of the main problems, there is a shortage of specific studies, uneven provision of their results with individual constituent parts this area of knowledge. Work needs to be intensified to introduce the data obtained into the practice of psychological security of citizens, groups and masses of people, law enforcement officers. (A.I.Papkin) Section 3 Articles : Safe behavior in the crowd. Panic safe behavior. Safe behavior in emergency situations. Safe behavior training. Life safety psychology. Security psychological support. Types of victimization. Victim psychology. Professional victimization of VET employees. Victim mental states. Victim qualities of citizens. Victim qualities of VET employees. Victim lifestyle. Groups of psychological risk in VET. Criminal danger psychology. Criminal mobbing. Personal professional safety of VET employees. Massive socio-psychological phenomena in the field of public order and security. Mechanisms of human behavior in a situation of criminal danger. Traffic safety psychology. Ensuring (psychological) security of citizens during mass events. Ensuring (psychological) safety during sporting events. Familiarization of the population with the tactics of safe behavior. Prevention of injuries, diseases and accidents in VET. Promotion of psychological knowledge about the optimal tactics of behavior in a dangerous situation. Occupational safety of employees of VET psychology. Psychovictimology. Psychovictimological examination. Psychodiagnostics of the level of victimization. Psychological safety of individuals and groups of people. Psychological readiness of the individual to ensure personal security. Psychological components of the preparedness of the individual to ensure their own security. Psychological ways to reduce the professional victimization of VET employees. The psychology of adventure. Psychology of security. Psychology of the safety of citizens from fraud. Psychology of the safety of citizens from deception as consumers. Psychology of security of citizens from various types of crimes. Psychology of the safety of citizens' housing from criminal encroachments. Psychology of victim provocation of the behavior of others. Psychology of disinformation as a form of criminal mobbing. Psychology of activities of POO employees to ensure the safety of citizens. Psychology of the victim of criminal attacks. Psychology of the staff of the service for ensuring the protection of public order and security. Psychology of personality and professionalism of employees of the POO public security service. Psychology of preparing citizens to ensure personal security. Psychology of training POO employees to ensure personal security. Risk psychology. Rumors and the safety of citizens. Fear and security. Security tactics psychology. Survival tactics psychology. Tactics of behavior in the conditions of threat of criminal encroachment psychology. Threats of criminal psychology. Management of risks. The levels of victimization are psychological. Installation for safety. Survival setup. Blackmail psychology. Safe behavior in the crowd. Depends on people's knowledge of the basic socio-psychological patterns inherent in large unorganized communities of people (see. Massive socio-psychological phenomena in the field of public order and security). Depending on the characteristics of behavior, the following types of crowds are distinguished: 1 ) random, which is made up, for example, by "onlookers" watching any event, phenomenon, incident; 2) expressive expressing grief or joy, anger or protest; 3) conventional(demonstrators, fans at the stadium, etc.; 4) current yu, carrying out active actions in relation to a specific object of hatred (aggressive crowd), or fleeing, panicked crowd. The composition of the crowd is usually heterogeneous, for example, in a crowd that commits mass violations of public order and security, there are: instigators, active participants, honestly mistaken, curious, etc. The active active core of an aggressive crowd is 10% - 15% of its composition. By opposing the crowd to the object of discontent, it ensures the uniformity of people's behavior, the effect of emotional infection or emotional resonance is observed. A person who finds himself in a crowd creates a false sense of independence from social ties and social control, anonymity and anonymity. People in the crowd also acquire an illusory sense of belonging to the crowd, an imaginary feeling of an increase in strength and permissiveness. The formation of a crowd goes through several stages: a) the emergence of a reason for the formation of a crowd; b) the appearance of disturbing rumors; c) "fermentation of minds"; d) intensive exchange of opinions and emotions ("circular reaction"); e) activation of the crowd, the emergence of people's readiness for action ("circling process"); f) the deployment of aggressive, antisocial behavior of the crowd. The safety of a person in a crowd depends on his tactics of action, timely withdrawal from the crowd before the start of aggressive actions, countering the attempts of instigators to engage in anti-social actions Crowds and suppression of its consolidation.Efforts are being made by POO employees (including those dressed in civilian clothes) to remove children, old people, women from the crowd, as well as to suppress the actions of instigators.Actively informing about the prevention of antisocial actions and the proposal to leave the location of the crowd. (A.I. Papkin) Literature:Social Psychology: Proc. allowance / Ed. prof. A.M. Stolyarenko. - M., 2001, chapter 15; Social Psychology. Brief essay / Ed. ed. G.P. Prevechny and Yu.A. Sherkovina. - M .: Politizdat, 1975, pp. 185-196, 281-299 Panic safe behavior. Panic - destructive behavior a large group of people, characterized by contagiousness, that is, mutual emotional infection, spontaneity and a single direction of action (see. ). From a psychological point of view, panic, firstly, leads to the destruction and destruction of an organized group, or gathers people into a large unorganized mass that does not have any governing bodies, and, secondly, causes disadaptation and uncritical behavior of individuals, reducing their level of security. The phenomenon of "narrowing of consciousness" that occurs during a period of panic is the cause of such behavior. The essence of this phenomenon is reduced to the predominance of emotional components in the human psyche, the action of the mechanisms of psychological infection. The phenomenon of contagiousness causes in case of panic the same reaction of fear, flight, inadequate actions, first in one, then in several, and then in the mass of people. Availability large mass people leads to an increase in affective states and emotional reactions. Three main factors form panic as a spontaneous mass socio-psychological phenomenon. The first factor is the presence of a situation that can affect the emotional sphere of a person. The situation can indeed be catastrophic (for example, natural disasters, a terrorist attack, etc.), or it can be pseudo-catastrophic, fictional, that has arisen in people's minds as a result of rumors, conjectures and imagination. The second factor is the internal mental state of people who perceive this situation. The state of fear, anxiety, confusion creates fertile ground for the appearance of destructive panic reactions. The third decisive factor is the presence of a mass of people mutually influencing and emotionally influencing each other. The presence of these three factors is a possible prerequisite for the onset of panic reactions. This type of panic refers to affective. In addition to it, they distinguish behavioral panic (panic moods). In behavioral panic, it is not the emotional impulse that prevails, but emotionally colored meaningful actions that are not always adequate to the threat or danger. Unlike affective panic, it does not occur instantly, it develops gradually and does not stop immediately. Behavioral panic does not occur in the crowd, but among the population or its individual groups. Panic is both an individual psychological and a socio-psychological phenomenon. An individual mental state (anxiety, fear, horror) is a prerequisite for the emergence of mass panic states and reactions due to psychological infection. In unorganized groups of people, panic is determined by the following features: inadequate perception of the crisis situation by people; the presence of a state of fear among members of the group; previous crisis situation or accompanying factors of various order; the power of behavioral contagiousness; mismatch and collapse of joint actions. In organized groups, these signs also operate, but in any case, panic is opposed by the cohesion and organization of the group, the presence of stable interpersonal relationships. In order to ensure the safety of citizens, the prevention and suppression of panic, VET workers are recommended to: decisively combat rumors; professionally skillful organization of work to ensure public safety and conduct rescue operations; disclosure of thoughtful information about threatening danger and measures to prevent it; clarity, clarity and simplicity of the orders of the authorities in the event of an impending danger, etc. It is important psychological readiness individuals to adequately and reliably deal with a panic situation (see ). In a situation of panic actions, the public security services carry out a set of measures to strengthen the protection of public order, block the directions of movement of the panicked crowd, and introduce their own employees into the crowd. At the same time, measures are being taken to detect and detain alarmists, to expose circulating rumors (See Rumors and Psychological Safety.) Great importance is given to informing the population about the real development of the situation, including through the media. . (A.I. Papkin) Literature: Social psychology: Proc. allowance / Ed. prof. A.M. Stolyarenko. - M., 2001, chapter 15. Safe behavior in emergency situations. Solution related complex tasks psychological security (see.. ), taking into account spontaneous mass socio-psychological phenomena among the population (see. Massive socio-psychological phenomena in the field of public order and security; Safe behavior in the crowd; Panic safe behavior) and effective organization activities of employees of various professional services to maintain public order and ensure the safety of citizens (see. Psychology of the activities of employees to ensure the safety of citizens) In emergency situations, public safety officers of the POO face a number of specific tasks to protect public order and ensure the safety of citizens and the inviolability of their property. Emergencies are often accompanied by numerous criminal manifestations: theft, robbery, looting, violence against citizens, etc. LEA employees intensify their work in relation to the prevention and suppression of such criminal acts. For the safety of the population, enhanced security is provided public institutions, warehouses with weapons, places of deprivation of liberty, production facilities of the defense complex and chemical plants. Of great importance is the clear interaction of POO with departments of the Ministry of Emergency Situations and Civil Defense, fire safety services. (A.I. Papkin) Safe behavior training. An important element in ensuring the security of the individual is the formation of motivation for self-defense, a survival orientation (see. Survival setting), justified risk and possession of psychotechnical methods of removing fear . Special training consists in the development of cognitive qualities and knowledge of the main behavioral legally significant features in the actions of other persons, which make it possible to diagnose the emerging threatening situation, which are important for taking into account the qualities and state of the attacker in self-defense (involvement in criminal world, the degree of aggressiveness, insincerity, being in a state of alcoholic or drug intoxication, a state of mental maladjustment, etc.), other hazard factors. The training methodology includes various types of trainings and analysis of the actions of victims in real situations of danger. In addition, in the process of learning, skills are formed to regulate emotional states and stress relief. In the process of professional and psychological selection of VET workers, attention is paid to the level of professional victimization and the presence of other personal qualities, forming a predisposition to accidents in criminally dangerous situations. Often these qualities include: increased anxiety and fear; reduced psychological stability and a tendency to mental maladjustment; emotional imbalance and impulsiveness; low resistance to stress; deficiencies in the qualities of attention; excessive propensity to risk ("shift to risk"); tendency to affective response; slow reaction and lack of dexterity; insufficient level intellectual abilities; low intelligence, etc. This raises the important task of reducing the level of professional victimization (see. ) through special training and education. (A.I. Papkin) Life safety psychology. It reveals the content of the behavior of groups and individuals in various life situations associated with a threat to their life and health. The psychology of life safety includes a wide range of issues related to ensuring the normal functioning of the body and maintaining mental health, the influence external environment on human health, optimal behavior in the event of natural disasters, man-made disasters and transport accidents, being in the crowd and in the war zone, in criminally dangerous situations of confrontation with criminals. The applied orientation of psychological knowledge about human behavior in dangerous situations allows us to propose specific ways and measures for the psychological security of individual citizens, groups and society as a whole (see. Security psychological support). (A.I. Papkin) Security psychological support. A system of psychological ways, methods and techniques that allow increasing the degree of human security in criminal and other legally dangerous situations based on the activation of the public security services of POO and the simultaneous formation of appropriate skills in citizens to ensure personal security. There are several areas of psychological support for individual, group and public security: a) promotion and explanation of the main provisions of the optimal tactics of behavior in conditions of violence from the side criminals and other dangerous situations (see Promoting knowledge of optimal tactics of behavior in a dangerous situation); b) psychological examination of accidents, injuries and deaths of people in a dangerous situation, which allows, based on the analysis of the behavior of the victims, to formulate appropriate recommendations for the prevention of inappropriate behavior and incorrect actions (see. ); c) special training to develop psychological readiness for action in the event of a criminal and other danger and the development of the necessary personal qualities (see. Psychological readiness for action in dangerous situations); d) psychodiagnostics of the level of victimization, especially among persons professionally involved in ensuring public safety and combating crime (law enforcement officials) (see. Psychodiagnostics of the level of victimization); e) reducing the level of victimization among citizens and professional workers on the basis of a complex of psychological measures (see. Psychological ways to reduce professional victimization); f) the provision of psychological assistance to persons who have been in criminal and other dangerous situations (see. Psychological assistance to survivors of danger); g) a clear definition of the functions of VET services for the psychological security of individual citizens and the population as a whole and the formulation of specific tasks for promoting safe behavior tactics, conducting victimological prevention and special training for people; h) carrying out special measures by POO services to suppress rumors, aggressive actions of the masses of people, panic, criminal mobbing (see Criminal mobbing) and other destructive factors affecting the psychology of citizens; i) development of measures to ensure the psychological safety of POO employees in the performance of their duties (see. (A.I. Papkin) Types of victimization. By different grounds The following types of victimization are distinguished: Victim psychology): a) according to manifestations in various life situations - criminal, political, economic, transport, domestic, military, etc.; b) according to the dominant psychological mechanisms - motivational, cognitive, emotional-volitional, mixed; c) according to the number of participants - individual, group, public (mass); d) depending on the attitude to professional activities to ensure security - non-professional (general civil) and professional (see. Professional victimization of law enforcement officers); e) according to the psychological level of victimization (see. ) - weakly expressed, moderately expressed and strongly expressed; f) in terms of the flow time - situational and relatively stable. The typology of victimization is used in the process of conducting psycho-victimological research, compiling generalized psycho-victimological portraits of individuals and groups, analyzing behavior in various critically difficult life situations and developing psychological recommendations for ensuring safety. / A.I. Papkin / Victim psychology. Victimization - from lat. victima - victim. Direction of UP research that studies the psychological content and mechanisms of manifestations of victimization in people's behavior. Under victimization SP refers to a complex psychological education that contains the potential for a person or a group of people who are in a critical life situation and in conditions of real danger of various modalities (criminal, economic, transport, etc.) to become a victim, suffer certain physical and psychological losses, and as well as property damage. Victimization manifests itself in victim behavior, found in hazardous situations. From a psychological point of view, victimhood depends primarily on the motivational, cognitive, emotional and volitional qualities of the individual (see. Victim qualities of citizens and Victim qualities of law enforcement officers), and secondly, from the mental states that dominate in a particular dangerous situation (see ) and, thirdly, from the level of special tactical preparedness for actions in dangerous situations (see. Psychology of preparing citizens to ensure personal security; Tactics of behavior in conditions of criminal violence). In addition, the socio-psychological characteristics of the environment have a victim value. social environment(for example, marginalized environments), the existing norms of behavior in it and the chosen way of life, which can “attract” criminal attention to itself and create a threat of criminal violence (see . Victim lifestyle). Psychological research victimization made it possible to highlight her various levels(cm. Psychological victimization levels) and features of manifestations in various dangerous situations. The typology of victimization is of theoretical and applied importance (see. Types of victimization). (A.I. Papkin) Victimization professional employee VET. Psychologically negative professional and personal education that creates a real threat of accidents, injuries or death of an employee when acting in criminally dangerous and other critical situations. Structurally, professional victimhood consists of certain victim qualities (see. Victim qualities of law enforcement officers), victim mental states (see Victim mental states) and shortcomings in special tactical preparedness for actions in dangerous situations of various modalities (see. ). Insofar as law enforcement to ensure public order and public safety is predominantly joint, group in nature, then the socio-psychological components of professional victimization are highlighted. These include disorganization, misunderstanding and lack of cohesion in group work, psychological and psychophysiological incompatibility, lack of clarity in group leadership, loss of time when making group decisions, overconformity or negativism in the behavior of group members, the presence of interpersonal conflicts. Observations show that professional victimization has a connection with professional deformation employee (see Professional deformation of the personality of law enforcement officers). (A.I. Papkin) Victim mental states. Relatively stable manifestations of an individual's mental activity for a certain time, characterizing a predisposition to inaccurate and inadequate decisions, actions and posing a threat to physical and psychological safety in critically dangerous situations. First of all, they should include negative emotional states Key words: anxiety, fear, frustration, stress, depression. Victim can be cognitive states, which determine the adequacy and speed of information processing, the efficiency of decision-making in a dangerous situation: absent-mindedness, doubts about making a decision, refusal to make a decision. Predisposition to victim behavior is also created by such conditions as acute fatigue, overwork, hypermobilization for certain actions, individual panic. In addition, in security psychology, the following are considered as victim states: being in a state of alcoholic or drug intoxication; alcohol consumption during the day preceding the activity in hazardous conditions; lack of a full night's rest (sleep less than 4-6 hours); sickness and poor health. (A.I. Papkin) Victim qualities of citizens. They represent their personal characteristics that create a predisposition to inadequate actions in criminally dangerous and other critical situations, endangering life, health, property and increasing the possibility of becoming a victim. Victim qualities of citizens depend on their age, gender, life experience, readiness to act in dangerous situations , personality traits. Victimization of children is determined by their lack of experience, knowledge of life and increased suggestibility, and old people and the disabled - handicapped in quick orientation in space and movement. The lists of victim qualities of men and women differ greatly, since most men are focused on active self-defense, physical activity, while women are focused on avoiding troubles, expectation, hope for the help of another, some passivity. Studies show that a fairly high level of victimization of the civilian population is associated with their poor preparedness for actions in criminally dangerous and other threatening situations (see. Psychology of preparation citizens to personal security). (A.I. Papkin) Victim qualities of an employee. They reflect various aspects of the psychology of the personality of a VET employee. First of all, these are the qualities that characterize behavior motivation employee in a dangerous situation. For example, excessive achievement motivation, combined with an employee's overestimated self-esteem, leads to the emergence of a "shift to risk" already as a victim quality, a tendency to but justified and unjustified risky behavior. cognitive victim qualities associated with deficiencies in attention (difficulties in the distribution and concentration of attention), perception, thinking (rigidity of thinking, its lack of flexibility and efficiency, low intelligence) and imagination. emotional victim qualities – emotional imbalance and impulsivity, increased anxiety and fear, a tendency to affective response. Some qualities that characterize the victim can be attributed to the victim motor activity employee: slow reaction, insufficient dexterity in movements, disruption of communication between the cognitive and motor components of activity, a tendency to inhibitory reactions. socio-psychological qualities shown by employees in professional communication: excessive gullibility, overconformity, increased suggestibility, shyness, arrogance, aggressiveness, rudeness, cruelty, etc. The victim qualities of employees can be changed in the process of educating and training safe professional activities (see. Psychology of training VET staff to ensure personal safety). (A.I. Papkin) Victim lifestyle. It is characterized by a conscious or unconscious, free choice or made under the influence of life circumstances by an individual of the type of behavior that increases the degree of criminal danger and the possibility of becoming a victim of criminal violence. Exist different types victim lifestyle. Has increased victimization marginal lifestyle(persons without a fixed place of residence, homeless children, beggars, beggars, etc.), refugees, internally displaced persons, immigrants. In the field of family relations increased victimization is the behavior of any of the family members (spouses, children), characterized by immorality, asociality, a tendency to insult and harass other members of the family, and create a traumatic environment. Criminally victimized in its essence is the way of life of some persons, based on demonstration of wealth, possession of significant values, luxury against the background of the general low standard of living of the population. Among the victim should include the lifestyle of people who do not fulfill their obligations to repay money to creditors in a timely manner and who seek help in solving their problems. financial problems to representatives of criminal groups and organizations. (A.I. Papkin) Literature: A.M. Stolyarenko. Extreme psychopedagogy. - M., 2002. Paragraphs 9.1, 9.2. Groups of psychological risk in VET. Groups of employees who are different low level socio-psychological development and poor preparedness for effective group actions in dangerous situations of professional activity, as well as having (by chance) a certain number of employees with increased personal victimization, which determines the group's predisposition to disruption of actions and losses. A special GPR is a group consisting of employees psychologically unsuccessful extreme events(cm., section 11. Extreme legal psychology) - use of firearms, injury, psychological trauma, criminal mobbing (see Criminal mobbing and personal security), taking relatives and friends hostage, an accident. Work with all risk groups is carried out by specialists of the psychological service of VET (see. section 14. Psychological service in law enforcement agencies). (A.I. Papkin) Criminal danger psychology. It has two semantic meanings. Firstly, it is an objectively dangerous factor (violence, provocation, blackmail, technogenic or ecological catastrophy, terrorist act, etc.), capable of causing any harm, evil, misfortune to a person. Here, danger acts as an objective factor that may or may not be recognized by a particular person. Secondly, danger can act as a subjective phenomenon, experience, expectation of danger, fear, anxiety, anxiety, etc. In the second case, the danger is generated by a person's perception of the situation as dangerous, which objectively may not be such, which, nevertheless, can lead him to mistakes, an accident, injury and, possibly, death. There are the following types of danger: 1) potential danger, expressed in the individual's understanding of the fact that any contact with the offender is dangerous; 2) imaginary danger, the essence of which is revealed in the fact that there is no real threat, but a particular person has a fictional image of a dangerous situation and a plan of action corresponding to this image; 3) provoked danger characterizing the victim's victim behavior in an inadequate situation (see Victim psychology); 4) real danger, allowing to establish an objectively existing threat to the physical and mental health person. Depending on the direction of the threat, there are: a) physical danger, - focus on the physical state of the body, the threat to its normal functioning; b) psychological danger expressed in the form of threats, insults, humiliation, persecution by criminal elements (see criminal mobbing) or the perception of horrifying pictures of reality (the sight of killed people, dismembered corpses, etc.) and leading to possible psychological upheavals. Criminal danger is a constitutive feature for distinguishing a special group of life situations, that is criminally dangerous situations (see Mechanisms of human behavior in a situation of criminal danger). Literature: Papkin A.I. Personal safety of law enforcement officers. ..WITH. 9-11 (A.I. Papkin) Criminal mobbing. Mobbing (from English mob - to attack, surround, oppress) – active form psychological pressure criminal elements on a person, his relatives and friends in order to achieve their illegal goals. Criminal mobbing can be expressed in the form of bribery, intimidation, death threats, provocations, blackmail (see. blackmail psychology) . An extremely dangerous form of criminal mobbing is the taking of hostages (see below). hostage taking). Mobbing has a negative effect on the state of mind of a person, causes psychological discomfort and stressful tension, and can provoke behavioral reactions that are unusual for an individual and inadequate to the current situation. Pressure within the framework of criminal mobbing reduces the level of psychological security of the individual (A I Papkin) Literature: Vaniorek L., Vaniorek A. Mobbing: when work becomes hell. - M., 1966; Papkin A.I. Psychology and safety of law enforcement officers. Tactics and psychology of safe activity. - M., 2001. Personal professional safety of a POO employee. The system of subjective personal security and psychological readiness for professionally effective and at the same time safe actions for an employee in criminal and other dangerous situations. It is based on a high level of professional preparedness of an employee, possession of safe working methods, a formed personal attitude towards survival (see. Survival setting), prevention of victimization in behavior (see Victim psychology), the development of professional and psychological qualities that make it possible to adequately assess the current situation, make prompt and correct decisions, and not lose self-control in dangerous situations of activity (see. Psychology of training law enforcement officers to ensure personal security). Literature: Papkin A.I. Psychology and safety of law enforcement officers…S. 11-15 (A.I. Papkin) Massive socio-psychological phenomena in the field of public order and security. Socio-psychological phenomena inherent in unorganized or poorly organized groups of people, creating difficulties for ensuring public order and security and containing a threat to the security of individual citizens. To the main spontaneous mass-like socio-psychological phenomena include: rumors, crowd (see. Safe Behavior in a Crowd), panic (cf. Panic safe behavior). Common to all these socio-psychological phenomena is the presence of such mechanisms as: 1) contagiousness (psychological infection), which causes the same emotional experiences that are transmitted by people to each other, bypassing consciousness and logical evaluation; 2) increased suggestibility (suggestibility) of members of unorganized communities; 3) conscious or unconscious imitation of the behavior of other members of unorganized communities; 4) anonymity and loss of "ego-identity"; 5) the emergence of tendencies in the individual to immediately act like everyone else; 6) involuntary and spontaneity of occurrence. These spontaneous socio-psychological phenomena often lead to destructive actions of a mass of people, violations of public order and a decrease in the level of security of citizens. (A.I. Papkin) Mechanisms of human behavior in a situation of criminal danger. Human behavior in criminally dangerous situations psychologically includes: 1) diagnostics of the situation, environment and behavior of persons posing a threat; 2) making a decision and developing an action plan for self-defense; 3) the use of various measures of self-defense against offenders in order to resolve the conflict situation that is beneficial for the defender. important in terms of diagnosing a situation of criminal danger is: a) assessment of the situation (scene. possible ways retreat, places of shelter, presence of police posts nearby, telephone, institutions, residential buildings, etc.); b) the identity of the attacker (in terms of involvement in the criminal environment, the degree of aggressiveness in behavior, physical fitness, weapons, being in a state of alcohol or drug intoxication, manifested or possible intentions, etc.); c) persons accompanying an aggressive person and their readiness to help him; d) outsiders at the scene of the incident, their readiness to assist the defender or a neutral position. Of diagnostic value is the compilation of a mental express portrait attacker as a criminally dangerous person. Process decision making is associated with the choice of alternatives of protective actions that are most likely for the defender in terms of their effectiveness, feasibility in execution, minimal risk and surprise for the offender. Each alternative is promptly considered in terms of its advantages and disadvantages, the conditions for ensuring personal security, compliance with the requirements of the necessary defense and the likelihood of resolving a criminally dangerous situation in favor of the defender. According to its content, the decision should include the concept of protective actions (purpose, time, place, own resources and means, intended ways of influencing the offender) and the predicted result. System self defense includes psychological, mainly verbal methods of influence, physical influence, the use of special and improvised means, firearms as part of the necessary defense. From the point of view of the prospects for scientific analysis of the mechanisms of human behavior in a situation of criminal danger, the following problems are of interest: the relationship between the conscious and the unconscious in the behavior of the defender; the degree of influence of an individual's victimization (see Victim psychology) on the effectiveness of his behavior in a criminally dangerous situation; psychological typology of persons subjected to criminal violence; action motivation (the ratio of self-defense and risk motives, motivation of behavior after the experienced danger, motives for choosing a specific tactics of protective actions, etc.); compiling generalized psycho-victimological portraits of various categories of victims. (A.I. Papkin) Literature: Papkin A.I. Personal safety of employees of internal affairs bodies ....S. 72-75 Traffic safety psychology. Based on cognition psychological features road users and the activities of employees of the automobile inspectorate, recommendations are being developed for psychological security. The psychological provision of road safety mainly consists in: 1) the development of a typology of the personality of drivers in relation to the personal safety and safety of passengers (for example, those who strictly observe the rules of the road, violate them out of sight of the control of traffic police officers, "reckless drivers "," drinking at the wheel ", having an attitude to neglect traffic rules, etc.) and carrying out appropriate educational and preventive work among drivers; 2) taking into account the relationship between road users, primarily between drivers and employees, and developing psychological proposals for their optimization; 3) identifying victim qualities in road users (see. Victim qualities of citizens, Victim qualities of law enforcement officers) and the development of recommendations to reduce the level of victimization (see. Psychological victimization levels); 4) the study of dangerous situations in the activities of employees of the automobile inspection, accidents, injuries and deaths and the development of generalized psycho-victimological portraits of employees (see. Psychovictimology)) and measures to teach the tactics of safe activities. The practice of ensuring road safety is built taking into account specific recommendations on the psychological consideration of the personal typology of drivers, the emerging relationships between road users and ways to resolve conflict situations, reducing the levels of victimization of drivers during the period of training in driving schools and passing exams for traffic police specialists, conducting educational and preventive work with drivers who violate traffic rules. (A.I. Papkin) Ensuring (psychological) security of citizens during mass events. A system of psychological measures and recommendations to ensure the protection of public order and the safety of citizens during mass events. It is associated with the formation of knowledge among VET employees about spontaneous socio-psychological phenomena in the masses of people that pose a threat to public order and security (see. Massive socio-psychological phenomena in the field of public order and security) and the psychological readiness of employees to work in large masses of people, including self-socio-psychological observation, the ability to timely identify persons prone to aggressive behavior and hooliganism, instigators of riots and take legal measures to curb them. The structure of psychological readiness for action in a crowd should include the skills of verbal psychological impact on people, resolving minor conflicts between people, regulating their own emotional states by employees, self-control, endurance and balance. An important element of psychological preparedness is the absence of tendencies to provoke participants to violent actions. The sphere of psychological support also includes the socio-psychological tasks of forming cohesive, professionally trained divisions of employees and improving the organization of their joint activities during the period of ensuring the protection of public order at mass events (see. Psychology of the team of VET security services and units). (A.I. Papkin) Ensuring (psychological) safety during sporting events. It involves the phased work of POO, based on a psychological understanding of the behavior of ordinary fans and fans. First step: preparation for the protection of public order and the safety of citizens during sporting events. Its task is preventive work and planning the order of service by POO employees. To prevent spontaneous socio-psychological phenomena (see. Massive socio-psychological phenomena in the field of public order and security) the issue of placing fans of sports teams in different stands is being resolved sports facilities, out of physical contact with each other. Before the start of the competition, short speeches by the coaches of the teams and famous athletes with a call to maintain order during the period of the sporting event, a plan is being developed for the service and interaction of all units of the VET. At the stage service for the protection of public order and security special attention is paid to the behavior of aggressive personalities, instigators, provocateurs from among the fans (see. Ensuring (psychological) safety of citizens during mass events), carrying out timely measures, taking into account the stages of development of the actions of the crowd (see. Safe Behavior in a Crowd) and ensuring effective interaction of individual employees and departments involved in the protection of public order and security during a sporting event. At the stage debriefing of service the positive aspects and blunders in the actions of employees that have psychological reasons, including cases of individual employees receiving injuries and bodily harm, are considered. Measures are planned to improve the psychological readiness of personnel for effective and safe actions in the conditions of protecting public order and security during regular sporting events (see. Ensuring (psychological) safety during mass events). (A.I. Papkin) Familiarization of the population with the tactics of safe behavior. The work is aimed at providing citizens with information on scientifically based and proven practice of effective actions in criminal and other dangerous situations. By its content psychological services of VET, the Ministry of Emergency Situations and Civil Defense, the media, other state and non-state organizations (security academies, various charitable foundations and etc.). The propaganda of psychological knowledge is differentiated by content and methods, depending on information objects (A.I. Papkin) Injury, disease and accident prevention in VET. The complexity and dangers of PD are associated with injuries to employees and accidents with them and citizens. There are three psychologically sound ways to improve the safety of employees. one.) Possible reduction in the level of objective hazards PD involves the adoption of organizational and technical measures, the use of protective devices, the improvement of life, nutrition, hygiene in the performance of service and combat missions in field conditions. The effectiveness of such measures depends on the attitude of managers to safety issues, the retention of employees working, their qualifications in these matters, as well as technical and financial capabilities. 2) Increasing the level of safe behavior of employees. It is associated with the professional skills and experience of employees, special training in compliance with the rules and the implementation of security measures (especially when handling weapons, explosives, poisonous and combustible substances, their storage, attitude to security issues (see. Vigilance professional psychology), stimulating the leadership of the constant vigilance of all to security issues, creating a socio-psychological atmosphere of intolerance in the PET collectives towards violations of the requirements of vigilance, safety and readiness. (A.M. Stolyarenko) Literature: A.M. Stolyarenko. Extreme psychopedagogy. - M., 2002, paragraph 9.3. Promotion of psychological knowledge about the tactics of safe behavior in a dangerous situation. It is aimed at providing citizens with information on scientifically based and proven by practice effective actions in criminal and other dangerous situations. By its content such information includes knowledge about: possible criminal and other dangers that a person may face in his life; reliable tactics of behavior in dangerous situations; ways to reduce individual victimization in behavior; measures for psychological preparation for ensuring personal safety (see. Psychology of preparing citizens to ensure personal security). As subjects of propaganda psychological services of VET, the Ministry of Emergency Situations and Civil Defense, the media, state and non-state organizations, charitable foundations, etc.) The propaganda of psychological knowledge is differentiated by content and methods, depending on information objects(children, schoolchildren, students, professional workers, women, pensioners, etc.). In general, such promotional activities should be included in state program ensuring the safety of the population of the country. (A.I. Papkin) Occupational safety of employees of VET psychology. It reveals meaningfully psychological foundations confident and characterized by a safety mindset (See Setting to safety) the behavior of the employee, as well as the psychological causes of accidents, injuries and deaths of POO employees, their manifestations of a certain level of professional victimization (see. The levels of victimization are psychological). It is characterized by the intensity of the use of psychological methods of ensuring safety by personnel in dangerous situations of professional activity, ways to reduce professional victimization (see. Psychological ways to reduce professional victimization of VET employees), psychological measures to prepare VET employees to ensure personal professional security (see. Psychology of training VET staff to ensure personal safety). The psychology of occupational safety also characterizes a different degree of psychological readiness of each of the employees to ensure personal safety in dangerous situations of activity. This is manifested in them in the presence or absence of appropriate attitudes (see. Set to safety, Set to survive), qualities (see ), being in certain situational mental states (see Victim mental states). Knowing the psychological characteristics of such readiness makes it possible to outline specific measures to prepare each employee for reliable and safe activities in various dangerous situations. (A.I. Papkin) Psychovictimology. The doctrine of the psychology of the victim (injured, injured) in dangerous situations of life , studying the psychological causes and mechanisms of victim actions (see. Victim psychology) and develops psychological recommendations for ensuring the safety of people. P. is an integral part of security psychology as a section of legal psychology. Depending on the subject of study, it is divided into criminal, traumatic and professional P.(cm. Security psychology - a branch of legal psychology). The central task of P. is to study the victim (injured, victim) and identify psychologically significant victim qualities (see. Victim qualities of citizens; Victim qualities of employees), states (see Victim mental states) and lifestyle and behavior (cf. Victim lifestyle) that provoked or significantly facilitated the illegal actions of criminals or created favorable conditions for incurring physical, psychological and property losses in situations of natural disasters, man-made disasters, fires, traffic accidents and other dangerous life situations. Structurally, P.: 1) a general psycho-victimological theory of the victim's behavior; 2) private theories of criminal, traumatic and professional P.; 3) theory and practice of psychovictimological examinations (see. Psychovictimological expertise) ; 4) psychoprophylactic diagnosis of levels of victimization in people's behavior (see. Psychodiagnostics of victimization levels) ; 5) a scientifically based system for reducing the level of victimization of an individual and groups of people (see. Psychological ways to reduce the level of professional victimization). (A.I. Papkin) Literature: A.I. Papkin. Psychology and safety of law enforcement officers// Bulletin Russian University friendship of peoples No. 1, 2000 (series: legal sciences), pp. 11-15 Psychovictimological examination. A special type of psychological examination, the purpose of which is to establish causal-investigative relationships between victim behavior of a person (see. Victim psychology) and the damage suffered by him or other persons who found themselves in the role of victims or victims of criminal violence or other danger. Currently, there are two main types of psychovictimological examinations: criminal and professional. Criminal psychovictimological examination evaluates the impact of the victim's victim behavior on the crime event, analyzes the connection between the victim's actions and the offender's unlawful violence, which affects the qualification of crimes, and is also taken into account when pronouncing a guilty verdict and sentencing. This type of examination is a kind of forensic psychological examination. Professional psychovictimymological examination is aimed at establishing the personal guilt of an employee in the performance of his professional duties, the basis of which was inadequate or victim behavior that caused an accident, man-made disaster, traffic accident, death or injury to people. A professional psychovictimological examination is also carried out in the event of the death of the employee himself. Methods psychovictimological expertise can be divided into general, characteristic of all types of psychological examinations (conversation, testing, analysis of personal life history, etc.) and special (compilation of a psycho-victimological portrait of a person, post-mortem analysis of a person’s behavior in a situation of danger, etc.). (A.I. Papkin) Psychodiagnostics of the level of victimization. A relatively young and emerging area of security psychology. The level of victimization (cf. Psychological victimization levels) VET workers can be determined (although the psychodiagnostic practice in VET still ignores this direction of personality study) in the process of professional and psychological selection for service. If there is a high level of victimization, the employee should be included in the risk group and targeted psychological work should be carried out with him to reduce professional victimization (see. Psychological ways to reduce the professional victimization of law enforcement officers). In addition, psychodiagnostics of the level of victimization is appropriate when sending employees as part of prefabricated teams to perform service and combat tasks related to anti-terrorist activities, as well as when transferring an employee to other law enforcement units. When psychodiagnostics of the level of victimization, proven methods can be used (for example, the methodology for diagnosing aggression by A. Bass and A. Darki; methods for assessing depressive states; the method for diagnosing the degree of readiness for risk by Schubert, etc.). IN Lately there are methods for diagnosing the level of victimization, developed on the basis of an analysis of the activities of law enforcement officers in dangerous situations (for example, the methodology of V.M. Melnikov "48 extreme situations). The following methods have a great diagnostic ability to study the level of victimization: expert assessments, psychological observation, analysis of the effectiveness of employees in dangerous situations. Diagnostics of the psychological level of victimization among the civilian population is practically not carried out. It seems that the future of security psychology is associated with active research in this direction. (A.I. Papkin) Psychological safety of individuals and groups of people. At individual psychological security priority is attention to personal motives, mental states of confidence, reliability, comfort of life, prospects. Psychological safety of groups its structure is more complicated, since it must necessarily take into account both personal characteristics and socio-psychological phenomena. By themselves, socio-psychological phenomena can be psychologically safe for people (compatibility, mutual understanding, empathy, etc.) or psychologically dangerous ( interpersonal conflicts, misunderstanding of each other, disorganization in joint activities, intra-group mobbing (harassment, persecution). With insufficient cohesion and organization of the group in the event of exposure to various kinds of external dangers, the psychological safety of group members is sharply reduced due to negative socio-psychological phenomena. Mass psychological security depends on the nature of accounting for spontaneous mass phenomena and their minimization or suppression (see. Massive socio-psychological phenomena in the field of public order and security). (A.I. Papkin) Psychological readiness of the individual to ensure personal security. Structurally, it consists of formed installations for safety and survival (see. Safety installation; Survival setting), knowledge of the main dangerous situations of life, including criminal dangers, possession of tactics of safe behavior in situations of various threats and the psychological qualities of the individual, allowing him to act confidently in risk conditions (see. risk psychology). Are important cognitive qualities associated with an adequate assessment of a dangerous situation and the role of persons threatening criminal violence, prompt and high-quality decision-making. Psychological readiness to act in dangerous situations includes a group personal qualities that provide emotional regulation of behavior(self-control, self-control, emotional balance, fearlessness, etc.) The difference in psychological readiness for action in dangerous situations between ordinary citizens and VET workers lies in the greater extremeness of various life situations of the latter, the presence of power powers, special means and firearms. Therefore, in this case, it is more often said about professional and psychological readiness of employees to actions dangerous to their life and health situations. (cm. Psychology of training employees to ensure personal safety). (A.I. Papkin) Psychological components of the preparedness of the individual to ensure their own security. It includes the internal state of the psychological readiness of the individual for confident actions in a situation of emerging external threats, the attitude towards security formed in him (see. Safety setting) and a system of psychological qualities that ensure the reliability of actions in criminal and other dangerous situations (see. Security psychological security). From a substantive point of view, psychological preparedness can act, firstly, as a formed block of qualities and attitudes, which creates a favorable basis for confident and adequate behavior in a dangerous situation and, secondly, as situational mental state characterizing a high level of psychological comfort and internal security in a certain period of time from various external threats and dangers of various modality. Psychological readiness implies the presence of internal security from actual psychological dangers(psychotrauma, criminal mobbing, deceit, etc.) and threats to life, health and personal property. Psychological preparedness is provided as measures of special information (see . Promotion of optimal tactics of conduct in a dangerous situation), and special psychological training and education (see. Psychology of preparing citizens to ensure personal security). (A.I. Papkin) Psychological ways to reduce the professional victimization of VET employees. A system of interrelated psychological measures to reduce) professional victimization (see. Professional victimization of a law enforcement officer, Psychodiagnostics of the level of victimization) through targeted psychological work. The system includes: 1) the formation of attitudes towards personal security and survival; 2) reduction of inclination to unjustified risk; 3) mastering psychotechnical methods of regulating emotional states and relieving fear in a dangerous situation of activity; 4) special training in tactics of safe behavior and training of cognitive qualities; 5) socio-psychological training aimed at reducing the level of shyness, conformity, suggestibility, personal instability and the development of communicative competence; 6) getting rid of professional victims (see Victim qualities of VET employees) through individual psychological consultations and providing psychological assistance to the employee in working on himself; 7) reduction of group victimization (see. Types of victimization) based on the recruitment of groups, taking into account psychological compatibility, increasing cohesion and mutual understanding, organization in joint activities. Activities to reduce professional victimization are based on the development individual programs of work with employees with a high level of victimization (see Psychological victimization levels). The leading role in this work should be played by specialists in the psychological services of VET and employees of departments for work with personnel. (A.I. Papkin) Psychology of adventurism(adventure from French aventure - adventure, adventure). Adventurism in psychovictimology (cm. Psychovictimology) is considered as a tendency of the individual to reckless actions, unscrupulousness, unjustified riskiness (see risk psychology) actions and behaviors that often put a person in a situation of danger. Adventurism depends on a number of personal qualities (self-interest, frivolity, gullibility, risk appetite, conformity, suggestibility, etc.), character accentuations, life experience and the emerging life situation. Adventurism characterizes a pronounced level of victimization in the behavior of an individual and often creates the prerequisites for them to bear losses, being in the role of a victim (injured, injured). Prevention and overcoming adventurism in human behavior contribute to reducing its victimization (see Victim qualities of citizens; Psychological ways to reduce professional victimization). (A.I. Papkin) Psychology of security. Section of legal psychology, including: 1) the study of the psychological mechanisms of behavior of victims of criminal violence and crimes, the psychological level of their victimization (see. Psychological victimization levels) and the development of recommendations for ensuring the safety of citizens in the face of criminal danger. This area of security psychology is called criminal psychovictimology (see Criminal psychovictimology); 2) study of the psychological causes and mechanisms of injuries, deaths of citizens, accidents and psychological injuries as a result of traffic accidents, public unrest, being on the territory of anti-terrorist operations, etc., developing proposals for the prevention of various threats and ensuring the safety of citizens (this structural an element of the subject of safety psychology is included, based on the organic functions of PEO for the protection of public order and security in these situations of life). Conditionally this direction scientific research can be called traumatic(in the broad sense of the word as the incurring of certain losses) psychovictimology (see Psychovictimology traumatic); 3) analysis of the psychological causes of injuries, accidents, injuries and deaths of POO employees, development of ways to reduce professional victimization and psychological support for the personal professional safety of employees. This part of the subject of safety psychology can be attributed to professional psychovictimology (see Professional psychovictimology ); 4) development of a system of psychological measures to reduce high levels of victimization in the behavior of citizens and employees of POOs, conduct special training in safe behavior tactics and various types of trainings, and provide psychological assistance to survivors of danger. 5) psychological analysis of activities for the protection of public order and security, crime prevention and the development of professional and psychological requirements for individual employees and teams of POO; 6) substantiation of the procedure and methodology for conducting psychovictimological examinations (see Psychovictimological expertise). The main categories of safety psychology include: danger (see Criminal danger psychology); security (see The concept of psychological security of the individual); victimization (see Victimization psychology); installation for safety and survival (see Installation for safety, Installation for survival); psychological readiness of the individual to act in hazardous conditions and etc. (A.I. Papkin) Literature: Papkin A.I. Psychology and safety of law enforcement officers// Bulletin of the Peoples' Friendship University of Russia No. 1, 2000 (series: legal sciences), pp. 11-15 Psychology of the safety of citizens from fraud. In law and legal psychology, fraud is understood as the theft of someone else's property or the acquisition of the right to someone else's property by deceit or breach of trust (Article 159 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation). Fraudsters choose their victims among people among people who, to one degree or another, (see Levels of psychological victimization) such victim qualities as gullibility, frivolity, naivety, adventurism are characteristic (see Psychology of adventurism), belief in a happy chance, propensity for unjustified risk ( see risk psychology), greed, self-interest, greed, etc. Studies show that victims of fraud are characterized by a number of provocative actions (see Psychology of victim provocation): demonstration of large Money; boastful statements about the possession of rare things, works of art, jewelry; deliberate commission by the victim of illegal actions when concluding contracts, etc. In order to ensure the safety of citizens, they need to know the main methods of fraud: 1) false role presentation, which consists in the appropriation by a fraudster of a professional (policeman, military man, housing office employee, social security officer, etc.) or social (father, mother, participant afghan war, close relative, etc.) roles; 2) role-playing staged situation when conducting an illegal street lottery or when the victim buys expensive things with a clear distribution of responsibilities (for example, when holding a street lottery, "barker", "support group", "security"; in case of a large purchase, "tenant", "driver", "scammer" and others); 3) self-presentation of positive personal qualities, such as honesty, solidity, decency, fidelity to friendship, etc. to receive money on loan with the intention of their subsequent non-return; 4) false demonstration of possession of large capital, residential and non-residential premises, offices, often used to obtain a bank loan; five) creation of one-day firms for the purpose of collecting, under a plausible pretext, the money of citizens and the subsequent flight of its organizers; 6) formation of financial "pyramids""(such as the infamous MMM, Vlastilina, Khoper-invest, etc.); 7 ) various fraudulent tricks manipulation(passing "doll" instead of real money; execution of illegal contracts; presentation of fabricated documents and identity cards, etc.) When educating and preparing citizens to ensure personal security from fraud it is important to equip them with the knowledge and skills to diagnose and counter these types of fraud. For example, to diagnose a false role self-presentation, it is necessary to: always require the presentation of relevant documents; sometimes dial the phone number of the relevant institution and verify the truth of the information provided; ask questions that require a qualified professional answer; do not give any people money or valuables as a deposit, etc. An important direction in ensuring the safety of citizens from fraud is to reduce victimization in their behavior (see Victim qualities of citizens, Victim states, Victim lifestyle) (A.I. Papkin) Psychology of the safety of citizens from deception as consumers. Deception of consumers consists in measuring, weighing, calculating, misleading about consumer properties or quality of goods (services) or other deception of consumers in organizations that sell goods or provide services to the population Facts of consumer deception often become possible due to victim qualities of victims (see Victim psychology, Victim qualities of citizens) such as gullibility, naivety, frivolity, suggestibility, insufficient criticality, etc. Common forms of victim behavior of citizens include: insufficient attention to the actions of a seller or a person performing a different type of service; reducing the level of exactingness to the actions of the seller, the quality of goods or services, tolerance for violations of the rules of trade and the provision of services to the population; reassessment of their knowledge in the field of determining the quality and consumer properties of certain goods (services); leaving the facts of consumer deception without an appropriate response, etc. Knowledge of typical methods of deception that are encountered is important for consumer safety: selling low-grade goods at the price of products highest quality; sale of goods without a warranty period; overpricing of goods is not proportional to its consumer qualities; the offer by the seller of low-quality goods made in a handicraft way and not possessing the appropriate consumer properties; poor-quality repair of an apartment, clothes, shoes, etc. and unfair performance of other customer services; measuring and weighing; buyer's calculation, etc. ( (A.I. Papkin) Psychology of security of citizens from various types of crimes. In legal psychology and law, the classification of crimes into three main types is accepted: violent, mercenary and mercenary-violent. Psychological security of citizens has differences depending on the specific type of crime. Safety from n violent crimes against the person(murders, infliction of harm to health of varying severity, beatings, torture, rape, kidnapping, etc.) requires a person to be foresight, caution in behavior, a reasonable choice of the route of movement (especially in the evening and at night), the ability to diagnose aggressive intentions of people, possession methods of physical and psychological protection from the attacker and, as a rule, the presence various means self-defense (gas weapons, stun guns, firearms and other special equipment). Of great importance is the psychological readiness for action in a situation of direct confrontation with an aggressive criminal. (see Psychological readiness of the individual to act in dangerous situations). Security from violent crime depends on a person overcoming adventurism and instigation in their actions. (see Psychology of adventurism, Psychology of victim provocation of the behavior of others). Special psychological preparation should be aimed at reducing the level of victimization in the behavior of the individual (see . Levels of victimization psychological) and development of tactics of safe behavior in situations of criminal violence ( cm . Psychology of preparing citizens to ensure personal security). Security from acquisitive crimes against the person(theft, fraud, pseudo-entrepreneurship, sale of counterfeit money or securities, fraud of consumers, etc.) to a large extent depends on the preventive actions of a citizen related to the protection of residential premises, the storage of large amounts of money and valuables in a bank account, possession of elementary economic literacy when concluding contracts and choosing a reliable company. At the same time, it is important for citizens to develop resistance to rumors (see. Rumors and psychological safety) about the receipt of excess profits on securities in a particular organization, which, as a rule, signal the emergence of the next financial "pyramids". Security from burglaries to a large extent is ensured by the conclusion of agreements on the protection of residential premises with private police guards, vigilant behavior when admitting persons who call themselves representatives of official organizations (police, housing office, social security agencies, etc.) into an apartment An important area of psychological security from acquisitive crimes is a decrease economic victimization in the behavior of citizens see Types of victimization, Victim qualities of citizens) and teaching tactics of safe behavior in various situations economic activity(cm. Psychology of preparing citizens to ensure personal security, Psychology of security from fraud). Security from acquisitive violent crimes(robbery, robbery, extortion, etc.) is based on the readiness of citizens to ensure security from both violent and mercenary crimes (see Psychological security, Criminal danger psychology, Psychology of preparing citizens to ensure personal security). (A.I. Papkin) Psychology of housing safety of citizens from criminal encroachments. In order to ensure the protection of housing among citizens, it is necessary to form an appropriate installation ( see Setting to safety) and, as a result, a set of measures. First, must technical issues to be resolved related to home security, including the installation of reliable doors and locks, intercoms, television surveillance cameras, code locks on the front doors at the entrance, etc. Often citizens enter into contracts for the protection of housing with private security police. All of these activities should be carried out in advance, as they implement a preventive function in relation to housing safety. Secondly, the analysis shows that in the sphere of attention of citizens there should always be problems of illegal entry of unauthorized persons into the occupied living space. It should be noted here that in a significant number of cases, citizens, showing elements of victim behavior (see Victim psychology, Victim qualities of citizens) contribute to such penetration. Common forms of such behavior include: leaving the key in the corridor in a place designated for family members; inviting unfamiliar people to visit; opening front door housing strangers or people who identified themselves as employees of certain institutions without looking at their certificates through door lock; leaving young children at home unattended by adults, etc. Thirdly, the safety of housing depends on the lifestyle of its owner (see Victim lifestyle), which contributes to the implementation of the criminal intentions of offenders and the commission of burglary by them. Propaganda of knowledge about measures for the security of housing of citizens is aimed at improving their knowledge on the prevention of burglaries and thefts from other residential premises ( see Promotion of psychological knowledge about the optimal tactics of behavior in a dangerous situation). (A.I. Papkin) Psychology of victim provocation of the behavior of others. Provocation (from Latin provocatio - challenge) characterizes the inflammatory actions of the victim ( see Victimization psychology) criminal offense that prompted the offender to unlawful behavior. Provocation in psychovictimology (see. Psychovictimology) is recognized as a victim tactic of the victim's behavior. Psychological analysis allows us to distinguish various types of provocations: 1) active provocation(insults, threats, physical impact on another person, demonstration of aggressive intentions, etc.); 2 ) passive provocation(demonstration of valuables and money, talking about your financial position etc.); 3) conducive to the commission of a crime provocation(drinking alcohol with a stranger or unfamiliar person, providing lodging for the night to an unfamiliar person, a promise intimacy or the actions of a woman that create impressions of the possibility of such closeness, etc.). Victims are often unaware of the fact that their behavior is provocative, inflammatory in nature, contributing to the escalation of criminal violence. Therefore, in order to prevent provocative actions and ensure the safety of citizens, it is necessary to inform them about vigilant behavior in criminally dangerous situations. Besides importance has overcoming the elements of adventurism in the actions of people (see Psychology of adventurism). (A.I. Papkin) Psychology of disinformation as a form of criminal mobbing. It characterizes actions for the conscious presentation of deliberately false information, fabricated information. Disinformation is used in the process of criminal mobbing ( see Criminal mobbing) to mislead a person, create prerequisites for him to make a decision in favor of criminal individuals and criminal groups. The fight against disinformation is based on the development of criticality and prudence among citizens when evaluating information provided by other persons, their cross-checking based on the use of various sources information (see Psychology of preparing citizens to ensure personal security; Psychological security). (A.I. Papkin) Psychology of activities of POO employees to ensure the safety of citizens. The activities of VET employees are divided into: preventive activities and direct activities to ensure the safety of citizens in various dangerous life situations. Preventive activity consists of psychologically informing citizens about the optimal behavior in dangerous situations. (see Promotion of psychological knowledge about the optimal tactics of behavior in a dangerous situation) and special education of citizens through special courses and seminars organized by the EET. Separate POO services (state fire supervision, non-departmental police protection, etc.) perform a preventive function by inspecting and assessing the premises in terms of fire danger, criminal penetration and providing citizens with relevant recommendations to ensure housing safety. District police inspectors carry out preventive work to ensure the safety of citizens and their homes in the process of direct contact with them and conducting conversations. Direct activity to ensure the safety of citizens is associated with the daily implementation of public security services of public security, primarily the public security police and the municipal (local) police, employees of the road patrol service of the police, measures to maintain public order and regulate traffic (See Road safety psychology). The special mode of activity of the POO security services is caused by the need to ensure the safety of citizens during public events (see Ensuring (psychological) security of citizens during mass events, Ensuring (psychological) security during sporting events), in emergencies, natural disasters, man-made disasters, terrorist acts (see Safe Behavior in Emergency Situations, Safety Psychological Support), with panic and actions of an aggressive crowd (see Massive socio-psychological phenomena in the field of public order and security). (A.I. Papkin) Psychology of the victim of criminal attacks. The victim of crime may be random. An encounter with a criminal for such a victim is a consequence of a simple space-time intersection (for example, an encounter with a robber waiting for any likely victim). More often the victim is intended by the criminal, determined to commit a specific unlawful offense against her. Moreover, for such a victim, options for both non-victim and victim behavior are possible. (see Victim psychology). In legal psychology, there are two types of victim behavior of the victim: 1) crime-provoking behavior (see Psychology of Victim Provocation) and 2) behavior that contributes to the implementation of a crime, making a certain "contribution" to the development of a criminal offense. Facilitating behavior can manifest itself in a victim lifestyle (see Victim lifestyle), adventurism (see Psychology of adventurism), in choosing the wrong tactics to ensure their safety (See Security Tactics Psychology). The victim of a criminal assault is often characterized by a certain level of victimization (see Levels of psychological victimization), reflected in her victim qualities and states ( see Victim qualities of citizens, Victim mental states). (A.I. Papkin) Psychology of the staff of the service for ensuring the protection of public order and safety of POO. In legal psychology, one of the main tasks is the development of the psychological potential of the team of employees of departments and services. Psychological potential The collective is a set of socio-psychological phenomena that determine the effectiveness of its functioning as a professional and social community of people. The structure of such a psychological potential forms a number of socio-psychological phenomena: dynamic socio-psychological phenomena(joint group activities, professional communication, interaction and relationships); relatively stable phenomena(collective opinion, traditions, socio-psychological climate); stably stable socio-psychological phenomena(collective norms and rules of behavior, group properties). The specificity of the psychology of the team of the service in question is manifested in group activities and interaction of employees in the process of protecting public order and security. Unlike employees of some other POO services (for example, investigative units, operational-search units, etc.), in which the share of individual work is very significant, here all the activities of employees are collective, joint. Joint activity acts as the most important structural element of the psychological potential of the team and, realized through professional communication, links socio-psychological phenomena into a single whole, forms relationships and various dependencies between them. Of great importance for groups of employees jointly performing the tasks of protecting public order and ensuring the safety of citizens are the following: parameters of their activity: psychological compatibility, harmony, organization, consistency, readiness, readiness for mutual assistance, "covering each other" in difficult situations activities, training to perform tasks by a group of employees (for example, a patrol and police group, a traffic police unit of the traffic police, etc.). The social and psychological qualities of such joint activities has the following form : productivity expressed in quantitative and qualitative results of activity ; speed, reflecting the speed, clarity and organization of interaction; pace joint activity, which determines the ratio of "energetic" sites and recessions of activity during a fixed period of time; completeness y, depending on the volume of implemented interactions necessary for the successful implementation of group activities; stability , reflecting the success of joint activities over a long period of time, as well as maintaining a stable structure of interconnected activities. The organization of the joint performance of tasks in the normal mode of work differs significantly from group, collective activities in the emergency mode (natural disasters, accidents, catastrophes, etc.), when the feeling of camaraderie, mutual assistance, readiness to work in a busy schedule, support each other increases. Practice shows that under these conditions it is important socio-psychological climate (SPC), which is a comprehensive psychological characteristic, reflecting the state of relationships and the degree of satisfaction of employees with various factors in the life of the team. (A.I. Papkin) Psychology of personality and professionalism of a public security officer of the VET. Activities for the protection of public order and security dictate a number of requirements for employees of the public security services of the VET ( patrol service militia, road patrol police service, municipal police service, service of district police inspectors, etc.). Studies show that important for workers in these services are the following personal qualities: the presence of a certain vital and professional experience; interest in a person, his experiences, the ability to empathize; self-confidence, perseverance, ability to counter violators of order; good sports training; confident possession of service firearms; observation; the ability to assimilate new knowledge, learning; active personal position; achievement motivation; efficiency in decision-making; exactingness; control over aggressiveness, etc. For example, the preparation of a psychogram of a district police inspector showed that for successful professional actions it is necessary to have a number of psychological qualities: professional observation; balance, self-control in conflicts; the ability to win over people, inspire their confidence; subtle observation of the spiritual life of a person; the ability to defend one's point of view; the ability to recreate the image of a person according to his verbal description; the ability to draw conclusions from conflicting information; memory for the appearance and behavior of people; the ability to quickly establish contacts with new people. Significantly complicate employee activities public security services, individualism, anxiety, weak will, open aggressiveness, impulsive behavior, social alienation, excessive craving for dominance, etc. Professional-psychological preparedness of employees includes a formed clear individual professional concept (See Psychology of preparing VET staff for personal safety) and developed moral-psychological, cognitive, emotional-volitional and communicative qualities (A.I. Papkin) Literature: Main activities and psychological suitability for service in the system of internal affairs bodies (reference guide) / Ed. Bovina B.G., Myagkikh N.I., Safronova A.D. - M.: 1997 - S.85, 96-98, 104-110; Papkin A.I. Personal security of employees of the internal affairs bodies ... .S.129-150 Psychology of preparing citizens to ensure personal security. The training of citizens includes three interrelated psychological areas: 1) informing the population about the optimal tactics of behavior in various situations of danger (see Propaganda of psychological knowledge); 2) diagnosis and reduction of the level of victimization in behavior (see Psychodiagnostics of the level of victimization, Psychological levels of victimization) and the formation of positive personal qualities, attitudes (see Installation for safety); 3) special psychological training, the purpose of which is to develop the psychological components of safe behavior tactics (See Security Tactics Psychology). Depending on specific areas, the subjects of training citizens can be: law enforcement agencies represented by their security services and psychological services; services of the Ministry of Emergency Situations; educational institutions; MEDIA; government, commercial and non-profit organizations. Special psychological training is based on the use of methods: diagnosis of victimization levels ( see Psychodiagnostics of the level of victimization); formation of installations for safety and survival (See Safety Set, Survival Set); development of observation and cognitive qualities; emotional stability and self-control, overcoming fear in dangerous situations of life; psychological impact on attackers; an adequate assessment of a dangerous situation and the choice of tactics of behavior with a reasonable risk ( see Safe Behavior in Crowds, Safe Behavior in Panics, Psychology of Citizens' Security from Various Types of Crimes) and etc. (A.I. Papkin) Psychology of training POO employees to ensure personal security. The training of VET employees includes a system of psychological measures that allow the formation of professional and personal qualities that ensure effective, reliable and safe activities in the performance of official duties. Of paramount importance is the formation individual professional concept of an employee (IPC) revealing the personal meaning of service activities, including in various dangerous situations. Integral part IPC are images-representations of an employee about: the essence of typical dangerous situations in professional activity; their role in resolving such situations; methods of working effectively and safely in dangerous situations; ways of self-control and self-regulation of mental states; the level of personal preparedness that ensures reliable and efficient operation in dangerous situations; order and rules of application psychological means impact, physical strength, special means and firearms; the procedure for interacting with other employees and providing cover for each other; common mistakes leading to accidents, injuries and deaths, etc. The development of the IPC occurs both within the framework of the professional and psychological training of PET personnel, and during individual educational work. The next important area of employee training is the use of various techniques to develop their installations for safety and survival (see Installation for safety, Installation for survival). Issues are dealt with at the same time diagnosis of victimization employees (see Psychodiagnostics of the level of victimization) and measures are being taken to reduce it. (see Psychological Ways to Reduce Occupational Victimization). Special training is a separate area of training safe tactics activities (see Security Tactics Psychology, Survival Tactics Psychology). The content of such training is aimed at developing employees' knowledge of typical dangerous situations of official activity, typical mistakes that lead to accidents, injuries and death, a generalized psycho-victimological portrait of dead workers, and developing the skills of adequate and correct tactics of behavior in dangerous situations of activity. Training in tactics for accurately assessing the situation and the nature of real threats, prompt decision-making with justified risk and effective actions to ensure personal security (See Personal Occupational Safety of VET Staff) is combined with the development of the necessary cognitive, emotional and personal qualities in each employee of the public security services of the VET. In addition, psychological training includes training employees in methods of regulating mental states, relieving fear in a situation of danger, assessing the degree of risk, etc. An independent area of \u200b\u200btraining is socio-psychological training employees, focused on the development of mutual understanding, cooperation, psychological compatibility, interaction and readiness to help a colleague in a situation of danger threatening him (See Psychology of the team of security services for citizens of POO). Risk psychology. Risk is the actions of a person in a dangerous situation of life activity, characterized by the uncertainty of the outcome and the possible onset of adverse consequences in case of failure. Risky behavior depends on the characteristics of the threatening situation, the experience of action in conditions of danger and the personal qualities of the individual. Risk is a specific form of regulation of behavior in a situation of danger. When making a risk decision, people consider two main factors: probability of failure and magnitude of failure (expected damage). Therefore, risk is characterized by the ability to choose between less or more dangerous behaviors for people, but differing in their degree of effectiveness in terms of achieving performance results. Often risky behavior allows you to achieve the goal of the activity in a dangerous situation faster and with minimal losses. To a large extent, a favorable risk outcome is associated with the degree validity (justification) or groundlessness (unjustification) of the decision a citizen or an employee of the VET about risky behavior. Significant for making an informed risk decision are such qualities as self-confidence, preparedness for action in various dangerous situations of life, emotional balance, endurance and self-control, flexibility of thinking and quick wits. There are characteristics of behavior in risky situations, depending on the orientation of individuals to external (external) and internal (internal) parameters of subjective control. People with an extrinsic locus of control are thought to be overly dependent on external factors environment, have reduced self-control and increased anxiety, which often does not contribute to behavior that is adequate to the real danger of the situation. A certain obstacle to justifiable risky behavior in a dangerous situation is risk-taking personality. The propensity to risk is a reflection of a complex of personal qualities of an individual (the need for self-affirmation, motivation for behavior, anxiety, impulsiveness, aggressiveness, etc.). Persons striving for dominance over others, self-affirmation, with increased aggressiveness often prefer behavioral alternatives that contain risk. There are differences in the behavior of people depending on their desire to achieve success or avoid failure. Studies show that people who have a strong desire for success prefer medium-risk options. Individuals with a high level of desire to avoid failure prefer low-risk or high-risk behaviors. High degree human anxiety leads to inadequate behavior in the emerging dangerous situation and, as a result, evasion of a reasonable risk or the choice of an unreasonable option of risky behavior. In the activities of VET employees, there are two types of risk situations. Situations of the first type represent the possibility of choosing between risky behavior or avoiding it, based on employee anticipation possible consequences and the likelihood of success. The second type of situations is characterized by the obligation of risk on the part of POO employees due to their obligations, given under the Oath and professional functions, since the refusal of risky behavior can unequivocally lead to inevitable loss of life, an accident, a catastrophe, a terrorist act, etc. In connection with this circumstance, there are alternative and non-alternative risk . Dissemination of information about typical life hazards and special training can reduce the degree of groundlessness of decisions about risky behavior among citizens and VET staff (see Promotion of psychological knowledge about the optimal tactics of behavior in a dangerous situation, Psychology of preparing citizens to ensure personal safety, Psychology of preparing VET employees to ensure personal safety). (A.I. Papkin) Rumors and the safety of citizens. Rumors are among the spontaneous mass socio-psychological phenomena (see Massive socio-psychological phenomena in the field of public order and security), often preceding the development of aggressive crowd behavior and panic (See Crowd Safety, Panic Safety). Rumors are referred to as implausible information or information that is completely devoid of foundation. They represent information transmitted by people to each other, as a rule, not critically evaluated and perceived "on faith". Therefore, rumors often have a tangible impact on the behavior of certain segments of the population. Rumors can serve as factors that sharply complicate the crime situation in certain regions of the country, create panic among the population, distort official information about the activities of state bodies, including VET, pose a threat to the psychological safety of citizens, creating emotional discomfort, anxiety and panic. Rumors are usually born and spread when there is no official information on a particular occasion or when it does not satisfy the cognitive interests of people, it turns out to be unconvincing, doubtful. Rumors serve to satisfy certain needs of people. Often people use the information they receive to solve their life problems. This manifests itself utilitarian effect rumors. Information obtained through the transmission of rumors is used to increase the prestige of a particular person or group of persons. (prestige effect). Rumors are calling the effect of strengthening the position in in cases where they give a person or group additional arguments and advantages in relation to opposing side, other people. They satisfy cognitive interests of people and also cause them experiences of various modalities (emotional effect of rumors). The dynamics of rumors is characterized by the fact that, being transmitted from person to person, they undergo serious changes, transform. In the process of their transmission, individual components of primary information are omitted, additional arguments appear, information adapts to the culture of a particular community of people. Rumors can be classified on a number of grounds: 1) according to the adequacy of the reflected event, they distinguish rumors are absolutely unreliable, unreliable with elements of plausibility, plausible, reliable with elements of improbability; 2) according to the position of the distributor - rumor-desire, rumor-scarecrow, revealing rumors, aggressive rumors; 3) by origin - spontaneous and deliberately fabricated rumors; 4) by the power of influence on the minds of people - disturbing public consciousness, causing asocial behavior of a certain part of people, destroying social ties between people and resulting in riots and outrages of the crowd, panic behavior of the masses of people. The main direction of the fight against rumors is the formation of moral and psychological resistance to rumors among citizens and employees of public educational institutions and objective, systematic informing citizens about various problems of society, including those affecting the sphere of public and personal security. (see Promotion of psychological knowledge about the optimal tactics of behavior in a dangerous situation, Security psychological support). (A.I. Papkin) Fear and security.Fear- these are emotions that arise in the process of thinking and imagination, anticipating a danger to life, health and well-being of a person. Fear often negatively affects people's behavior, increasing the risk, the possibility of errors and failures. Therefore, in the process of special training of citizens and employees of public educational organizations to ensure personal safety in various situations, dangers pay serious attention to mastering psychotechnical techniques for relieving fear. (see Psychology of preparing citizens to ensure personal security, Psychology of preparing VET employees to ensure personal security). Such techniques (specially directed meditation, paradoxical intention, internal achievement of agreement with oneself, etc.) allow not only to remove negative experiences, but also to create special cogitative, mental states that allow overcoming the attachment of thinking to threats and directing it to the search for reasonable tactics of behavior. , as well as their embodiment in actions to prevent or neutralize the danger. The mastering of the methods of regulation of emotional states (for example, autogenic training, psychohygienic gymnastics, visualization, relaxation) and the education of self-control, self-control, self-control acquire an independent value in training. (see Security psychological support, Security tactics psychology, Psychotechnologies of self-government and self-resolving states). In addition, an important factor is informing citizens about the situation that develops as a result of a natural disaster or emergency. (See Safe Behavior in Emergencies, Promoting Psychological Knowledge about Optimal Behavior in a Dangerous Situation). (A.I. Papkin) Literature: Papkin A.I. Personal security of employees of internal affairs bodies ... С.26-36 Security tactics psychology. Provides cautious, vigilant and confident behavior of the individual in various situations of life. To a large extent, it is directed by the attitude towards safety (cf. Safety setting) and preparedness of a person for safe behavior (see Psychological components of a person's readiness to ensure their own security). From the content On the other hand, the psychology of security tactics is expressed in the ability to recognize threats and dangers in real life, to respond to them in a timely manner in order to ensure one's own security. To do this, a person needs to have knowledge of the typical dangers that accompany the life of modern society (natural, technical, social, etc.). To a large extent, such tactics of behavior are proactive, preventive in nature, without putting a person in a situation real threat his life, health or property. In essence, the whole process of socialization and education of a person is closely connected with the formation of safe behavior tactics. Defects in socialization can contribute to the development of victimization in human behavior and its predisposition to accidents. (see Victim psychology, Victim qualities of citizens, Victim lifestyle) . (A.I. Papkin) psychology survival tactics It is expressed in the actions of a person to ensure his survival in dangerous and emergency situations of life, in which he is involved either accidentally or consciously, saving other people or performing certain professional functions. The psychology of survival tactics is determined by the formed installation for survival (see Set to Survival), special readiness to act in such situations (see Psychology of preparing citizens to ensure personal security, Psychology of preparing VET employees to ensure personal security) and low levels of victimization in behavior (see Victimization psychology, Levels of victimization psychologically e) . For VET workers, due to their professional functions, the tactics of behavior in dangerous situations is aimed not only at their own survival, but, first of all, at the survival of citizens (see Psychology of activities of POO employees to ensure the safety of citizens). It should be noted that survival in dangerous and emergency conditions often depends on the coordinated behavior of citizens, the provision of mutual assistance by them, and the precise implementation of the orders of POO employees. In addition, LET is entrusted with the task of preventing victims on the basis of timely informing citizens about the tactics of behavior in dangerous life situations. (see Promotion of psychological knowledge about the optimal tactics of behavior in a dangerous situation). (A.I. Papkin) Tactics of behavior in the conditions of threat of criminal encroachment psychology. It is focused on solving the problems of recognizing the reality of a criminal threat and the type of possible illegal encroachment. Therefore, it is important for a person to possess methods for assessing the involvement of another person in a criminal environment, identifying the aggressive intentions of other persons, their being in dangerous states (for example, alcohol or drug intoxication), the presence of cold or firearms, lies and insincerity in behavior, etc. . Creating an adequate image of the emerging situation - representation allows you to make a prompt and correct decision. In essence, there are only three options for such decisions: 1) leaving or even fleeing from a threatening criminal situation; 2) making a decision on self-defense in the presence of sufficient preparedness or the presence of weapons; 3) seeking help from VET workers or other citizens. Practice shows that the tactics of behavior of citizens in criminal mobbing are often incorrect (see. Criminal mobbing), based on the desire to resolve criminal threats on your own without involvement of VET workers. In the face of the threat of criminal encroachment, victim behavior of citizens is often observed. Psychology of adventurism, Psychology of victim provocation of the behavior of others, Victim lifestyle of an individual). The development of tactics for safe behavior in criminogenically dangerous situations is possible through special training (cm. Psychology of preparing citizens to ensure personal security, Psychology of citizens' security from various types of crimes). (A.I. Papkin) Threats of criminal psychology. Today, the threat of becoming a victim of crime exists for everyone, including for POO employees. Its degree, of course, is different, but it always exists in the form of becoming a victim of fraud, robbery, violence, etc. It requires constant vigilance from citizens and employees, reducing the level of victimization, and using tactics that increase security. A new phenomenon has now become criminal mobbing - a targeted, deliberate, systematic, openly expressed threat of criminal elements against specific groups and even organizations. This is a threat (see Criminal mobbing) consists in informing a person by criminal elements about the possible danger for him, his relatives and friends, loss of property, personal property, valuables, etc. in the event of a refusal to comply with the requirements of crime, intransigence to its requirements, appeals to law enforcement agencies. The threat can be implemented either in the form of a simple informing about the possibility of danger, or, in addition to informing, be accompanied by other mobbing actions (deliberate surveillance of the object of the threat or his relatives; frequent calls with threats to the home phone; demonstration of the readiness of armed militants, etc.). Such a threat is applied not only to citizens and entrepreneurs, but even to witnesses, victims, employees, members of the jury, judges, employees of regulatory bodies. The threat as an element of criminal mobbing has an independent meaning or is included in the structure of blackmail. (see blackmail psychology). The phenomenon of a criminal threat is a huge social and legal danger, sometimes leading to a paralysis of justice, as well as the development of corruption. (A.I. Papkin) Management of risks. Risks and threats are everywhere, always and for everyone. In VET they are constant and large. They are characterized by the possibility of additional difficulties, dangers, losses and undesirable, sometimes irreversible, consequences. Manifestations of risks, threats, dangers occur, however, not by themselves, but depending on the actions of a person, on his readiness to understand them, evaluate, build his behavior in order to reduce them.

Every life situation has its own probability, level (degree) of risk the onset of undesirable difficulties, dangers, consequences. It can be characterized by a coefficient obtained from the ratio of the probability of an undesirable consequence (the numerator of the fraction) to its absolute inevitability (the denominator). The level of risk can be: scornfully small, which can be ignored and not taken special security measures, acceptable in which actions are possible, but increased security measures are required, irresistible in which, under any security measures, some negative consequences inevitable.

risk management in the activities of a PEO employee involves: a) an assessment of professional situations and planned actions, taking into account the level of risk contained in them, the probability of success and failure, b) making a decision to take the necessary actions only with an acceptable and negligible low level of risk, c) taking measures in all cases to reduce the level of risk to the limit and increase the likelihood of success, d) to increase the implementation of measures to reduce the level of risk as it approaches an insurmountable level, e) to remain vigilant and prepared in all cases, because there is always a risk of surprises. The employee should make decisions and act, assessing the level of risk and relating to own possibilities its reduction, security, priorities of behavior (“should”, etc.), readiness for surprises.

(A.M. Stolyarenko)Literature: A.M. Stolyarenko. Extreme psychopedagogy. –M., 2002, paragraph 3.4. The levels of victimization are psychological. Characterize the degree of victimization of the individual's behavior ( see Victimization psychology) and the likelihood of becoming a victim in a criminal or other dangerous life situation. The higher the level of victimization, the more likely it is to become a victim and vice versa. The level of victimization depends on age, gender, type of professional activity, life experience, the current situation of life, personal qualities. According to their severity in behavior, the levels of victimization are divided into weak, medium and strong. Individuals or groups of people, depending on the work done with them, may experience a decrease in the level of victimization, while others, in the absence of such work, may experience an increase. Therefore, we can talk about dynamics of victimization levels. Often there is an increase in victimization levels in life-threatening, crisis situations (for example, during natural disasters, terrorist attacks, etc.). One of the main tasks of security psychology is to consistently reduce the levels of victimization of citizens and law enforcement officers. (See Psychology of security, Psychovictimology, Risk management) (A.I. Papkin)

Installation for safety. Subjective readiness and predisposition to cautious and vigilant behavior in numerous situations of life activity and not only in those dangerous to life and health. It is undifferentiated in specific cases, total in time and life situations human readiness for safe behavior. Thanks to this installation, the human need for security is realized. There is a connection between the installation on safety and the motivation of highly effective work, as well as reliable actions in various situations of life. Persons with high goal achievement motivation pay more attention to ensuring their own safety. Setting on safety significantly affects the reduction of the individual's tendency to victim behavior. (see Victimization psychology, Levels of psychological victimization) and increases the level of psychological support for his safety (see Security psychological support). Installation on safety is the result of targeted psychological work to promote knowledge about safe behavior (see Promotion of psychological knowledge about the optimal tactics of behavior in a dangerous situation), special education and training (see Psychology of preparing citizens to ensure personal security) and targeted reduction of victimization in behavior ( See Psychological Ways to Reduce Occupational Victimization, Levels of Psychological Victimization, Risk Management).

(A.I. Papkin)

Survival setting. The readiness and predisposition of a person to purposeful, reliable and characterized by a sufficient level of self-defense behavior in the conditions of the emergence, course and resolution of a dangerous situation of a criminal or other nature. From the content side, the survival orientation includes three elements: informative(for example, "I am aware that it is a reality to involve me in a situation involving the use of certain forms of violent actions by offenders"); emotionally appraisal(for example, "I will constantly adhere to my inner conviction to avoid becoming a victim in a criminally dangerous situation"); behavioral(for example, "I will always: carefully evaluate whether it is possible to approach a suspicious person or place, I will never underestimate the dangers, I will foresee the worst and develop a plan for this case, I will be ready to immediately apply all effective forms of self-defense"). survival and safety leads to reasonable and motivated risk (cf. risk psychology), overcoming the feeling of fear, prudence and vigilance in the behavior of people, their more effective and reliable actions in various situations dangerous to life, health and the human psyche. Such an attitude sharply reduces victimization (cf. Victim psychology) in the behavior of the individual, forming a reasonable tactic of behavior in a dangerous situation. For the formation of a person's attitude to survival in SP, the following methods are used: filling out the obligation to survive; special visualization; revitalization positive thinking and the development of conviction in resolving a dangerous situation of life without damage and loss. (A.I. Papkin) Literature: Budanov A.V. Pedagogy of personal professional security of employees of internal affairs bodies. - M., 1997; Papkin A.I. Personal security of an employee of the internal affairs bodies. Tactics and psychology of safe activity. - M., 1996 Blackmail psychology. Blackmail (from fr.chantage) is one of the main forms of criminal mobbing (see Criminal mobbing), expressed in extortion and suppression by criminal elements of the will of the individual through intimidation, the threat of disclosing compromising, disgraceful information, both real and fabricated. Often blackmail is a consequence of a certain lifestyle of the victim. (see Victim lifestyle of an individual).
Psychology of the 21st century volume 2
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Psychology of the XXI century volume 1 (1)
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Members of the Organizing Committee: Akopov G.V., Bazarov T.Yu., Zhuravlev A.L., Znakov V.V., Erina S.I., Kashapov S.M., Klyueva N.V., Lvov V.M. , Manuilov G.M., Marchenko V.
Psychology of the XXI century volume 1 (2)
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Members of the Organizing Committee: Akopov G.V., Bazarov T.Yu., Zhuravlev A.L., Znakov V.V., Erina S.I., Kashapov S.M., Klyueva N.V., Lvov V.M. , Manuilov G.M., Marchenko V.

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Civil society implies a fairly wide autonomy of citizens in actions to solve problems that arise in the process of functioning of such a society. Such problems can be attributed with full confidence to the problem of ensuring the personal safety of members of society from criminal encroachments.

To solve this problem, the state creates special institutes- law enforcement agencies. However, as practice shows, from time to time they assume functions that are very remotely related to law enforcement - it is enough to recall the activities of the "People's Tribunal" and the Gestapo in Germany or the activities of the NKVD and the "judicial troikas" of our country in the 30s of the last century .

The effectiveness of the work of modern Russian law enforcement officers, even without taking into account the level of their corruption, also causes reasonable criticism. Moreover, for objective reasons, state bodies are not able to ensure constant personal security for every citizen (as they say, “you can’t put a policeman on every person”). Therefore, of particular relevance to the normal functioning civil society acquire issues of self-defense of citizens (the authors of this article understand self-defense as necessary defense in the sense in which it is defined by Russian criminal law).

For the implementation of effective self-defense by mankind, a whole arsenal of measures has been developed - tactics of safe behavior, methods hand-to-hand combat, or combat using improvised items, various technical means. There are no restrictions on the application of the first two measures by the Russian state. However, special attention should be paid to the possibility of using technical means.

In accordance with the current legislation, for the purposes of self-defense, citizens of Russia may acquire the following means:

1) long-barreled smooth-bore firearms (i.e. a gun);

2) barrelless firearms of domestic production (OSA type products);

3) gas pistols and revolvers;

4) electroshock devices and devices charged with irritating substances (so-called gas cartridges).

The effectiveness of the listed means for the purpose of ensuring constant personal security is a largely debatable issue, but one can hardly argue with the statement that the most effective for this is a means that is not indicated in the above list, namely, short-barreled firearms, in other words, a pistol. In fairness, it should be noted that Russian legislators still provide for the possibility of a citizen receiving a pistol - this is receiving it as a reward.

Thus, having banned, under pain of criminal liability, the acquisition of pistols by its citizens, the Russian state, by its by-laws, nevertheless provides individual “selected” citizens with the opportunity to carry them, citing the need to encourage such citizens. However, such granting has a fundamental difference in its essence from, for example, the awarding of individual outstanding citizens with any gift orders or letters of commendation.

In the opinion of the authors of this article, this legislative provision bears signs of a violation of paragraph 2 of Article 19 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation. It should be noted that the issue of compliance of the restriction of the right of citizens to purchase short-barreled weapons with the Constitution of the Russian Federation was considered by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation. The court did not see any violations of the basic law, pointing out that this right of citizens has no constitutional consolidation and this issue should be resolved within the framework of legislative activity. Thus, the court, having adopted a formal position, actually removed itself from the principled resolution of the current situation.

In modern Russian society there is no consensus on the need to grant citizens the right to carry pistols. Thus, opponents of allowing the purchase and carrying of short-barreled guns by ordinary citizens, as an argument for their innocence, argue that when they get pistols in their hands, Russians will immediately begin to kill each other in petty domestic conflicts. At the same time, in support of their arguments, they give examples of the unreasonable use of “traumatic” pistols allowed for carrying.

However, these examples testify not so much to the inappropriateness of short-barreled weapons as to the perniciousness of the decision Russian state allow citizens to acquire ersatz weapons - the aforementioned "traumatic" pistols. Knowing the low effectiveness of such pistols, as well as the impossibility of their subsequent identification, individual citizens who are not burdened with special intelligence use them with or without reason, and on such parts of their opponent’s body that they would hardly have used if they had a real gun in their hands. The arguments about the moral immaturity of the main part of the Russian population are similar to the arguments of opponents of the introduction of a jury trial.

It should be noted that Russian media in every possible way indulge opponents of the permission to carry pistols. Thus, much attention is paid by them to the facts of misuse traumatic weapons, although the scale and consequences of such use are insignificant compared, for example, with crimes committed without the use of weapons of self-defense, or accidents on the roads.

Details of the use of weapons by teenagers foreign countries, where the carrying of pistols is allowed, for reprisals against their peers and teachers, and are completely “horror stories” for the Russian layman.

Thus, the media artificially formed public opinion against the permission to carry pistols. What is behind such a position of the media - their characteristic pursuit of "fried" facts or someone's conscious actions - one can only guess. It is not necessary to provide statistical data in this article on the relationship between the wearing of pistols by citizens and the level of crime, since in different sources these data vary significantly, but it should be noted that the current position Russian authorities regarding access to weapons, puts law-abiding citizens in obviously unequal conditions with well-armed criminals.

Returning to the analogy of the right to carry a pistol and jury trials, it can be argued with confidence that granting citizens such a right would increase their level of discipline due to their understanding of the great responsibility that falls on them after acquiring a “daily carry” weapon, just as the consciousness of citizens increases when they are given their right to administer justice in a panel of jurors.

It is possible to predict a positive economic effect from permission to carry handguns. Thus, new jobs will appear in shooting ranges and shooting ranges, the number of which, after such a permit, will certainly increase significantly. In addition, the warehouses of the Russian Ministry of Defense probably store units of short-barreled weapons that have not been in demand since Soviet times, by selling which, the state would receive an additional source of replenishment of the budget.

Armed citizens will also be able to more effectively counter the nationwide danger - terrorism. So, it is difficult to imagine how the events in the theater center on Dubrovka would have developed if citizens had short-barreled weapons in their hands. It is quite possible that such a terrorist act would not have taken place at all. The psychological component of the armament of ordinary citizens also speaks in favor of allowing the carrying of pistols - the attacker will think more than once whether he should attack, given the risk of being seriously injured by any, even the most "flimsy"-looking citizen.

To implement the above model for ensuring the personal security of Russian citizens, it is necessary to make changes to legislative acts that provide for the following.

First, permission to purchase and carry a short-barreled rifled weapons issue to citizens who have passed the necessary checks and the appropriate course of study. At the same time, the need to allow rifled weapons is dictated not by the desire of the authors of the article to provide citizens with weapons that are more powerful than smooth-bore ones, but by the peculiarities of trace formation on bullets when using such weapons. Hence the need for legislative change.

Secondly, the obligatory periodic control shooting for the conduct of the all-Russian bullet casing. Such a change would allow investigating authorities unmistakably determine from which particular pistol each particular shot was fired. In other words, committing crimes using a personal pistol would be tantamount to leaving your fingerprints at the crime scene.

Thirdly, the toughening of liability for the crime provided for by Article 224 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation (careless storage of firearms). Such a change will certainly put potential handgun owners in a serious mood in relation to their weapons.

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Introduction

Conclusion

Introduction

Modern Russians live in an era of social change, which was recognized by the ancient Chinese sages as the most uncomfortable environment for the development of a personality. Too much effort is spent on adapting to permanently changing circumstances. The future is too unpredictable, the dependence of human life on external macrosocial factors is too high, and not on one's own behavior. The unstable institutional environment and the emerging character of the new legal system give variable and ambivalent features to the normative sphere of order, giving rise to specific threats to the security of the individual. In the conditions of the formation of a humanistic society, in the center of interests of which the rights, freedoms and security of the individual are proclaimed, the institutional and legal problems of personal security become essential. They must be conceptualized theoretically, justified ideologically and, most importantly, practically implemented. It is also necessary to take into account the axiomatic position that the formation of a constitutional and institutional order is impossible without the regimes of legitimation of new legal relations by citizens themselves determined by national sociocultural characteristics. In conditions modern Russia this requires taking into account the legal values of Russians, their assessments of the effectiveness of the operation of the entire existing legal system in ensuring personal and public security. The scientific analysis of these aspects, based on the factual and theoretical-interpretative approach, seems relevant.

The object of research in this work is the objective state and subjective assessments of personal security by citizens of modern Russian society.

The subject of the study is the legal guarantees of personal security restrictions in modern society institutional and functional mechanisms of law enforcement of security, axiological aspects of the functioning of the legal system in the field of personal security.

law enforcement security citizen

Chapter I. Personal security of citizens general characteristics mechanism to ensure it

1.1 The concept of personal security

Personal security is one of the main components of the national security of any state. This is the protection of the vital interests of society, thanks to which sustainable development states, it is timely detection, prevention and neutralization of real and potential threats to national interests.

In accordance with the classical definition, "security" is a state of protection of the vital interests of the individual, society and the state from internal and external threats. Vital interests - a set of needs, the satisfaction of which reliably ensures the existence and possibilities for the progressive development of the individual, society and the state.

The main objects of security include: personality - its rights and freedoms; society - its material and spiritual values; the state - its constitutional system, sovereignty and territorial integrity.

The main subject of security is the state, which performs functions in this area through the legislative, executive and judicial authorities.

The state, in accordance with the current legislation, ensures the safety of every citizen on its territory and those outside it, the state guarantees protection and patronage.

1.2 Application of the rule of law as a way to protect the personal safety of citizens

To create and maintain the required level of protection of security objects, a system of legal norms is developed that regulates relations in the field of security, the main directions of activity of state authorities and management in this area are determined, security bodies and a mechanism for monitoring and supervising their activities are formed or transformed.

For the direct performance of functions to ensure the security of the individual, society and the state, state security bodies are formed in the system of executive power in accordance with the law.

The main principles of security are: legality; maintaining a balance of vital interests of the individual, society and the state; mutual responsibility of the individual, society and the state to ensure security; integration with international security systems.

When ensuring security, it is not allowed to restrict the rights and freedoms of citizens, with the exception of cases expressly provided for by law.

Citizens, public and other organizations and associations have the right to receive clarifications regarding the restriction of their rights and freedoms from security agencies. At their request, such explanations are given in writing within the time limits established by law.

Officials who have exceeded their powers in the process of ensuring security are liable in accordance with the law.

Thus, personal security is one of the major tasks and an integral component of the activity of a person, society, state, world community.

From the time of Ivan the Terrible to the decline of the Soviet empire, the state has always designed the future. Apparently, this is why our citizens are so accustomed to complaining about their fate and their bosses. Today, the state has abandoned many functions that it performed over the course of several generations and can no longer guarantee citizens personal security in its entirety. And the inhabitants of this state do not know how to take care of themselves. Their condition is potentially dangerous not only for themselves, but also for those few who seek to ensure their own security, not particularly relying on the state.

Every citizen must now take care of his own safety. Inviolability of private (personal) life is protected by law in almost all countries.

A safe state is a state of citizens who are able to ensure security, first of all, for each individual. And on this basis, they set the level of national and state security that suits them on their personal level. And for several decades to come. And in such a situation, a person always wins in comparison with the state. Because he is ready to think about what he will do in twenty years.

And the state does not know how to think for more than two elective terms. So maybe it's safer to set him a task for the same twenty years? And thus give at least some guarantees for the personal safety of citizens ... For twenty years or more.

1.3 Citizen security components

The emergence of a new emphasis in understanding personal security is often associated with the publication in 1992 General Secretary UN "An Agenda for Peace". It suggested that a threat to global security could be more than just military in nature:

“The riddled ozone layer poses a greater threat to people whom it no longer protects than an enemy army. Drought and disease can be as devastating as the weapons of war."

It followed that environmental fragility, poverty, hunger, and oppression were not only critical issues for individual security in themselves, but were both a source and a consequence of conflict.

The 1994 United Nations Development Program (UNDP) report on human development continued to develop the idea of an expanded interpretation of the concept of personal security, proposing to single out two interrelated factors in it. This:

"protection from unexpected and detrimental disruptions to our daily way of life" (known as "freedom from fear") and

"protection from constant threats of famine, disease, crime, and oppression" (known as "freedom from want")

security of minorities (preservation of cultural identity);

However, this extended concept of personal security has been criticized by many people who believe that the more components the concept contains, the less it can be used as a political tool. In particular, one of the founders of the international movement “Partnership for Personal Security”, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and international trade Canada, offers a much narrower definition: “Individual security means the protection of people from danger, both violent and non-violent. This is a state characterized by the absence of a growing threat to human rights, his security and even life ... In order to determine whether it is appropriate to consider this or that issue in the context of personal security, it is necessary to find out to what extent people's security is threatened.

Chapter II. Industry-specific legal guarantees for the personal safety of citizens and their improvement

2.1 Constitutional and legal guarantees of personal security

Personal security is defined as a system of measures that guarantee the protection of the rights and freedoms of the individual, socially approved interests, reducing the threat of their violation. It is necessary to distinguish between personal security and social security personalities, like integrated system measures on the part of the state, designed to maintain a decent standard of living for citizens and take care of those groups of the population that are not able to provide it on their own. Personal security includes social security as a set social rights individuals provided by the state, along with personal (private), civil and economic freedoms.

The protection of the rights and freedoms of the individual is carried out by the constitution, which performs the following tasks: determines the principles for the constitution and institutionalization of human rights and freedoms: fixes these rights and freedoms in the Basic Law; establishes a mechanism for guaranteeing the proclaimed rights and freedoms.

The principles of constitution and institutionalization of human rights and freedoms are the principles of equality, freedom and justice. The theory has various approaches that reveal the essence of these principles. The disadvantage of the philosophical and legal approach lies in the fact that interpretative models of explanation are offered as the foundations of the principles of individual rights. The scientific approach to the problem of human rights involves the allocation of the real foundations of the principle of equality, freedom and justice: private property, normative character public life. social protection of individuals and social groups.

At present, the constitutions of all countries in different form proclaim and establish human rights and freedoms. The effectiveness of the current constitutional scheme is determined by the maximum provision of opportunities for the development of the level of rights and freedoms of the individual for given period time. The human rights established by the constitution are secured by the authority of the most fundamental law, which guarantees the observance, protection and maintenance of the rights and freedoms of the individual by the state.

The constitutional guarantees of the proclaimed human rights and freedoms presuppose their implementation in practice in accordance with the content of the main law, which is possible under stable external conditions. In the conditions of political and socio-economic instability of society, the criterion for the stability of its legal system and an indicator of legal development is the ability of the state to ensure the implementation of human and civil rights, which is possible with a reasonable expansion of the state's powers in relation to society. In stable political and socio-economic conditions, the problem of influence arises public order and security to the practice of exercising individual rights and freedoms. It's related to that. that constitutional norms allow for the possibility of an exception to the established prescription, the basis for which are essential public interests and the country's security in emergency situations.

The positive guarantee of individual rights is a clear consolidation of the system of measures. capable of causing legal activity of authorized subjects The proposed system of guarantees of human rights and freedoms at the level of law enforcement includes: permanent application principles and norms, both subject to the presence or absence of laws specifying them, by-laws: the independence of the application of these laws from external conditions: output legal practice legal provisions, revealing the infringement of the rights and freedoms of the individual; creative and normative interpretation of the constitutional rights and freedoms of the individual.

2.2 The activities of law enforcement and law enforcement agencies in Russia to ensure personal security

The degree of responsibility of the state for the observance of personal security is studied by analyzing the functioning of law enforcement and law enforcement agencies in Russia.

Long-term socio-economic (economic crisis, unemployment, poverty, low budgetary capacity of the state, etc.) and socio-psychological (conservative trends in the Russian legal culture, psychological unpreparedness of law enforcement officers to strengthen the human rights functions of their departments, etc.) factors cause a tendency for the growth of crimes against the person, with a relatively slow restructuring (and adaptation) of law enforcement agencies, to work in the face of a growing number of offenses, on the one hand, and constitutional requirements for ensuring the security of the individual, on the other hand.

Official registration of offenses plays a significant role in ensuring the safety of citizens. Crime regulation policy on paper, according to a number of experts, 1) promotes the “promotion” of criminals who have committed “minor” offenses to commit serious and especially serious crimes; 2) enhances legal nihilism in society; 3) makes it difficult to predict crime, and therefore weakens social and preventive work.

The persistently negative image of the police in the mass consciousness and the even more unfavorable attitude of the police towards the population hinder their fruitful and regular cooperation. The not always sufficiently high professional level of employees of internal affairs bodies, their low material and technical security are factors that limit their ability to curb crime

The objective need of citizens for judicial protection of their violated rights and freedoms runs into logistical (courts are often located in premises unsuitable for such work, there are no means to send court summonses, etc.) and psychological (hard to get rid of the accusatory bias) unpreparedness of the judiciary to ensuring their security in the new socio-economic conditions.

Positive moments that inspire cautious optimism are the numerous judicial precedents related to upholding and protecting the rights of Russians, the activities of the jury, the energetic and consistent upholding of the constitutional rights and freedoms of citizens by the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation.

The great potential human rights opportunities of the prosecutor's office, whose activities make up for some of the shortcomings of the judicial form of protecting the rights of citizens, are not fully used.

A huge amount of work is carried out by representatives of the legal profession. Approximately a quarter of services rendered to the population by lawyers are provided free of charge, which not only contributes to the protection of the rights of a particular individual, but also increases the prestige of the law in the eyes of the whole society.

Under the current conditions, the emergence of a new for Russia institution of the Commissioner for Human Rights, focused on ensuring the security of the individual by extrajudicial means, looks organic. Its additional aspect in terms of the human rights activities of all law enforcement agencies is the protection of civil rights that have not yet received constitutional or legislative formalization.

The process of humanizing the content of criminals in places of detention (transferring them to the structure of the Ministry of Justice of the Russian Federation, the emergence of psychological services, the admission of priests, the construction of churches, temples, etc.) can reduce the “labor productivity” of these “crime factories”, reduce the number of repeat offenders, improve the atmosphere in society, in other words, make the living conditions of Russians safer.

2.3 Civil law guarantees of personal safety

The scope of obligations arising from the infliction of harm extends to both property and personal non-property relations.

Compensation for moral damage is primarily associated with the violation of personal intangible benefits and non-property rights and acts as a civil legal way to protect them. Besides, this protection personal non-material benefits and non-property rights is aimed at preventing their violation in the future. The benefits of personal security - life, health and the right to free movement (i.e. physical freedom) are classified by civil law as intangible, and therefore, their violation may entail compensation for moral harm. For the emergence of the right of the victim to demand compensation for moral harm for violation of personal security, it is necessary to have a causal relationship between: illegal action (inaction) - deprivation of life, damage to health and restriction of physical freedom - a violation of the mental well-being of a citizen. Thus, compensation for moral harm for encroachment on life, health and physical freedom is a measure of responsibility (punishment, punishment), which has a preventive value in protection, and is also the protection of these benefits and acts as a kind of legal guarantee of the personal safety of citizens.

Violation of the benefits of personal security may entail compensation not only moral, but also compensation for property damage. It seems appropriate to provide, along with other penalties, the recovery of property damage caused by the murder in favor of the relatives of the victim or, in the absence of relatives, a fine to the state. With regard to the amount of the claim or the amount of the fine, it should be emphasized that we are talking not about the price of life. Human life is priceless. This refers to the amount of damage caused by the murder. The recovery of damages for murder should not be limited by the statute of limitations, or if limited, then by the maximum statute of limitations prescribed by law. In the event of damage to health, the guilty person shall reimburse the expenses that the person whose health has been violated has made or will have to make in order to restore his normal physical condition, as well as lost income that this person would have received if his health had not been impaired. In case of compensation for property damage caused as a result of illegal restriction of physical freedom; compensation for property damage, restoration of labor, pension, housing and other rights; compensation for other damage caused to a citizen by illegal conviction, illegal prosecution, illegal use of detention as a preventive measure, illegal imposition of an administrative penalty in the form of arrest or corrective labor.

Conclusion

The history of the problem of personal security outlined in the introduction made it possible to identify the main constituent elements of the theory of this phenomenon, which we tried to develop in subsequent chapters. In the course of the study, questions were found that need theoretical study and are beyond the scope of the dissertation work. The analysis of the institution of personal security proposed in the dissertation requires further verification on a broad empirical basis. More research is needed on indicators of the effectiveness of the activities of the institution of personal security. All these theoretical problems need new methodological approaches that summarize the advantages and avoid the disadvantages of the accumulated research experience. Seven distinct components of personal security have been identified:

economic security (guaranteed minimum income);

food security (physical and economic availability of food);

safety for health (relative freedom from diseases and infections);

environmental safety (availability clean water and clean air, a land use system that preserves soil fertility);

personal security (freedom from physical violence and threats)

security of minorities (preservation of cultural identity). Personal Security is a state in which harm to a person is excluded. Already among the ancients, the concept of personal security was reflected even in coin images. Vital activity is a complex biological process that takes place in a person; in order to maintain health and performance, this is the process of creating conditions for existence and development - work, pleasure, food, offspring. Other activities - political, social, etc. arose from the work, which was of a public nature due to the support of business. The state, in accordance with the current legislation, ensures the safety of every citizen on its territory and those outside it, the state guarantees protection and patronage.

Bibliography

1. Personal security: ways of implementation - Rostov n / D, 1999. 18 p.

2. Civil Code of the Russian Federation of November 30, 2004 N 51-FZ - Part 1

3. Belov, S. V. "Life safety" 2005

4. Rusak O.N. Life safety: Proc. allowance for universities - 4th ed., corrected. and additional - St. Petersburg: Lan, 2005.

5. Gromov V.I., Vasiliev G.A. "Security Encyclopedia-3". 2007

6. Legkobytov A.V. "Ensuring Personal Security" 2006

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